child development: chapter 5 prenatal development, birth and the newborn
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Child Development: Chapter 5 Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn. Chapter Outline. Prenatal Development The Birth Experience The Newborn . Three stages of prenatal development. Germinal stage – 0-2 weeks Fertilization Cell division Creation of the blastula - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Child Development: Chapter 5
Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Chapter Outline
Prenatal Development The Birth Experience The Newborn
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Three stages of prenatal development
Germinal stage – 0-2 weeks Fertilization Cell division Creation of the blastula Implantation in the uterine wall
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Blastocyst becomes embryo Trophoblast becomes placenta
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Embryonic stage 2 weeks – 2 months Placenta develops to nourish the embryo Three layers develop
Ectoderm (outside) – skin, nervous system Mesoderm (middle) – muscle, blood, bones Endoderm (inside) – internal organs
Cephalocaudal development – head to toe
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Critical period: development is occurring rapidly and the organism is especially sensitive to damage
Organogenesis: development of internal organs
Heart begins to beat Miscarriage is common
50-80% are due to chromosomal abnormalities
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Fetal stage – 2 months - birth Sexual differentiation Prenatal “breathing” Development of the senses
The Mozart effect – true or false?
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Health and risks in pregnancy The mother’s experience Three trimesters First 3 months:
Morning sickness due to hormonal changes Fatigue
Second 3 months: Woman feels the baby moving (“quickening”)
Activity level prenatally predicts activity level of the baby after birth
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Final 3 months:Fatigue and discomfortFetus “drops” to get into position for
birth
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
The Father’s Prenatal Experience
Support for the mother-to-be: emotional, physical and financial
“Couvade”: experience of some of the symptoms of pregnancy
11-65% of men experience weight gain, nausea, indigestion, backaches, mood swings, and/or food cravings
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Having a Healthy PregnancyImportance of prenatal medical care maternal diet
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Prenatal Risks Does America provide the best care for
pregnant women? http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea
_mat_mor-health-maternal-mortality
Worldwide issues of maternal mortality: http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Teratogens Agents that can disrupt prenatal development
and cause malformations or termination of the pregnancy: Alcohol: Fetal alcohol syndrome Tobacco (including 2nd hand smoke): asthma and other
respiratory problems; SIDS; ADHD and learning disabilities Prescription drugs – even aspirin is linked with bleeding Illegal drugs;
e.g., cocaine – withdrawal, poor cry signal, brain and cognitive problems
marijuana – tremors, long-term cognitive problems Maternal disease and stress
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Labor and DeliveryFirst stage of labor Early labor: contractions are usually not painful;
cervix begins to thin out and dilate. Active labor: contractions become longer,
stronger, and more frequent; cervix has dilated to 4 cms.; lasts on average 3 to 8 hours.
Transition: contractions come in rapid succession and last up to 90 seconds each,; lasts15 minutes to 3 hours; ends when cervix has dilated 10 cms.
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Second stage of labor: urge to push delivery of the baby
Third stage of labor: delivery of the placenta
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Birthing Options
Where: hospital, home, birthing center
Who helps: doctor, midwife, doula
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Learning to be a Mother or a Father: Biology
Effects of hormones:“Baby blues”
Postpartum depression should be treated
Certain hormones promote nurturing behavior in both mothers and fathers (e.g., prolactin)
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Learning to be a Mother or a Father: Culture Cultural effects on learning to be a parent How much support is offered in different
cultures? allowing parents to stay home (parental leave
from work) Learning about parenting from knowledgeable
people (including grandparents) social connection with other adults
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
The Newborn Newborn capabilities the newborn can hear, see, taste, smell, and
respond to touch Infant states: different levels of
consciousness used to regulate the amount of stimulation an infant receives Sleep Quiet alertness Crying
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Risks to Infants Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Prematurity: birth that occurs before a gestational age of 37 weeks
Low birth weight: full-term newborn weighing less than 5 pounds, 4 ounces
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
This baby weighed 8.6 ounces
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Some premature and low birth weight infants develop normally and some do not.
Modern Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) are essential to their treatment.
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach by Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch© 2011 SAGE Publications
Babies and Parents Becoming a new parent is both joyful and
stressful. In spite of the stress, only 8% of the parents
wish they could be free from the responsibility of being a parent, and over 75% of parents agree that children are “the main satisfaction” in their life.