chickamauga & chattanooga national military park

7/30/2019 Chickamauga & Chattanooga National Military Park

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SECEMDMAY 2 8 1998DOCUMENTSUGA LIBRARIES

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The Georgia Stale Memorial on Chickamauga Battlefield

ContentsPage

jl^j^Chickamauga and Chattanooga NationalMilitary Park 3

The Civil War in the West 4rThe Importance of Chattanooga in the War . 6The Campaign for Chattanooga 7The Battle of Chickamauga 9The Siege of Chattanooga 11The Battle of Chattanooga 12The Western Campaign after Chattanooga . 13

THE COVERA Confederate battery position on MissionaryRidge. On November 25, 1863, the Federals as-saulted Missionary Ridge; after severe fighting, theConfederates withdrew to Ringgold and then toDalton. The Chattanooga Campaign thus ended

in a Union victory

1940UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Harold L. Ickes, SecretaryNATIONAL PARK SERVICE Newton B. Drury, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 10 cents


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Chickamauga and Chattanooga NationalMilitary Park

On September 19, 1895, Adlai E. Stevenson,Vice President of the United States, spoke to agroup of people gathered to dedicate the Chick-amauga and Chattanooga National Military Park.Mr. Stevenson said, ". . . Today, by Act of theCongress of the United States, the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park is forever setapart from all common uses; solemnly dedicatedfor all the agesto all the American people . . ."The park dedicated at that time has since grown

to be the largest of our national military parkareas. It contains parts of the battlefields ofChickamauga and Chattanooga, Civil War en-gagements severely contested in the latter part of1863. From its inception in 1890, when Congressestablished the area as a national military park,the park has represented a cooperative effort of

Confederate and Union supporters. This closeh"paralleled the growth of Chattanooga followingthe Civil War, when large numbers of northernersand southerners moved to the growing industrialcity. Today, the statue of reconciliation surmount-ing the New York monument on Lookout Moun-tain, depicts a Union soldier clasping the hand of aConfederate and seems to symbolize a realitycarried out both in the park and communitygrowth.Just as the park development represented both

Confederate and Union achievement, so did thebattles which it commemorates represent dualmeasures of success for the participants. The Con-federate victory at Chickamauga, perhaps itsgreatest success in the West, gave new hope to theSouth. But at Chattanooga, Union forces blasted

One may obtain an aerial view of the Moccasin Bend oj the Tennessee River jrom Point Park on Lookout Alountain, as well as apanorama of the battlefields surrounding Chattanooga

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Chattanooga at the time oj the war was a sprawling village. This(Signal Corps,

this hope and permanently secured control of thestrategic town. This battle virtually completedthe Union occupation of the Mississippi Valley,cut the communications of the Confederate armiesin the West from those in the East, and opened theway for the capture of Atlanta and the March tothe Sea.The various units of the park, covering 8,500

acres and including the battlefields of Chicka-mauga, Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, andMissionary Ridge, are within easy access of Chatta-nooga, Tenn. The Chattanooga National Ceme-tery, established by order of Major GeneralThomas in 1863, is close to the center of the city.Visitors are urged to go to Point Park on LookoutMountain as soon as possible after their arrival inChattanooga. From the Adolph S. Ochs Observa-tory and Museum there, all the battlefields can beviewed and complete orientation obtained. Anattendant is on duty to assist the visitor. At thenorthern entrance of the Chickamauga battle-field is the administration building of the park,

view made in 7863 shows Lookout Mountain in the background.U. S. Army)which also houses the library and museum, devotedprincipally to Civil War materials. Park em-ployees here are ready to extend every courtesyand assistance to the visitor.The Chickamauga and Chattanooga National

Military Park, in addition to its historic interest,possesses considerable scenic attraction. The viewsfrom Point Park and Signal Point are exceptionallypicturesque. Both in the Chickamauga and Look-out Mountain areas, the visitor will find numeroustrails and bridle paths for his use and enjoyment.All communications pertaining to this area

should be addressed to the Superintendent, Chicka-mauga and Chattanooga National Military Park,Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. '

The Civil War in the WestThe Civil War in the West was motivated bytwo major plans of the Union forces. One was todrive a wedge through the Confederacy along theMississippi River. The river offered a natural


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The Federal Army built this trestle bridge across the Tennessee River during the Chattanooga campaign. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army)

avenue of transportation and supply. Union con-trol of it would virtually split the Confederacy andprevent the reinforcement and supply of the armieseast of the river by those west of it.The second objective was to drive another wedge

through the Confederacy along the railroadsthrough Chattanooga and to the Atlantic Ocean.As Vicksburg proved to be the focus for the Uniondrive along the Mississippi, Chattanooga, locatedat a gap in the Cumberland Mountains, becamethe focal point of the drive to the southeast.Early in the war, the Confederate forces west of

the Alleghenies had established a defensive line inKentucky and Missouri. The failure of theseStates to secede and early Union victories forced awithdrawal to the Tennessee border. Here, wherethe Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers flow intoKentucky, the Confederate forces were assembledto resist and to advance up the rivers.On February 6, 1862, Union gunboats whichhad moved up the Tennessee River from the Ohio,attacked Fort Henry and captured it. A week

later a combined naval and land force began anattack on Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland.After a severely fought battle, the fort surrendered.Fort Donelson opened the way to the capture of

Nashville. It also called the Nation's attention toUlysses S. Grant, the leader of the victoriousforces. From Fort Donelson to the capture ofChattanooga, nearly 2 years later, the fortunes ofthe Union Armies in the West closely paralleledthose of Grant.Following the victory at Fort Donelson, the

Union troops moved up the Tennessee River toPittsburg Landing. The Confederates held Cor-inth, Miss., at the junction of the Mobile & Ohioand the Memphis and Charleston Railroads. Ad-vancing from this point, the Confederates struckthe Union Army on April 6 in the Battle of Shilohand drove them back toward the river. Beforevictory could be attained, however. Union rein-forcements arrived, and on the following day theConfederates were driven back. Shiloh cost theConfederacy one of its ablest leaders. Gen. Albert


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Sidney Johnston, who was mortally wounded inthe first day of the battle. Both South and Northwere appalled by the tremendous losses, which gavethem a real appreciation of the meaning of war.Union victories along the Mississippi followed.

In the same month New Orleans was captured,and, in June, Memphis fell. The one remainingobstacle to complete Union control of the Missis-sippi was Vicksburg. On July 4, 1863, the Con-federates surrendered this important stronghold.Meanwhile, Union forces had taken Corinth and

had begun a slow advance on Chattanooga alongthe Memphis and Charleston Railroad. The Con-federates then assumed the offensive and movedinto Kentucky. The campaign was unsuccessful,but the Union forces were diverted from their ad-vance on Chattanooga. While the Confederatesleft Kentucky for Chattanooga and then moved toMurfreesboro, Tenn., the Union forces assembledat Nashville. On the last day of December 1862and the first two days of 1863 the battle of StonesRiver, or Murfreesboro, was fought, forcing theConfederate Army to fall back to Tullahoma,Tenn. The Union Army then occupied Murfrees-boro.

The Importance of Chattanooga inthe War

To THE military strategists, Chattanooga appearedto be a very important point. Located where theTennessee River passed through the CumberlandMountains, forming gaps, it offered an opportunityfor getting an army into the seaboard States be-yond. Furthermore, Chattanooga was an impor-tant railroad center. Lines connected Chatta-nooga with Nashville, Memphis, Atlanta, andKnoxville, and at those points provided connec-tions all over the South. Union control of thispoint would break an important link in the supplysystem of the Confederacy.Perhaps of equal importance, since political rea-

sons often influenced military movements, was onenourished in Washington. Chattanooga was in eastTennessee; east Tennessee was strongly loyal to theUnion. Therefore, concluded the political leaders,the loyalty of these people must be supported bymilitary encouragement.Headquarters Camp, Federal Army of the Cumberland, at Chicka-

mauga. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army)

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The Campaignfor ChattanoogaMuRFREESBORO, held by the Union forces since theConfederate retreat of January 3, 1863, lay on theNashville and Chattanooga Railroad about 110miles northwest of Chattanooga. Here the Unionrmy spent the winter, recovering from the severeosses at Stones River. The Confederates had occu-ied Tullahoma on the same railroad and south-

of Murfreesboro. The Union commander,aj. Gen. William Rosecrans, methodically pre-

for an advance on the Confederates, com-by Gen. Braxton Bragg. He reorganized

Federal forces into three corps: The 14th, com-by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas; the

commanded by Maj. Gen. Alexander Mc-and the 21st, under Maj. Gen. Thomas L.

This entire force was designated theof the Cumberland.

Late in June 1863 the Union Army advanced.skillful maneuvering against the Confederate

the Union Army forced the Confederatesof Tullahoma and across the Tennessee River

Chattanooga. The next problem of the Unionwas to cross the Tennessee River. Movingbrigades along the river banks north of Chat-

the Union commander created the im-ession that he would attempt to cross in that

Meanwhile, the major portion of his armymoved to the south of Chattanooga, and here,little Confederate opposition, a crossing was

Rosecrans' plan to take Chattanooga was to ma-to the south of the town and break the rail-

to Atlanta, thereby cutting the main line ofof the Confederates. If these communica-

could not be broken, it was possible that amovement against them would force

Confederates out of Chattanooga where theybe met on equal terms.

Keeping his army divided, Rosecrans pushed oneup the valley toward Chattanooga. Themoved toward Lookout Mountain, south of

But General Bragg was not fooled.of the approach of the Union forces south

Chattanooga, he abandoned the town and tookarmy to LaFayette, about 30 miles south of

and just east of Lookout Mountain.the Confederates could guard the railway toand be in position to strike any of the threecorps.

Early, on the morning of November 25, 7863, a Union detachmentplanted the Stars and Stripes on Lookout Mountain. The fastman up is said to have been Capt. John Wilson, Co. C, 8th Ken-tucky Infantry. In the picture he is holding the flag. The othermen are, right to left, Sgt. James Wood, Pvt. William Witt, Sgt.Harry H. Davis, Pvt. Joseph Bradley, and Sgt. Joseph Wagers

Meanwhile, the Federal corps under Crittenden,which had moved directly on Chattanooga, occu-pied the town and headed south after the retiringConfederate forces. The Union forces were now ina precarious position. Coming across LookoutMountain, Thomas' Corps was about 20 milessouth of Crittenden. McCook's Corps was fully 40miles away. To the east of these forces lay theConfederate Army, strategically situated for strik-ing each of the separated corps.General Bragg then issued orders for attacks on

two corps of the divided Union Army, but failure

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Lee and Goidum Mill was the scene of some of the action on thefirst dav of the Battle of Chickamauga. This photograph was

made soon after the battle. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army)

Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on Lookout Mountain, 1863. Gran

Gen. Joseph Hooker, victor in the Battle of Lookout Mi

A part of Chickamauga Battlefield as it appeared after the fight.(Signal Corps, U. S. Army)

of his subordinates to carry out the commandscaused the opportunity to be lost. Finally, awareof the danger, the Union forces were ordered tounite. It was none too soon, as Bragg began tomove his forces northward to strike at Crittenden'sCorps, in position on Chickamauga Creek. Successof this attack would cut off the entire Union forcefrom Chattanooga.On September 17 and 18 there took place a racefor position, the Union forces desperately pushingnorthward in an endeavor to unite before the Con-federates could attack and secure the first advantage.

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in the lower left corner. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army)

his staff. Hooker is the si.xth figure from the right

.ifter the fall of Chattanooga, supplies were brought to the Union

.Irmy by steamboats. It was necessary to warp the boats up theriver through rapids. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army)

Headquarters of Union General William Rosecrans in Chattanoogaduring the siege. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army)

The Battle of ChickamaugaOn the afternoon of September 18, 1863, parts ofthe Confederate Army reached the banks of Chick-amauga Creek. At Reed's Bridge and at Alexan-der's Bridge Union cavalry and mounted infantryhad arrived to prevent the Confederates from cross-ing. The first skirmishing of the battle took placeat Reed's Bridge, where efforts to stop the Confed-erates were unsuccessful. At Alexander's Bridgethe Confederates were stopped but pushed down-stream and crossed at one of the numerous fords.


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Chickamauga-Chattanooga Campaign June 2j to November 2^, i86j

CONFEDERATES, DEFEATEDIN BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGANOVEMBER 25, RETREAT TODALTON, GEORGIA.

FEDERALS OUTFLANKED INBATTLE OF CHICKAMAU6ARETIRE INTO CHATTANOOGAWHERE THEY ARE BESIEGEDMANY WEEKS.

GEORGIA

Throughout the evening Confederate troops werearriving at the creek, some crossing and encampingon the west side, others preparing to cross in themorning.Meanwhile the Union forces to the west of the

creek were also marching northward, and by day-light had joined together. From Thomas' Corpson the left of the Union position to Crittenden'sCorps at Lee and Gordon's Mill the Union forcesnow held a continuous line.About 7:30 on the morning of the 19th, a Union

brigade in Thomas' Corps attacked the cavalry ofthe Confederates, which was in position on theirright. Reinforcements were ordered up by botharmies, and gradually the battle lines became ex-tended from Jay's Mill southward toward Lee andGordon's Mill. In the dense woods and the fewopen fields the fighting raged all day. Only thetrees furnished protection to the soldiers as theypushed forward and then fell back. By nightfallthe Confederates had driven up close to theLaFayette Road, but efforts to secure it had failed.

Union forces had clung desperately to their roadsto Chattanooga.Both commanders were busy on the 19th with

the placement of their troops. The Confederateline was established parallel with the LaFayetteRoad, the left resting on Chickamauga Creek andthe right reaching beyond the Reed's Bridge Road.Cavalry troops guarded both flanks. The army hadbeen divided into two wings, the right commandedby Gen. Leonidas Polk, and the left by Gen. JamesLongstreet, who had just arrived from Virginia.The Union forces were drawn up in a more com-pact line, not far away. Thomas' Corps was on theleft, just east of Kelly Field; McCook's Corps wasin the center, facing the LaFayette Road; whileCrittenden held the right, with his forces slightlywithdrawn. Thomas' forces had strengthened theirposition by erecting log breastworks.General Bragg's orders for the 20th were for an

attack to be started at daylight by General Polk'sright division and to be taken up by successivedivisions to the left. Bragg hoped to outflank the

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Union left and cut off the army from Chattanooga.The Confederate attack did not get started until9:30 a. m. when the extreme Union left wasattacked. The charges against the Union breast-works were repulsed with heavy losses, but twoConfederate brigades were threatening to outflankthe left wing. In response to Thomas' call for rein-forcements, General Rosecrans was shifting forcesfrom the right and center to the left. Under theimpression that Brannan's division had been movedfrom the Union center to reinforce the left, Rose-crans ordered General Wood's division to consoli-date with Reynold's division in order to keep theline intact. But Wood's division was separatedfrom that of Reynolds by Brannan's, still in positionin the Union center. In carrying out Rosecrans'order. Wood moved his division from the front lineand passed to the rear of Brannan, leaving a gapin the Union line. Coincident with Wood's move-ment, the Confederate attack developed. Long-street's troops made the most of their opportunityand drove through the gap. The right of the Fed-eral line and part of the center were pushed fromthe field. Rosecrans, McCook, and Crittendenwere caught in the break and fled to Chattanooga.Thomas then assumed command of all the North-ern forces on the field.The remaining Union troops were now faced

with a flanking movement on their right as well ason the left. Thomas drew in his line and with theassistance of reserve troops that had reached thefield, he took up a new position on Snodgrass Hill.Longstreet's forces made several desperate effortsto take this position. The Union troops held, how-ever, until Thomas could pull his other forces fromthe field and send them through McFarland Gapto Rossville. The forces at Snodgrass Hill thenfollowed, and the Confederate troops held the field.The battle had been a costly one to both sides.

Of the 66,000 Confederates engaged, approxi-mately 18,000 were among the killed, wounded,and missing. The Union forces lost 16,000 out of58,000 men engaged.

The Siege of ChattanoogaFollowing the retreat of the Union forces intoChattanooga, General Bragg decided to adoptsiege tactics to force the surrender of the town. Thelocation of Chattanooga in a bend of the TennesseeRiver and its approaches covered by mountains and

hills were favorable to these methods. GeneralBragg placed troops on Lookout Mountain from itstop down to the Tennessee River. Other forceswere placed on Missionary Ridge from RossvilleGap northward to the end of Missionary Ridgeand from there to the Tennessee River north ofChattanooga. Connecting these major dispositionswas a line across Chattanooga Valley from LookoutMountain to Missionary Ridge. The only Unionconnection with Bridgeport, Ala., its supply base onthe Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, wasacross the Tennessee River, then across Walden'sRidge by rough wagon road and down the Se-quatchie Valley. Confederate cavalry troopsoperated effectively against this line, preventingnecessary food supplies from reaching the UnionArmy. Within a month starvation threatened theforces in Chattanooga.Aware of the critical situation. Union authorities

in Washington ordered troops to the relief of thetown. From the Army of the Potomac in Virginia,two corps, under Major General Hooker, were sent.The Army of the Tennessee under Maj. Gen. Wil-liam T. Sherman was also ordered to Chattanooga.To repFace Rosecrans as leader of the Army of theCumberland, Maj. Gen. George Thomas waschosen. Grant, now in command of all the Unionforces in the West, arrived in October to direct theefforts to drive the Confederates away.Soon after reaching Chattanooga, Grant ap-

proved a carefully prepared plan to open a newline of supplies. At 3 a. m., on October 27, 1863,1,500 men on pontoons floated down the river fromChattanooga, passed the Confederate batteries onLookout Mountain under cover of darkness, anddrifted to the west bank of the river at Brown'sFerry. The force quickly disembarked, drove inthe Confederate pickets, and with the cooperationof a force that had moved across the neck of land onMoccasin Bend, constructed a pontoon bridge.The next day supplies began coming in over thenew line.In the meanwhile. Hooker had been ordered to

advance from Bridgeport to guard the line of com-munications just opened. His forces arrived in thevicinity of Brown's Ferry on October 28. At mid-night of the same day a Confederate force attackedpart of these Union troops at Wauhatchie in aneffort to gain control of the line of communications.The attack failed, and the Union forces kept theirline open. With supplies now available. Grant

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I u'iL iij inudeni C/ldllanmiga jroin a Confederate battery posilwn on Lookout Mountain

spent the next few weeks equipping the Army ofthe Cumberland and waiting for the arrival ofSherman's army.

The Battle of ChattanoogaOn November 21, Sherman's army had reachedChattanooga. Moving northwardaround Stringer'sRidge, the army camped in a concealed position,ready to move at the first orders to North Chicka-mauga Creek. Grant's plans were for Sherman tolaunch pontoons there, float down the TennesseeRiver, and cross the river at the mouth of Chicka-mauga Creek. Then Sherman was to occupy thenorth end of Missionary Ridge, turn southward,and, with Thomas' forces joining on the right,drive the Confederates away from the railroad lineto Atlanta.While Sherman was planning this movement on

November 23, Grant ordered Thomas to advance

on Orchard Knob, an advance position of the Con-federates in front of Missionary Ridge, in order totest the strength of the Confederates. The positionwas assaulted and carried. Grant then moved hisfield headquarters to this position.Meanwhile, Thomas had been urging that a

demonstration be made against the Confederateleft on Lookout Mountain. This position had beenweakened when Longstreet's forces had been de-tached and sent to Knoxville. Grant approvedThomas' plan, and Major General Hooker wasordered to carry it out. On the morning of Novem-ber 24, Hooker's forces moved up the westernslopes of the mountain from Lookout Creek. Grad-ually the small Confederate force was driven backtoward the Cravens house, on a bench of the moun-tain 500 feet from the top. Here, where the Con-federates had the protection of earthworks, thefighting was heaviest. The Confederates were

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finally dislodged from this position and retreated toa new line a quarter of a mile back. During theevening, Bragg, realizing the danger that his troopson the mountain and in the valley now faced,ordered their withdrawal to Missionary Ridge.Early on the morning of the 25th, a Union detach-ment planted the Stars and Stripes on the top ofthe mountain.On the Confederate right wing. Grant's planmiscarried. Sherman, successfully crossing theriver, occupied a hill north of the position. Insteadof being the north end of a continuous ridge, as ithad appeared to the Union strategists a few daysbefore, the hill was separated from the main ridgeby a deep gap. On the other side were the Con-federates, guarding the tunnel which passes throughthe ridge at that point. Sherman made no attemptto carry that position that day.

Still determined to outflank the Confederate posi-tion, Grant's orders for the 25th were for Shermanto assault the north end of the ridge. Hooker,successful at Lookout Mountain, was to moveacross the valley and up the ridge through Ross-ville Gap on the left flank of the Confederates.Thomas' forces in the center were not ordered tomove until Hooker had reached Rossville.At 7 a. m. Sherman began his attacks on the

north end of Missionary Ridge. Throughout theday the Confederates successfully resisted them.Meanwhile, Hooker had been delayed in his ad-vance on Rossville. In order to draw off Con-federate troops from the flanks and aid Shermanand Hooker, Grant then ordered Thomas' mento take the Confederate rifle pits at the base ofMissionary Ridge. Moving out of their positionson a two-and-a-half-mile front, the Army of theCumberland took the rifle pits. Here the troopswere subjected to a severe artillery fire, and withthe Confederates in front of them fleeing up theslopes of the ridge, the Union forces instinctivelypursued. The Confederate center was broken andfell back from the ridge. In the meantime. Hookerhad advanced through Rossville Gap and hadassisted in driving the Confederates oflf. TheConfederate forces on the right wing, withdrawnafter dark, covered the retreat of the Confederatesto Ringgold. Here the last fighting of the cam-paign took place, after which the Union troopsreturned to Chattanooga. The Confederates tookup a strong defensive position near Dalton, Ga.,and went into winter quarters.

The Western Campaign AfterChattanooga

While the Chattanooga campaign was in progress,a Union force held Knoxville, Tenn. On Novem-ber 4 Longstreet was sent to take the town. OnNovember 29 the Union works were attacked byLongstreet, but were successfully held. The Con-federates then retreated toward Bristol and leftvirtually all of Tennessee in Union hands.Following the battle of Chattanooga, Grant was

placed in command of all the Union Armies.Sherman succeeded Grant as commander of theUnion forces in the West. General Bragg, theConfederate commander, was replaced by Gen.Joseph E. Johnston. During the winter of 1 863-64,Sherman prepared for an advance into Georgia.He assembled 100,000 men and large quantities ofsupplies. Opposing this force was an army ofabout 50,000.Advancing from Chattanooga on May 6, 1864,

the Union forces maneuvered the smaller Con-federate Army out of Dalton by a flank movementand thereafter Sherman compelled Johnston tokeep his army on the defensive and by a series offlanking movements pushed him from one positionto another. By July 17, when Gen. John B. Hoodsucceeded Johnston, the Union forces were closeto Atlanta. Here the Confederates assumed theoffensive. In a series of battles around Atlanta,the Confederates lost heavily and on September2 were forced to leave the city to the Union troops.Hood then moved northward to recover Ten-

nessee and Kentucky, if possible, and to forceSherman to give up Atlanta by attacking his linesof communications northward. Sherman dividedhis forces and sent one portion under Thomas tostop Hood. The Confederate and Union troopsmet at Franklin on November 30 and on December15 at Nashville. In the latter engagement theConfederate forces were defeated in one of themost decisive engagements of the war.On November 16 Sherman left Atlanta to carryout a plan to march to Savannah, on the AtlanticOcean. By destroying all sources of supplies thatan army needs, Sherman hoped to bring the warto an end. On December 21 he captured Savan-nah, then turned north through the Carolinas.On April 26, 1864, 2 weeks after AppomattoxCourt House, the Army of Tennessee surrenderedto Sherman.

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New York State Memorial at Point Park, Lookout MountainWisconsin State Memorial at Chickamauga

House where the Confederates broke the Federal lineThe Wilder Memorial at Chickamauga

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Points ofInterest

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Park

Balanced RockPoint ParkNational Park Service Administration Building at Chickamauga Park

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SIGNAjrPOINTPARK /UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA LIBRARIES

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CHICKAMAUGAand CHATTANOOGANATIONAL MILITARY PARKTENNESSEE 8 GEORGIA

STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORNATIONAL PARK SERVICE