child health survey new south wales estimates. · reports from the nsw child health survey have...

New South WalesChild Health Survey

2009-2010Summary Report

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CENTRE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVIDENCE

NSW Ministry of Health

Locked Mail Bag 961

North Sydney NSW 2059

Telephone: 61 2 9424 5759

Copyright © NSW Ministry of Health 2012

This work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or in part

for study and training purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgement

of the source. It may not be reproduced for commercial usage or sale.

Reproduction for purposes other than those indicated above requires

written permission from the NSW Ministry of Health.

State Health Publication No: HSP 110206

ISBN 978 1 74187 623 9

suggested citation:

Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence. 2009-2010 Summary Report from theNew South Wales Child Health Survey. Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health, 2012.

further copies of this publication can be downloaded from the

New South Wales Health Survey Program website : www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/surveys/index.asp

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ContentsFOREWORD 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

Summary of key indicators 8

METHODS 9

SAMPLE REPRESENTATIVENESS AND CHARACTERISTICS 11

Age distribution of unweighted survey sample versus NSW population by sex 12Survey sample size and NSW population by age group and sex 12Country of birth of child 13

HEALTH BEHAVIOURS 14

Alcohol during pregnancy 15

Alcohol status during pregnancy 16

Breastfeeding 17

Duration of breastfeeding 19Ever breastfed 19Breastfed at 12 months 21Fully breastfed at 6 months 22Exclusively breastfed at 6 months 24Introduced solids before 6 months 25Introduced breastmilk substitutes before 6 months 27

Folate and pregnancy 29

Folate supplements before and during pregnancy 30Took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy 30

Immunisation 32

Support for childhood immunisation 33Strongly or generally supports childhood immunisation 33Immunisation status 35Up-to-date with immunisations 35

Injury prevention 37

Participated in a fire education program at school 38Message parent or carer received about fire education program 39Took action following fire education program 39Placed on their back to sleep from birth 41

Nutrition 43

Number of serves of fruit a day 46Recommended daily fruit intake 46Number of serves of vegetables a day 48Recommended daily vegetable intake 48Two or more cups of milk a day 50Recommended daily dairy intake 51Type of milk usually consumed 53Usually consumes lower fat or skim milk 53Food insecurity in the last 12 months 55Family coping methods 56Frequency of eating red meat a week 56Cups of water a day 57Cups of juice a day 57Cups of soft drinks or cordials or sports drinks a week 58Frequency of eating takeaway food a week 58Frequency of eating hot fried potato products a week 59Frequency of eating potato crisps or salty snacks a week 59Frequency of eating processed meat products a week 60Frequency of eating confectionary including chocolate, confectionary bars, and lollies a week 60Frequency of eating sweet and savoury biscuits, cakes, donuts, or muesli bars a week 61Frequency of family eating together at table 61Frequency of eating in front of television 62Frequency of eating breakfast 62Frequency of being offered water to drink with meals or snacks 63Frequency of being offered sweets as a reward for good behaviour 63Ever heard about healthy school canteen strategy 64

Physical activity 65

One or more hours of physical activity outside of school 66

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Sports and outdoor activities in last 12 months 67Hours spent using electronic media for entertainment at home 68Uses electronic media for entertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day 68Knowledge of recommended minimum physical activity 70Knowledge of recommended maximum hours spent using electronic media for entertainment 70Limits time child spends watching television or playing electronic games 71Usual transport to school 71

Smoking 72

Smoke-free households 73Bans smoking in car 74

Sun protection 75

Always or often took sun protection behaviours last summer 76Frequency of sunburn last summer 76Did not get sunburnt last summer 77Easy to find shade when outdoors 78

HEALTH STATUS 79

Health-related quality of life 80

Parent-reported health status 81Excellent, very good, or good parent-reported health status 81

Asthma 83

Ever diagnosed with asthma 84Current asthma 85Written asthma management or action plan 87

Diabetes or high blood glucose 89

Immediate family or relatives with diabetes 90

Hearing and vision 91

Time since last hearing test 92Time since last eyesight test 92Normal vision in both eyes 93

Mental health 95

At risk scores for strengths and difficulties subscales 96Substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem 96

Oral health 98

Time since last dental visit 99Visited a dental professional in the last 12 months 99Reason for not visiting a dental professional 101Private health insurance for dental expenses 101

Population weight status 102

Body Mass Index categories 103Overweight 103Obese 105Overweight or obese 106

HEALTH SERVICES 108

Use and rating of health services 109

Health services attended in last 12 months 110Emergency department rated as excellent, very good or good 110Hospital care rated as excellent, very good or good 111General practitioner care rated as excellent, very good or good 112Public dental service care rated as excellent, very good or good 113Community health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good 114Difficulties getting health care when needing it 115Types of difficulties getting health care when needing it 117Private health insurance 117

Early childhood health services 119

Early childhood health centre attendance in the last 12 months 120Early childhood health centre care ratings 122Early childhood health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good 122Regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse 124Reason for not regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse 126

Home visiting 127

Home visit from child or community nurse in the last 12 months 128Home visit care rating 130

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SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 131

Early childhood educational development 132

Ever participated in early childhood activities 133Currently participate in early childhood activities 135Ever been to childcare 137Currently go to childcare 139Types of childcare 141Attendance at preschool or childcare with a preschool program 141Frequency of reading to child 143Read to child daily 144

Parental support 146

Need for support services 147Used support services 148

TRENDS 150

Trends in child health 151

Trends in health behaviours 153Trends in health status 156Trends in health services 157Trends in social determinants of health 159

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Foreword

I am pleased to present the 2009-2010 Summary Report from the New South Wales Child Health Survey,which provides information on health behaviours, health status, health services, and social determinants ofhealth, for children aged 0-15 years.

Since 1997, the Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence has been conducting surveys of state residents usingcomputer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). These surveys have become one of the main mechanismsthrough which the NSW Ministry of Health reports key health indicators in the National Preventive Health Strategy, AIHW’s Headline indicators for children’s health, development and wellbeing, 2011, the AustralianNational Breastfeeding Strategy 2010-2015, and NSW 2021: A plan to make NSW number one.

The 2009-2010 Summary Report shows several indicators of child health are improving. There have beensignificant increases in children eating more fruit, vegetables, and dairy, living in smoke-free homes, beingdriven in smoke-free cars, visiting dental professionals, participating in early childhood activities, going topre-school (or childcare with a pre-school program), and being read to daily by parents or carers. Also, therehas been a significant decrease in current asthma.

However, some indicators of child health require more action. The proportion of children who were fullybreastfed or exclusively breastfed at 6 months remains low; the proportion of children who did at least 60minutes of physical activity outside of school hours remains low; the proportion of children who usedelectronic media for entertainment for more than the recommended maximum of 2 hours a day remains high;there have been significant increases in the proportion of children who are either overweight or obese, orwho have difficulty getting health care when needing it.

There is a wealth of other information in the survey dataset. This 2009-2010 Summary Report and othersurvey reports can be accessed via the website at www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/surveys/index.asp.Also, a range of survey indicators are available from Health Statistics New South Wales at www.healthstats.doh.health.nsw.gov.au.

Unit record data for all surveys conducted by the Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence are available toauthorised users of the Health Outcomes Information Statistical Toolkit (HOIST) under the terms of theirconfidentiality and security agreement. Those who do not have access to HOIST can lodge a data requestwith the Chief Health Officer.

Comments on the New South Wales Child Health Survey are welcome.

I thank all the individuals and organisations who contributed their time and expertise to assist in thedevelopment and conduct of the Survey in 2009-2010.

Kerry ChantDeputy Director-General, Population Health and Chief Health OfficerMarch 2012

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Executive summary

IntroductionSince 1997, the Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence has been conducting surveys of state residents usingcomputer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). Reports from the NSW Child Health Survey have beenproduced from data for 2001, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008. This 2009-2010 Summary Reportincludes information on the health of 4,182 NSW residents aged 0-15 years.

The survey included questions used in previous surveys and new questions developed specifically for2009-2010. All new questions were submitted to NSW Health’s Population and Health Services ResearchEthics Committee for approval. New questions were also field-tested prior to inclusion. The instrument wastranslated into 5 languages: Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Italian, and Vietnamese.

In 2009-2010, interviews were carried out continuously between February and December. Households weresampled using list-assisted random digit dialling. When a household was contacted, one person wasrandomly selected for interview. If the selected respondent was a child under the age of 16 years, a parent orcarer was selected as a proxy respondent. Parents or carers were asked a sub-set of questions dependingon the age of their child. For example, questions on breastfeeding were asked of parents of children aged0-23 months, questions on maternal folate were asked of mothers of children aged 0-11 months, questionson physical activity were asked of parents or carers of children aged 5-15 years, and questions on sunprotection were asked of parents or carers of children aged 0-15 years.

The survey data have been weighted to account for probabilities of selection, as well as post-stratification, tomatch the survey sample to the NSW population. Results are reported by age group, sex, quintile ofsocioeconomic disadvantage, metropolitan and rural-regional health districts, mothers’ characteristics, andyear (when available).

The indicators in this report are presented in graphical form (in the PDF and HTML versions) and in graphicaland tabular form (in the HTML version). In most cases, trend data are presented from the base year; that is,from the first year data were collected for that indicator. In the HTML version, the table below the chartpresents further information. Both the PDF and HTML versions can be obtained from the New South WalesPopulation Health Survey website at www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/surveys/index.asp.

Health behavioursHealth behaviours influence child health and wellbeing from the antenatal period and beyond. Parentalhealth behaviours directly influence children in their early years. Child health behaviours affect later life,because the beginnings of many chronic diseases may occur in childhood. To monitor these behaviours, this 2009-2010 Summary Report includes information on alcohol during pregnancy, breastfeeding, folate andpregnancy, immunisation, injury prevention (school fire safety programs and infant sleeping position),nutrition, physical activity (including sedentary behaviour), exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, andsun protection.

Among mothers of infants aged 0-11 months, 72.4 per cent had not consumed alcohol during pregnancy,19.8 per cent reduced the amount of alcohol they drank, 2.3 per cent tried to give up drinking alcohol butwere unsuccessful, 3.3 per cent successfully gave up drinking alcohol, and 2.2 per cent did not try to give updrinking alcohol.

Among children aged 0-23 months, 93.2 per cent had ever been breastfed, 32.3 per cent were breastfed at12 months, 27.2 per cent were fully breastfed at 6 months, and 21.0 per cent were exclusively breastfed at 6 months.

Among mothers of infants aged 0-11 months, 54.4 per cent took folate supplements 1 month before andduring the first trimester of pregnancy, 2.7 per cent took supplements 1 month before pregnancy only, and32.6 per cent took supplements during the first trimester of pregnancy only.

Among parents or carers of children aged 2 months to 4 years, 64.8 per cent strongly supported childhoodvaccination. Among children aged 2 months to 4 years, 94.6 per cent were completely up-to-date with their immunisations.

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Among children aged 5-12 years, 76.5 per cent had participated in a fire education program at school, and64.3 per cent of parents or carers took action on the messages they received from children who attended this program.

Among parents or carers of children aged 0-11 months, 87.7 per cent placed their children on their backs tosleep, the preferred sleeping position for preventing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

Among children aged 2-15 years, 72.6 per cent consumed the recommended daily intake of fruit, 43.1 percent consumed the recommended daily intake of vegetables, and 67.6 per cent consumed the recommendeddaily intake of dairy products. Overall, 12.6 per cent of families ate together at table every day, 61.7 per centof children hardly ever ate in front of the television, and 90.4 per cent of children ate breakfast every day.

Among children aged 5-15 years, 24.5 per cent did at least 60 minutes of physical activity outside of schoolhours each day, 45.3 per cent used electronic media for entertainment at home for more than therecommended maximum of 2 hours a day, and 46.1 per cent were driven by car to school each day.

Among children aged 0-15 years, 95.5 per cent lived in smoke-free households, and 96.9 per cent of parentsor carers with cars banned smoking in their car.

Overall, 64.2 per cent of children aged 0-15 years did not get sunburnt last summer. Among children aged0-15 years who went out in the sun last summer, 37.4 per cent always or often sought shade, 55.9 per centalways or aften wore a hat or cap, 12.1 per cent always or often wore sunglasses, 69.8 per cent always oroften wore a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or more, and 54.8 per cent always or often woreprotective clothing. Twelve per cent of children were never in the sun last summer.

Among those parents or carers who went out in their local area, 52.8 per cent found it easy to find shade insporting areas, 68.7 per cent found it easy to find shade in public pools, and 74.5 per cent found it easy tofind shade in public parks.

Health statusAlthough New South Wales children are generally healthy, physical and emotional problems can affect theirability to enjoy life and participate in everyday activities. To monitor these problems, this 2009-2010Summary Report includes information on health-related quality of life (self-rated health), asthma, diabetes orhigh blood glucose, hearing and vision, mental health, oral health, and population weight status.

According to their parents or carers, 91.3 per cent of children aged 5-15 years had excellent, very good, orgood health status.

Among children aged 2-15 years, 22.4 per cent had ever been told by a doctor or hospital they had asthma,and 13.4 per cent currently have asthma (that is, have had symptoms of asthma or treatment for asthma inthe last 12 months). Among children with current asthma, 51.9 per cent had a written asthma action plan toassist managing their asthma.

Among children aged 9-15 years, 0.9 per cent had ever been told by a doctor or hospital they had diabetesor high blood glucose; 37.9 per cent had a grandparent, aunt, uncle, or first cousin diagnosed with diabetes;and 8.7 per cent had a parent, brother, or sister diagnosed with diabetes.

Among children aged 0-15 years, 21.5 per cent had their hearing tested less than 1 year ago and 18.1 percent had their hearing tested 1 year ago to less than 2 years ago.

Among children aged 0-15 years, 35.3 per cent had their eyesight tested less than 1 year ago and 17.1 percent had their eyesight tested 1 year ago to less than 2 years ago. Overall, 95.6 per cent of children aged0-15 years had normal vision in both eyes.

According to the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ), 7.3 per cent of children aged 4-15 years wereat substantial risk of developing clinically significant behavioural problems.

Among children aged 5-15 years, 72.8 per cent visited a dental professional in the last 12 months, 7.3 percent had never visited a dental health professional, and 49.8 per cent had private health insurance for dental expenses.

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According to adjusted estimates of BMI calculated from parent-reported height and weight, 3.4 per cent ofchildren aged 2-15 years were underweight, 68.0 per cent were healthy weight, 18.5 per cent wereoverweight, and 10.1 per cent were obese.

Health servicesThis 2009-2010 Summary Report includes information on health service use and access (including privatehealth insurance and difficulties getting health care), emergency department presentations, hospitaladmissions, general practices, public dental services, community health centres, early childhood healthcentres, and home visiting. Satisfaction with these services is also reported.

In the last 12 months, 23.4 per cent of children aged 0-15 years presented to an emergency department,11.7 per cent were admitted to hospital for at least 1 night, 88.5 per cent visited a general practice, 12.4 percent attended a public dental service or hospital, 13.4 per cent attended a community health centre, 19.8 percent did not attend any health services, 55.7 per cent were covered by private health insurance, and 21.7 percent had difficulties getting health care when needing it. The main types of difficulties were: waiting time for ageneral practitioner appointment (59.5 per cent), shortage of general practitioners (12.8 per cent), shortageof health services (12.8 per cent), difficulty in accessing specialists (11.3 per cent), emergency departmentwaiting time (9.0 per cent), and quality of treatment (8.6 per cent).

Among parents or carers of children aged 0-15 years who attended a health service in the last 12 months:82.1 per cent rated their child’s emergency department care as excellent, very good or good; 90.7 per centrated their child’s hospital care as excellent, very good or good; 95.1 per cent rated their child’s generalpractice care as excellent, very good or good; 94.0 per cent rated their child’s public dental service care asexcellent, very good or good; and 93.8 per cent rated their child’s community health service care asexcellent, very good or good.

Overall, 37.1 per cent of children aged 0-4 years attended an early childhood health centre in the last 12months, and 94.2 per cent of parents or carers rated the care their child received as excellent, very good, or good.

Overall, 26.8 per cent of children aged 0-4 years were regularly seeing a baby or early childhood nurse. Themains reasons given for not seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis were: no needto attend anymore (63.4 per cent), use other services instead (15.0 per cent), and not useful any more (8.6per cent).

Among children aged 0-11 months, 77.1 per cent received a home visit from a child or community nurse inthe last 12 months. Of these, 97.9 per cent of parents or carers rated their child’s care positively: asexcellent, very good, or good.

Social determinants of healthThe health and wellbeing of children is strongly influenced by social determinants. To monitor these socialdeterminants, this 2009-2010 Summary Report includes information on early childhood educationaldevelopment (participation in early childhood activities, childcare, pre-school, and reading), and parental support.

Among children aged 0-5 years, 33.4 per cent currently participate in early childhood activities, and 36.3 percent currently go to childcare.

Overall, 82.2 per cent of children aged 3-4 years currently attend a pre-school or childcare with a preschool program.

Among parents or carers of children aged 0-5 years, 73.8 per cent read to or looked at books with their childdaily, and 5.7 per cent have never read or looked at books with their child.

Overall, 22.6 per cent of parents or carers of children aged 1-15 had ever felt the need for parental supportservices. Of those, 77.9 per cent used parental support services.

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Summary of key indicators, NSW, 2010

Topic IndicatorMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

Health behaviours Ever breastfed, children 0-23 months93.2

(90.0-96.4)93.2

(88.9-97.4)93.2

(90.6-95.8)

Breastfed at 12 months, children 0-23 months33.8

(27.9-39.8)28.9

(20.9-37.3)32.3

(27.5-37.2)

Exclusively breastfed at 6 months, children 0-23 months21.6

(17.2-26.4)19.7

(13.4-26.9)21.0

(17.3-24.9)

Took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy, mothers of infants 0-11 months

56.4 (47.2-65.6)

48.9 (35.9-61.8)

54.4 (46.8-62.0)

Strongly or generally supports childhood immunisation, parents or carers of children 2 months to 4 years91.7

(88.8-94.6)96.7

(94.4-99.0)93.1

(91.0-95.3)

Up-to-date with immunisations, children 2 months to 4 years94.8

(92.2-97.4)94.0

(90.8-97.3)94.6

(92.5-96.6)

Participated in a fire education program at school, children 5-12 years75.3

(71.6-79.0)79.1

(75.3-82.9)76.5

(73.8-79.3)

Placed on their back to sleep from birth, infants 0-11 months89.6

(84.4-94.8)82.0

(73.1-91.0)87.7

(83.2-92.2)

Recommended daily fruit intake, children 2-15 years73.7

(71.6-75.8)70.2

(67.6-72.8)72.6

(70.9-74.2)

Recommended daily vegetable intake, children 2-15 years40.4

(38.0-42.7)48.7

(46.0-51.5)43.1

(41.2-44.9)

Recommended daily dairy intake, children 2-15 years66.5

(64.2-68.8)70.1

(67.6-72.7)67.6

(65.9-69.4)

Food insecurity in the last 12 months, parents or carers of children 0-15 years 5.9 (4.8-7.0) 5.7 (4.6-6.9) 5.9 (5.0-6.7)

One or more hours of physical activity outside of school, children 5-15 years21.7

(19.4-24.0)30.3

(27.4-33.1)24.5

(22.7-26.3)

Uses electronic media for entertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day, children 5-15 years44.7

(42.0-47.5)46.4

(43.3-49.6)45.3

(43.2-47.4)

Smoke-free households, parents or carers of children 0-15 years96.3

(95.4-97.1)94.0

(92.7-95.2)95.5

(94.8-96.3)

Bans smoking in car, parents or carers of children 0-15 years with a car97.1

(96.3-97.8)96.6

(95.7-97.5)96.9

(96.4-97.5)

Did not get sunburnt last summer, children 0-15 years68.1

(65.0-71.1)55.8

(51.9-59.8)64.2

(61.7-66.6)

Health status Excellent, very good, or good parent-reported health status, children 5-15 years91.6

(90.1-93.1)90.5

(88.8-92.3)91.3

(90.1-92.4)

Ever diagnosed with asthma, children 2-15 years20.9

(19.0-22.8)25.6

(23.2-28.0)22.4

(20.9-23.9)

Current asthma, children 2-15 years12.5

(11.0-14.1)15.1

(13.1-17.1)13.4

(12.1-14.6)

Normal vision in both eyes, children 0-15 years95.2

(93.9-96.5)96.3

(95.0-97.7)95.6

(94.6-96.5)

Substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem, children 4-15 years 6.7 (5.4-8.0) 8.7 (7.0-10.3) 7.3 (6.3-8.4)

Visited a dental professional in the last 12 months, children 5-15 years72.9

(70.2-75.6)72.7

(69.6-75.8)72.8

(70.7-74.9)

Overweight, children 2-15 years18.7

(16.7-20.7)18.1

(15.8-20.4)18.5

(17.0-20.1)

Obese, children 2-15 years 9.9 (8.3-11.5)10.4

(8.6-12.3)10.1

(8.8-11.3)

Overweight or obese, children 2-15 years28.6

(26.3-31.0)28.5

(25.8-31.2)28.6

(26.8-30.4)

Health servicesEmergency department rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years whopresented to an emergency department in the last 12 months

82.6 (79.0-86.3)

81.1 (77.5-84.8)

82.1 (79.4-84.7)

Hospital care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years who were admittedto hospital in the last 12 months

91.7 (87.4-96.0)

88.8 (82.4-95.1)

90.7 (87.1-94.3)

General practitioner care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years whovisited a general practitioner in the last 12 months

95.1 (94.0-96.1)

95.2 (93.9-96.4)

95.1 (94.3-95.9)

Difficulties getting health care when needing it, children 0-15 years17.0

(15.3-18.7)32.0

(29.5-34.4)21.7

(20.3-23.1)

Private health insurance, children 0-15 years59.9

(57.7-62.1)46.8

(44.2-49.4)55.7

(54.0-57.5)

Early childhood health centre attendance in the last 12 months, children 0-4 years37.9

(33.8-42.0)35.2

(30.1-40.2)37.1

(33.9-40.3)

Early childhood health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-4 yearswho are currently attending an early childhood health centre

93.9 (91.1-96.7)

94.9 (91.2-98.7)

94.2 (91.9-96.5)

Regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse, children 0-4 years26.5

(23.2-29.8)27.6

(23.3-32.0)26.8

(24.1-29.5)

Home visit from child or community nurse in the last 12 months, infants 0-11 months79.4

(72.7-86.1)70.0

(58.0-82.0)77.1

(71.2-83.0)

Social determinants of health

Currently participate in early childhood activities, children 0-5 years33.6

(30.3-37.0)32.9

(28.6-37.1)33.4

(30.7-36.1)

Attendance at preschool or childcare with a preschool program, children 3-4 years82.9

(77.9-88.0)80.4

(74.4-86.5)82.2

(78.2-86.1)

Read to child daily, parents or carers of children 0-5 years73.8

(70.6-77.0)73.7

(69.7-77.7)73.8

(71.3-76.3)

Need for support services, parents or carers of children 1-15 years22.5

(20.6-24.4)22.6

(20.4-24.8)22.6

(21.1-24.0)

Source: New South Wales Child Health Survey 2009-2010 (HOIST). NSW Ministry of Health.

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Methods

IntroductionThe New South Wales Child Health Survey is a continuous survey of the health of children using computerassisted telephone interviewing (CATI). The main aims of the survey are to: provide information onpopulation health; support the planning, implementation and evaluation of health programs and services.

Survey instrumentThe survey instrument included question modules on demographics, health behaviours, health status, healthservices, and social determinants of health. Most of the survey questions have been used in previoussurveys. All questions not previously used were submitted to the NSW Population and Health ServicesResearch Ethics Committee for approval prior to use. New questions were also field tested before inclusion.The instrument was translated into 5 languages: Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Italian and Vietnamese.

Survey sampleThe target population for the continuous survey is all NSW residents living in households with privatetelephones. In 2009-2010, the target sample was approximately 500 children in each of the 8 area healthservices which existed at that time (a total sample of 4,000).

The sampling frame was developed as follows. Records from the Australia on Disk electronic white pages(phone book) were geo-coded using MapInfo mapping software.[2] The geo-coded telephone numbers wereassigned to statistical local areas and area health services. The proportion of numbers for each telephoneprefix was calculated by area health service. All prefixes were expanded with suffixes ranging from 0000 to9999. The resulting list was then matched back to the electronic phone book. All numbers that matchednumbers in the electronic phone book were flagged and the number was assigned to the relevant geo-codedarea health service. Unlisted numbers were assigned to the area health service containing the greatestproportion of numbers with that prefix. Numbers were then filtered to eliminate continuous nonlisted blocks ofgreater than 10 numbers. The remaining numbers were then checked against the business numbers in theelectronic phone book to eliminate business numbers. Finally, numbers were stratified by area health serviceand randomly selected by area health service. Households were contacted using random digit dialling. Oneperson from the household was randomly selected for inclusion in the survey.

InterviewsIn 2009 and 2010, interviews were carried out continuously between February and December. A 1800freecall contact number and website details were provided to potential respondents, so they could verify theauthenticity of the survey and ask any questions regarding the survey. Trained interviewers at the HealthSurvey Program CATI facility carried out interviews. Up to 7 calls were made to establish initial contact with ahousehold, and up to 5 calls were made in order to contact a selected respondent. When the selectedrespondent was a child under the age of 16 years, a parent or carer was selected as a proxy respondent.Parents or carers were asked a sub-set of questions depending on the age of their child.

Call outcomes and response ratesIn 2009-2010, a total of 4,182 interviews were completed for children aged 0-15 years, with at least 480children interviewed from each stratum (former area health service). The overall participation rate was 58.0per cent (the number of completed interviews divided by the sum of the number of completed interviews andthe number of refusals). Of the interviews completed for children aged 0-15 years, 97.8 per cent wereconducted in English; the remaining interviews were conducted in Chinese, Vietnamese, Arabic, Greek, and Italian.

Data analysisAlthough the target sample was stratified by the 8 old area health services, the final sample was notsufficiently representative to report by the 15 new local health districts; however, results are reported bymetropolitan and rural-regional health districts, allocated by postcode. For analysis, the survey sample wasweighted to adjust for differences in the probabilities of selection among respondents. These differences

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were due to the varying number of adults and children living in each household, the number of residentialtelephone connections for the household, and the varying sampling fraction in each area health service.

Post-stratification weights were used to reduce the effect of differing non-response rates among males andfemales and different age groups on the survey estimates. These weights were adjusted for differencesbetween the age and sex structure of the survey sample and the most recent Australian Bureau of Statisticsmid-year population estimates (excluding residents of institutions) for each area health service. This enablescalculation of prevalence estimates for the state population rather than for the respondents selected. Furtherinformation on the weighting process is provided elsewhere.[2-3]

Call and interview data were manipulated and analysed using SAS version 9.2.[4] The Taylor expansionmethod was used to estimate sampling errors of estimators based on the stratified random sample.[4]

Estimates are provided with a 95 per cent confidence interval, which provides a range of values that shouldcontain the actual value 95 per cent of the time. The width of the confidence interval relates to the differingsample size for each indicator. In general, a wider confidence interval reflects less certainty in the estimatefor that indicator.

The LIFETEST procedure in SAS version 9.2 was used to perform survival analysis on breastfeeding data.[4]The length of time infants received any breastfeeding, full breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding weremodelled. The time infants were exclusively breastfed was determined from the date breastfeeding started(initial event) to the introduction of either solids, a milk substitute, water, juice, stopped breastfeeding, or thedate of the survey (terminating event). The time infants were fully breastfed was determined from the datebreastfeeding started (initial event) to the introduction of either solids, a milk substitute, stoppedbreastfeeding, or the date of the survey (terminating event). The survival analysis calculated non-parametricestimates of the survival distribution function using the life table method. The procedure calculatedproportions at time intervals and 95 per cent confidence intervals using the weights that were rescaled to thesurvey sample.

Definition of metropolitan and rural-regionalIn this report, the term metropolitan means the respondent lived in 1 of the 8 geographical LHDs designatedgreater metropolitan: Central Coast, Illawarra Shoalhaven, Nepean Blue Mountains, Northern Sydney, SouthEastern Sydney, South Western Sydney, Sydney, and Western Sydney. The term rural-regional means therespondent lived in 1 of the 7 geographical LHDs designated rural or regional: Far West, Hunter NewEngland, Mid North Coast, Murrumbidgee (including Albury LGA), Northern NSW, Southern NSW, andWestern NSW.

Socioecomic disadvantageThe Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) describe the socioeconomic aspects of geographical areasin Australia, using a number of underlying variables such as family and household characteristics, personaleducational qualifications, and occupation.[5] The SEIFA Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantagewas assigned by respondents’ postcode of residence and then grouped into 5 quintiles, with quintile 1 beingthe least disadvantaged and quintile 5 being the most disadvantaged.

References1. Australia on Disk [software]. Sydney: Australia on Disk, 2004. 2. Barr M, Baker D, Gorringe M, and Fritsche L. NSW Population Health Survey: Description of Methods.

Available online at www.health.nsw.gov.au/resources/publichealth/surveys/health_survey_method.asp(accessed 23 January 2012).

3. Steel D. NSW Population Health Survey: Review of the Weighting Procedures. Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2006/review_weighting.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

4. SAS Institute. The SAS System for Windows version 9.2. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 2009. 5. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1996 Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for

Areas, Information Paper, Catalogue no. 2039.0. Canberra: ABS, 1998.

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Sample representativeness and characteristics

In 2009-2010, male children were slightly under-represented in the New South Wales Child Health Survey,making up 51.0 per cent of the survey sample, compared with 51.3 per cent of the overall residentialpopulation of New South Wales. Conversely, female children were slightly over-represented, making up 49.0per cent of the survey sample, compared with 48.7 per cent of the overall residential population of NewSouth Wales. Comparisons of the distribution of the survey sample and that of the overall residentialpopulation are shown the table ’Survey sample size and New South Wales population by age group andsex’. After weighting, the age- and sex-distribution of the survey sample reflected that of the overallresidential population.

Aboriginal children comprised 4.2 per cent of the weighted sample, which is similar to their representation inthe overall residential population of New South Wales (4.1 per cent), and children born overseas comprised5.9 per cent of the weighted sample, which is less than their representation in the overall residentialpopulation of New South Wales (11.7 per cent) according to the 2008 ABS mid-year population estimates.[1]

Of the interviews completed for children aged 0-15 years, 78.0 per cent were with married parents or carers,1.1 per cent were with widowed parents or carers, 4.2 per cent were with separated parents or carers whowere not divorced, 5.9 per cent were with divorced parents or carers, and 10.8 per cent were with parents orcarers who had never been married.

Of the interviews completed for children aged 0-15 years, 48.0 per cent were with parents or carers with anincome of more than $80,000 a year, 16.4 per cent with an income of $60,001 to $80,000 a year, 14.5 percent with an income of $40,001 to $60,000 a year, 13.2 per cent with an income of $20,001 to $40,000 ayear, and 7.9 per cent with an income of less than $20,000 a year.

References1. ABS mid-year population estimates for 2009-2010 are based on 2006 Census counts and population

projections from the Transport and Population Data Centre, Department of Planning (HOIST).

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Age distribution of unweighted survey sample versus NSW population by sex, children 0-15 years,NSW, 2009-2010

02468101214161820 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Males Females

Per cent Per cent

Unweighted 2009-2010 Unweighted 2009-2010

NSW population 2010 NSW population 2010Less than 1 yr

Age (years)

1 yr

2 yrs

3 yrs

4 yrs

5 yrs

6 yrs

7 yrs

8 yrs

9 yrs

10 yrs

11 yrs

12 yrs

13 yrs

14 yrs

15 yrs

Note: Graph compares the survey sample with the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 mid-year population estimates (excluding residents of institutions). Source: New South Wales Child Health Survey 2009-2010 (HOIST). NSW Ministry of Health.

Survey sample size and NSW population by age group and sex, children 0-15 years, NSW,2009-2010

Survey sample (unweighted) 2009-2010 NSW population June 2010

Age group Males Females Persons Males Females Persons

n % n % n % n % n % n %

Less than 1 yr 131 3.1 134 3.2 265 6.3 48,908 3.4 46,858 3.2 95,766 6.6

1 yr 125 3.0 126 3.0 251 6.0 47,517 3.3 44,606 3.1 92,123 6.3

2 yrs 158 3.8 114 2.7 272 6.5 48,249 3.3 46,173 3.2 94,422 6.5

3 yrs 113 2.7 132 3.2 245 5.9 48,757 3.4 45,873 3.2 94,631 6.5

4 yrs 120 2.9 118 2.8 238 5.7 45,980 3.2 43,575 3.0 89,556 6.2

0 to 4 years 647 15.5 624 14.9 1,271 30.4 239,412 16.5 227,085 15.6 466,497 32.1

5 yrs 130 3.1 107 2.6 237 5.7 46,323 3.2 44,042 3.0 90,365 6.2

6 yrs 106 2.5 112 2.7 218 5.2 45,044 3.1 42,532 2.9 87,576 6.0

7 yrs 117 2.8 122 2.9 239 5.7 45,140 3.1 42,590 2.9 87,729 6.0

8 yrs 136 3.3 135 3.2 271 6.5 45,515 3.1 43,287 3.0 88,802 6.1

5 to 8 years 489 11.7 476 11.4 965 23.1 182,022 12.5 172,450 11.9 354,472 24.4

9 yrs 126 3.0 121 2.9 247 5.9 45,159 3.1 42,938 3.0 88,097 6.1

10 yrs 121 2.9 139 3.3 260 6.2 45,735 3.1 43,586 3.0 89,321 6.1

11 yrs 134 3.2 119 2.8 253 6.0 46,435 3.2 44,357 3.1 90,792 6.2

12 yrs 128 3.1 139 3.3 267 6.4 45,951 3.2 43,751 3.0 89,703 6.2

13 yrs 157 3.8 128 3.1 285 6.8 46,518 3.2 44,769 3.1 91,287 6.3

14 yrs 156 3.7 140 3.3 296 7.1 46,888 3.2 44,698 3.1 91,586 6.3

15 yrs 174 4.2 164 3.9 338 8.1 47,102 3.2 45,113 3.1 92,215 6.3

9 to 15 years 996 23.8 950 22.7 1,946 46.5 323,790 22.3 309,211 21.3 633,001 43.5

Total 2,132 51.0 2,050 49.0 4,182 100.0 745,223 51.3 708,747 48.7 1,453,970 100.0

Note: Table compares the survey sample with the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010 mid-year population estimates (excluding residents of institutions).


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Country of birth of child, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100

0-8 years 9-15 years

Per cent Per cent

2.2 2.8UK,US,New Zealand,

Canada & South Africa

95.5 92.4Australia

2.3 4.9Non-English speaking

countries

Note: Estimates are based on 4,178 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 4 (0.10%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. English Speaking Countries (ESC) includethe UK, USA, New Zealand, Canada & South Africa. The question used was: In which country was child born?


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Health behavioursHealth behaviours influence child health and wellbeing from the antenatal period and beyond. Parentalhealth behaviours directly influence children in their early years. Child health behaviours affect later life,because the beginnings of many chronic diseases may occur in childhood. This section of the 2009-2010Summary Report from the NSW Child Health Survey includes the following indicators for health behaviours:

Alcohol during pregnancy Breastfeeding Folate and pregnancy Immunisation Injury prevention Nutrition Physical activity Smoking Sun protection

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Alcohol during pregnancy

IntroductionNational clinical guidelines issued in 2006 recommend all pregnant women should be given information onthe risks associated with drinking alcohol during pregnancy, and advise no completely safe level of alcoholconsumption has been determined for the fetus.[1,2]

As maternal alcohol consumption can harm the developing fetus, Guideline 4 of the Australian Guidelines toReduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol recommends not drinking alcohol is the safest option for womenwho are pregnant, or are planning a pregnancy.[3]

ResultsGraph for this indicator shows alcohol status during pregnancy for mothers of children aged 0-11 months bygeographical location. Results for this indicator include:

Alcohol status during pregnancy: 72.4 per cent of mothers did not consume alcohol during pregnancy(74.9 per cent metropolitan; 65.4 per cent rural-regional), 19.8 per cent reduced the amount of alcoholthey drank (18.5 per cent metropolitan; 23.3 per cent rural-regional), 2.3 per cent tried to give updrinking alcohol but were unsuccessful (1.1 per cent metropolitan; 5.7 per cent rural-regional), 3.3 percent successfully gave up drinking alcohol (2.5 per cent metropolitan; 5.6 per cent rural-regional), and2.2 per cent did not try to give up drinking alcohol (3.0 per cent metropolitan; 0.0 per cent rural-regional).

References1. Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy. National clinical guidelines for the management of drug use during

pregnancy, birth and the early development years of the newborn. Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health,2006. Available online at www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2006/ncg_druguse.html (accessed 23 January2012).

2. Whitehall J. National guidelines on alcohol use during pregnancy: a dissenting opinion. Med J Aust2007; 186(1): 35-37. Available online atwww.mja.com.au/public/issues/186_01_010107/whi10623_fm.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

3. Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Australian Guidelines to Reduce HealthRisks from Drinking Alcohol. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care,2009. Available online at www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/ds10syn.htm (accessed 23 January2012).

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Alcohol status during pregnancy, mothers of infants 0-11 months who consumed alcohol, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

72.4Did not drink alcohol

19.8Reduced the amount

of alcohol they drank

2.3

Tried to give up

drinking alcohol but

was unsuccessful

3.3Successfully gave up

drinking alcohol

2.2

Did not try

to give up

drinking alcohol

Note: Estimates are based on 217 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.91%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: When you werepregnant with child, did you ever drink alcohol? When you were pregnant with child, did you reduce the amount of alcohol you drank, try to give up alcohol but wereunsuccessful, successfully gave up alcohol, none of the above?


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Breastfeeding

IntroductionA large body of Australian and international evidence shows that breastfeeding provides significant value toinfants, mothers and society: breastfed babies are less likely to suffer from a range of serious illnesses andconditions such as gastroenteritis, respiratory illness, and otitis media; breastfeeding promotes fastermaternal recovery from childbirth; women who have breastfed have reduced risks of breast and ovariancancers in later life; the protective effects of breastfeeding in infancy may extend to later life, with reducedrisks of obesity and chronic disease. Breastfeeding may also assist the bonding and attachment betweenmothers and babies. Also, several Australian and overseas studies have estimated substantialhospitalisation costs associated with premature weaning, because of its association with infant illness.[1-5]

To achieve optimal growth, development, and health, it is recommended infants are exclusively breastfed forthe first 6 months of life, and thereafter should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foodswhile breastfeeding continues up to 2 years or beyond. According to the World Health Organizationdefinition, exclusively breastfed infants receive only breastmilk, plus medications including vitamins ifrequired, without any additional food or drink including water.[3]

Recommendations for nationally-standardised monitoring of breastfeeding practices outline 7 indicators forthe monitoring of breastfeeding: per cent ever breastfed, per cent breastfeeding at each month of age to 12months, median duration of breastfeeding among ever breastfed children, per cent exclusively breastfed inprevious 24 hours at each month of age to 6 months, per cent fully breastfed in previous 24 hours at eachmonth of age to 6 months, per cent receiving solid foods in previous 24 hours at each month of age to 6months, and per cent receiving milk substitutes in previous 24 hours at each month of age to 6 months.[6]

In this report, ever breastfed means an infant has been put to the breast, if only once, and/or an infant hasreceived expressed breastmilk but has never been put to the breast; fully breastfed means an infant hasreceived breastmilk as the main source of nourishment, but can take some other liquids such as water,water-based drinks, fruit juices, oral rehydration solutions, ritual fluids, and drops or syrups (excludingbreastmilk substitutes or solids); exclusively breastfed means an infant has received only breastmilk from hisor her mother or a wet nurse, or expressed breastmilk, and no other liquids or solids with the exception ofdrops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines; breastmilk substitute means anymilk, other than breastmilk, or food based fluid used in infant feeding as a replacement for breastmilk,whether or not it is suitable for that purpose (commonly includes infant formula, cow’s milk, and other milkfed to infants).[3,6]

ResultsGraph for this indicator shows duration of any breastfeeding, fully breastfed, and exclusively breastfed forchildren aged 0-23 months. Results for this indicator include:

Any breastfeeding at each month of age: declined from 91.1 per cent at birth to 83.9 per cent at 1month, 72.6 per cent at 3 months, 59.7 per cent at 6 months, and 32.3 per cent at 12 months. Fully breastfed at each month of age: declined from 91.1 per cent at birth to 76.0 per cent at 1 month,59.5 per cent at 3 months, and 27.2 per cent at 6 months. Exclusively breastfed at each month of age: declined from 91.1 per cent at birth to 66.8 per cent at 1month, 51.2 per cent at 3 months, and 21.0 per cent at 6 months.

Graphs for these indicators show ever breastfed, fully breastfed, and exclusively breastfed for children aged0-23 months by sex, geographical location, mothers’ characteristics, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Ever breastfed: 93.2 per cent of children had ever been breastfed (92.8 per cent male; 93.6 per centfemale; 93.2 per cent metropolitan; 93.2 per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant changein the proportion of children who had ever been breastfed between 2001 and 2009-2010. Breastfed at 12 months: 32.3 per cent of children were breastfed at 12 months (30.2 per cent male;33.1 per cent female; 33.8 per cent metropolitan; 28.9 per cent rural-regional). There has been asignificant increase in the proportion of children who were breastfed at 12 months between 2001 and2009-2010 (25.8 per cent to 32.3 per cent). Fully breastfed at 6 months: 27.2 per cent of children were fully breastfed at 6 months (24.1 per cent

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male; 30.7 per cent female; 25.6 per cent metropolitan; 30.8 per cent rural-regional). There has been asignificant increase in the proportion of children who were fully breastfed at 6 months between 2001 and2009-2010 (14.5 per cent to 27.2 per cent). Exclusively breastfed at 6 months: 21.0 per cent of children were exclusively breastfed at 6 months(14.9 per cent male; 27.1 per cent female; 21.6 per cent metropolitan; 19.7 per cent rural-regional). Therehas been a significant increase in the proportion of children who were exclusively breastfed at 6 monthsbetween 2003-2004 and 2009-2010 (12.6 per cent to 21.0 per cent).

Graphs for these indicators show introduction of solids and breastmilk substitutes for children aged 0-23months by sex, geographical location, mothers’ characteristics, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Introduction of solids: 44.6 per cent of children were introduced to solids before 6 months (46.8 percent male; 41.9 per cent female; 46.4 per cent metropolitan; 41.8 per cent rural-regional). There hasbeen a significant decrease in the proportion of children who were introduced to solids before 6 monthsbetween 2001 and 2009-2010 (69.4 per cent to 44.6 per cent). Breastmilk substitutes before 6 months: 52.8 per cent of children were introduced to breastmilksubstitutes before 6 months (52.2 per cent male; 53.4 per cent female; 53.8 per cent metropolitan; 51.2per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant decrease in the proportion of children who wereintroduced to breastmilk substitutes before 6 months between 2001 and 2009-2010 (59.4 per cent to52.8 per cent).

References1. Australian Health Ministers’ Conference and Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing.

Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy 2010-2015. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2009.Available online atwww.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/aust-breastfeeding-strategy-2010-2015(accessed 23 January 2012).

2. National Health and Medical Research Council. Encourage and Support Breastfeeding. DietaryGuidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia, incorporating the Infant Feeding Guidelines forHealth Workers. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2003. Available online atwww.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/dietsyn.htm (accessed 23 January 2012).

3. World Health Organization. Strengthening action to improve feeding of infants and young children 6-23months of age in nutrition and child health programmes: Report of Proceedings, Geneva 6-9 October2008. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. Available online athttp://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241597890_eng.pdf (accessed 23 January 2012).

4. Kramer M, Kakuma R. The optimal duration of exclusive breast feeding: A systematic review. TheCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: CD003517. First published 2002; last assessed asup-to-date 2006. Available online at www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003517.html (accessed 23January 2012).

5. Webb K, Marks G, Lund-Adams M, Rutishauser I, Abraham B. Towards a national system for monitoringbreastfeeding in Australia: Recommendations for population indicators, definitions and next steps.Canberra: Australian Food and Nutrition Monitoring Unit, Commonwealth Department of Health andAged Care, 2001. Available online atwww.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-food-pdf-breastfeeding.htm(accessed 23 January 2012).

6. Centre for Health Advancement. Breastfeeding in NSW: Promotion, Protection and Support. Sydney:NSW Ministry of Health, 2011. Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/PD/2011/PD2011_042.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Duration of breastfeeding, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Months

Per cent

Note: Estimates are based on 492 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 21 (4.09%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used to define the indicatorwere: Has child ever been breastfed? Is child currently being breastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed? Has child ever been giveninfant or toddler formula regularly (regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been givencow’s milk regularly? At what age was child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart frombreast milk/infant formula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milk substitute regularly? At what age was child first given solid food regularly? At what age waschild first given fruit juice regularly? At what age was child first given water regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method.


Ever breastfed by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

88.9Less than 25

years

94.525 years and

over

98.7Tertiary

qualifications

90.2Without tertiary

qualifications

93.9English speaking

background

95.0Non English

speakingbackground

93.2NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 513 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those infants whohave ever been breastfed. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever been breastfed?


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Ever breastfed by region and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (513), 2007-2008 (680), 2005-2006 (625), 2003-2004 (589), 2001 (1,486). Theindicator includes those infants who have ever been breastfed. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever been breastfed?


Ever breastfed by sex and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

Persons Males Females

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (513), 2007-2008 (680), 2005-2006 (625), 2003-2004 (589), 2001 (1,486). Theindicator includes those infants who have ever been breastfed. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever been breastfed?


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Breastfed at 12 months by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

n/aLess than 25

years

31.925 years and

over

41.9Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

34.2Non English

speakingbackground

32.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 510 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 3 (0.58%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who werebreastfed at 12 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been breastfed? Is child currently being breastfed? Including times of weaning,what is the total time child was breastfed? n/a = prevalence estimates not presented due to unreliability.


Breastfed at 12 months by region and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (510), 2007-2008 (675), 2005-2006 (622), 2003-2004 (589), 2001 (1,486). Theindicator includes children who were breastfed at 12 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been breastfed? Is child currently beingbreastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed?


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Breastfed at 12 months by sex and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (510), 2007-2008 (675), 2005-2006 (622), 2003-2004 (589), 2001 (1,486). Theindicator includes children who were breastfed at 12 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been breastfed? Is child currently beingbreastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed?


Fully breastfed at 6 months by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

n/aLess than 25

years

24.525 years and

over

29.5Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

21.5Non English

speakingbackground

27.2NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 504 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 9 (1.75%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whowere only given breastmilk, water and juice at 6 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been breastfed? Is child currently being breastfed?Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed? Has child ever been given infant or toddler formula regularly (regularly means at least once a day)?At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milk regularly? At what age was child first given cow’s milk regularly?Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infant formula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milksubstitutes regularly? At what age was child first given solid food regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method. n/a = prevalenceestimates not presented due to unreliability.


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Fully breastfed at 6 months by region and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (504), 2007-2008 (658), 2005-2006 (614), 2003-2004 (583), 2001 (1,466). Theindicator includes those children who were only given breastmilk, water and juice at 6 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever beenbreastfed? Is child currently being breastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed? Has child ever been given infant or toddler formularegularly (regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milk regularly? Atwhat age was child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infantformula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milk substitutes regularly? At what age was child first given solid food regularly? Estimates derived using survivalanalysis based on a life table method.


Fully breastfed at 6 months by sex and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (504), 2007-2008 (658), 2005-2006 (614), 2003-2004 (583), 2001 (1,466). Theindicator includes those children who were only given breastmilk, water and juice at 6 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever beenbreastfed? Is child currently being breastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed? Has child ever been given infant or toddler formularegularly (regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milk regularly? Atwhat age was child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infantformula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milk substitutes regularly? At what age was child first given solid food regularly? Estimates derived using survivalanalysis based on a life table method.


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Exclusively breastfed at 6 months by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

n/aLess than 25

years

19.725 years and

over

24.3Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

21.2Non English

speakingbackground

21.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 492 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 21 (4.09%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whowere exclusively breastfed at 6 months (received breastmilk and no other liquids or solids). The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been breastfed?Is child currently being breastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed? Has child ever been given infant or toddler formula regularly(regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milk regularly? At what agewas child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infant formula/cows milk)?At what age was child first given milk substitutes regularly? At what age was child first given solid food regularly? At what age was child first given fruit juice regularly? Atwhat age was child first given water regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method. n/a = prevalence estimates not presented due tounreliability.


Exclusively breastfed at 6 months by region and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (492), 2007-2008 (642), 2005-2006 (603), 2003-2004 (577). The indicator includesthose children who were exclusively breastfed at 6 months (received breastmilk and no other liquids or solids). The questions used to define the indicator were: Has childever been breastfed? Is child currently being breastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed? Has child ever been given infant or toddlerformula regularly (regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milkregularly? At what age was child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infantformula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milk substitutes regularly? At what age was child first given solid food regularly? At what age was child first given fruitjuice regularly? At what age was child first given water regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method. n/a = prevalence estimates notpresented due to unreliability.


24

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Exclusively breastfed at 6 months by sex and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (492), 2007-2008 (642), 2005-2006 (603), 2003-2004 (577). The indicator includesthose children who were exclusively breastfed at 6 months (received breastmilk and no other liquids or solids). The questions used to define the indicator were: Has childever been breastfed? Is child currently being breastfed? Including times of weaning, what is the total time child was breastfed? Has child ever been given infant or toddlerformula regularly (regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milkregularly? At what age was child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infantformula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milk substitutes regularly? At what age was child first given solid food regularly? At what age was child first given fruitjuice regularly? At what age was child first given water regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method.


Introduced solids before 6 months by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

53.9Less than 25

years

49.625 years and

over

48.0Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

50.5Non English

speakingbackground

44.6NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 511 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.39%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whowere given solids before 6 months of age. The question used to define the indicator was: At what age was child first given solid food regularly? Estimates derived usingsurvival analysis based on a life table method.


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Introduced solids before 6 months by region and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (511), 2007-2008 (674), 2005-2006 (622), 2003-2004 (586), 2001 (1,477). Theindicator includes those children who were given solids before 6 months of age. The question used to define the indicator was: At what age was child first given solid foodregularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method.


Introduced solids before 6 months by sex and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (511), 2007-2008 (674), 2005-2006 (622), 2003-2004 (586), 2001 (1,477). Theindicator includes those children who were given solids before 6 months of age. The question used to define the indicator was: At what age was child first given solid foodregularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method.


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Introduced breastmilk substitutes before 6 months by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-23 months,NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

66.7Less than 25

years

52.925 years and

over

43.4Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

51.7Non English

speakingbackground

52.8NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 507 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (1.17%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoreceived breastmilk substitutes before 6 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been given infant or toddler formula regularly (regularlymeans at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milk regularly? At what age was child firstgiven cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infant formula/cows milk)? At what agewas child first given milk substitutes regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method.


Introduced breastmilk substitutes before 6 months by region and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (507), 2007-2008 (666), 2005-2006 (617), 2003-2004 (583), 2001 (1,481). Theindicator includes those children who received breastmilk substitutes before 6 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been given infant ortoddler formula regularly (regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milkregularly? At what age was child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infantformula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milk substitutes regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method.


27

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Introduced breastmilk substitutes before 6 months by sex and year, children 0-23 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (507), 2007-2008 (666), 2005-2006 (617), 2003-2004 (583), 2001 (1,481). Theindicator includes those children who received breastmilk substitutes before 6 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been given infant ortoddler formula regularly (regularly means at least once a day)? At what age was child first given infant or toddler formula regularly? Has child ever been given cow’s milkregularly? At what age was child first given cow’s milk regularly? Has child ever been given any other type of milk substitute on a regular basis (apart from breast milk/infantformula/cows milk)? At what age was child first given milk substitutes regularly? Estimates derived using survival analysis based on a life table method.


28

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Folate and pregnancy

IntroductionFolate is a B group vitamin found naturally in foods such as fresh vegetables and fruit, orange juice,legumes, nuts, liver, and yeast. It is also present in fortified products such as breads and breakfast cereals,and can be taken in supplementary form in tablets or capsules. An adequate intake of folate around the timeof conception can reduce the risk of neural tube defects, which are reported in around 60 pregnancies inNew South Wales each year. Women should increase their intake of folate at least 1 month before andduring the first trimester of pregnancy.[1-3]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show folate supplement status for mothers of children aged 0-11 months bygeographical location, mothers’ characteristics, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Folate supplements 1 month before and during the first trimester of pregnancy: 54.4 per cent ofmothers took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first trimester of pregnancy (56.4 percent metropolitan; 48.9 per cent rural-regional), 2.7 per cent took supplements 1 month beforepregnancy only, 32.6 per cent took supplements during the first trimester of pregnancy only, and 10.3per cent did not take folate supplements before and during the first trimester of pregnancy. There hasbeen no significant change in the proportion of mothers of infants aged 0-11 months who took folatesupplements 1 month before and during the first trimester of pregnancy between 2001 and 2009-2010.

References1. Bhutta ZA and Hasan B. Periconceptional supplementation with folate and/or multivitamins for

preventing neural tube defects. RHL: The WHO Reproductive Health Library 2011. Available online athttp://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy_childbirth/antenatal_care/nutrition/bhcom/en/index.html (accessed 23January 2012).

2. Centre for Epidemiology and Research, NSW Department of Health. New South Wales Mothers andBabies 2008. N S W Public Health Bull 2010; 21(S-2). Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2010/mothers_babies.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

3. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Advice for women with babies on their minds or in their arms.Available online at www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumerinformation/adviceforpregnantwomen(accessed 23 January 2012).

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Folate supplements before and during pregnancy, mothers of infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

54.4

Yes, in the month

before and first 3

months of pregnancy

2.7Yes, in the month

before pregnancy only

32.6

Yes, in the first 3

months

of pregnancy only

10.3No

Note: Estimates are based on 211 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (2.76%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: (Before 2008) Didyou take tablets or capsules containing folate or folic acid in the month immediately before and/or in the first 3 months of this pregnancy? (From 2008) Did you takecapsules or tablets containing at least 0.5mg of folate daily in the month immediately before you became pregnant? Did you take capsules or tablets containing at least0.5mg of folate daily in the first three months of this pregnancy?


Took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy by mothers’characteristics, mothers of infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

n/aLess than 25

years

58.925 years and

over

63.8Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

59.9Non English

speakingbackground

54.4NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 211 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (2.76%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes mothers of infantsaged 0-11 months who took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy. The questions used to define the indicator were: (Before 2008)Did you take tablets or capsules containing folate or folic acid in the month immediately before and/or in the first 3 months of this pregnancy? (From 2008) Did you takecapsules or tablets containing at least 0.5mg of folate daily in the month immediately before you became pregnant? Did you take capsules or tablets containing at least0.5mg of folate daily in the first three months of this pregnancy? n/a = prevalence estimates not presented due to unreliability.


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Took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy by region andyear, mothers of infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (211), 2007-2008 (301), 2005-2006 (263), 2003-2004 (262), 2001 (601). The indicatorincludes mothers of infants aged 0-11 months who took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy. The questions used to define theindicator were: (Before 2008) Did you take tablets or capsules containing folate or folic acid in the month immediately before and/or in the first 3 months of this pregnancy?(From 2008) Did you take capsules or tablets containing at least 0.5mg of folate daily in the month immediately before you became pregnant? Did you take capsules ortablets containing at least 0.5mg of folate daily in the first three months of this pregnancy?


31

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Immunisation

IntroductionImmunisation and the provision of population wide vaccination programs remains one of the most effectiveand cost-efficient public health measures to prevent disease. Vaccination programs introduced in New SouthWales over the last 70 years have resulted in a remarkable reduction in the incidence of many vaccinepreventable diseases. Coverage for recommended vaccines, as measured by the Australian ChildhoodImmunisation Register (ACIR), has increased among all recommended cohorts.[1]

The NSW Immunisation Strategy 2008-2011 has identified 5 priorities relating to the NSW ImmunisationProgram: increasing age-appropriate immunisation coverage for 4-year-olds; strengthening information andrecords management systems for school-based immunisation programs; further developing a partnershipapproach with all stakeholders; addressing workforce issues; and, social marketing of immunisation and theNSW Immunisation Program.[1-2]

For infants at birth, the key aim of the Strategy is to: achieve 100 per cent screening for hepatitis B in theantenatal target group; achieve 100 per cent hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccinationwithin 12 hours for infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers; and, achieve at least90 per cent birth dose hepatitis B vaccine coverage for all neonates.[1-2]

For children aged up to school entry, the key aim of the Strategy is to: achieve at least 90 per cent of childrenrecorded as fully immunised by the ACIR for the 12 to <15 month age cohort (including pneumococcalvaccine); achieve at least 90 per cent of children recorded as fully immunised by the ACIR for the 24 to <27month age cohort (including meningococcal C & varicella vaccine); and, achieve at least 90 per cent ofchildren recorded as fully immunised by the ACIR for the 60 to <65 month age cohort.[1-2]

For children who are under-immunised where there is no objection to vaccination, the key aim of the Strategyis to increase age-appropriate immunisation coverage for children identified as under-immunised. Forchildren who are under-immunised where there is an objection to vaccination, the key aim of the Strategy isto minimise the risk of outbreaks of vaccine preventable disease among persons with a conscientiousobjection to vaccination; and, reduce the potential impact of misinformation related to vaccination andvaccine preventable disease on immunisation uptake in communities with a high conscientious objection population.[1-2]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show support for immunisation and up-to-date with immunisation for childrenaged 2 months to 4 years by age, sex, socioeconomic characteristics, geographical location, mothers’characteristics, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Support for childhood immunisation: 93.1 per cent of parents or carers strongly or generally supportchildhood immunisation (91.7 per cent metropolitan; 96.7 per cent rural-regional). There has been asignificant decrease in the proportion of parents or carers who strongly or generally support childhoodimmunisation between 2001 and 2009-2010 (97.4 per cent to 93.1 per cent). Up-to-date with childhood immunisation: 94.6 per cent of parents or carers thought their child wascompletely up-to-date with their childhood immunisation (94.8 per cent metropolitan; 94.0 per centrural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion of parents or carers who thoughttheir child was completely up-to-date with their childhood immunisation between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010.

References1. Population Health Division. NSW Immunisation Strategy 2008-2011. Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health

2007. Available online at www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/immunisation/index.asp (accessed 23January 2012).

2. National Health and Medical Research Council. The Australian Immunisation Handbook, 9th Edition,Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, 2009. Available online atwww.immunise.health.gov.au (accessed 23 January 2012).

32

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Support for childhood immunisation, parents or carers of children 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

64.8Strongly

support it

28.3Generally

support it

4.9Neither support

nor oppose it

1.4Generally

oppose it

0.5Strongly

oppose it

Note: Estimates are based on 642 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.77%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: Overall, how do youfeel about childhood vaccination: strongly support it, generally support it, neither support nor oppose it, generally oppose it, strongly oppose it?


Strongly or generally supports childhood immunisation by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents orcarers of children 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

96.95th Quintile

most disadvantaged

92.94th Quintile

92.63rd Quintile

92.12nd Quintile

91.81st Quintile

least disadvantaged

93.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 642 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.77%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carers whostrongly or generally supported child immunisations. In 2001, the question was: Overall, how do you feel about childhood vaccination: strongly support it, generally supportit, indifferent or don’t care, opposed to it? Since 2003, the question has been: Overall, how do you feel about childhood vaccination: strongly support it, generally support it,neither support nor oppose it, generally oppose it, strongly oppose it?


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Strongly or generally supports childhood immunisation by mothers’ characteristics, parents orcarers of children 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

89.7Less than 25

years

93.225 years and

over

90.7Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

93.6Non English

speakingbackground

93.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 642 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.77%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carers whostrongly or generally supported child immunisations. In 2001, the question was: Overall, how do you feel about childhood vaccination: strongly support it, generally supportit, indifferent or don’t care, opposed to it? Since 2003, the question has been: Overall, how do you feel about childhood vaccination: strongly support it, generally support it,neither support nor oppose it, generally oppose it, strongly oppose it?


Strongly or generally supports childhood immunisation by region and year, parents or carers ofchildren 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (642), 2003-2004 (625), 2001 (3,439). The indicator includes parents or carers whostrongly or generally supported child immunisations. In 2001, the question was: Overall, how do you feel about childhood vaccination: strongly support it, generally supportit, indifferent or don’t care, opposed to it? Since 2003, the question has been: Overall, how do you feel about childhood vaccination: strongly support it, generally support it,neither support nor oppose it, generally oppose it, strongly oppose it?


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Immunisation status, children 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

94.6Completely

up to date

4.2Has had some

1.2Hasn’t had any

Note: Estimates are based on 644 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 3 (0.46%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: Do you think child isup to date with his or her immunisations: yes, completely up to date; no, but has had some; no, hasn’t had any?


Up-to-date with immunisations by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

91.25th Quintile

most disadvantaged

92.14th Quintile

95.43rd Quintile

95.12nd Quintile

97.71st Quintile

least disadvantaged

94.6NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 644 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carers whosaid child was completely up-to-date with his or her immunisations. The question used to define the indicator was: Do you think child is up-to-date with his or herimmunisations: yes, completely up to date; no, but has had some; no, hasn’t had any?


35

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s.

Up-to-date with immunisations by mothers’ characteristics, children 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

85.4Less than 25

years

94.325 years and

over

92.9Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

95.9Non English

speakingbackground

94.6NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 644 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carers whosaid child was completely up-to-date with his or her immunisations. The question used to define the indicator was: Do you think child is up-to-date with his or herimmunisations: yes, completely up to date; no, but has had some; no, hasn’t had any?


Up-to-date with immunisations by region and year, children 2 months to 4 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (644), 2007-2008 (923). The indicator includes parents or carers who said child wascompletely up-to-date with his or her immunisations. The question used to define the indicator was: Do you think child is up-to-date with his or her immunisations: yes,completely up to date; no, but has had some; no, hasn’t had any?


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Injury prevention

IntroductionInjury affects Australians of all ages, is the greatest cause of death in the first half of life, and leaves manywith serious disability or long-term conditions. For these reasons, injury prevention and control has beendeclared a National Health Priority Area. [1] Fire & Rescue NSW runs fire safety programs in schools, whichaim to teach children fire safety practices and behaviours that could save lives.[2]

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant under 1 year of agewhere the death remains unexplained despite complete postmortem examination. Risk factors for SIDSinclude front and side sleeping positions, soft sleeping surfaces and loose bedding, overheating, passivesmoking, and bed sharing. Guidelines issued by the NSW Ministry of Health recommend 3 main ways toreduce the risk: put infant on the back to sleep from birth, make sure infant’s head remains uncovered duringsleep, and keep infant in a smoke-free environment before and after birth.[3]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show participation in a school fire education for children aged 5-12 years by age,sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year, parental messages received, andparental action taken. Results for these indicators include:

Participated in a fire education program at school: 76.5 per cent of children participated in a fireeducation program at school (77.4 per cent male; 75.7 per cent female; 75.3 per cent metropolitan; 79.1per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion of children whoparticipated in a fire education program at school between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010. Parental messages from school fire education programs: get down low and go go go (38.9 percent), home evacuation plan (28.5 per cent), stop drop and roll (32.0 per cent), install smoke alarms(29.4 per cent), and knotted rope (2.4 per cent). Took action on messages received: 64.3 per cent of parents or carers took action on messagesreceived (64.2 per cent male; 64.5 per cent female; 60.4 per cent metropolitan; 71.8 per centrural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion of parents or carers who tookaction on messages received from child’s fire education program between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010(53.3 per cent to 64.3 per cent).

Graphs for this indicator show infant sleeping position for children aged 0-11 months by sex, socioeconomicdisadvantage, geographical location, mothers’ characteristics, and year. Results for this indicator include:

Placed on their backs to sleep from birth: 87.7 per cent of parents or carers put infants on their backto sleep from birth (90.0 per cent male; 85.4 per cent female; 89.6 per cent metropolitan; 82.0 per centrural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion of parents or carers of infantsaged 0-11 months who put infants on their back to sleep between 2001 and 2009-2010 (63.6 per cent to87.7 per cent).

References1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Health priority areas. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health

and Welfare, 2010. Available online at www.aihw.gov.au/health-priority-areas (accessed 23 January2012).

2. Fire & Rescue NSW. NSW Fire Brigades and schools website at www.nswfb.nsw.gov.au (accessed 23January 2012).

3. NSW Department of Health. Guidelines for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and safe sleepingposition for infants. Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2005. Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/gl/2005/GL2005_063.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Participated in a fire education program at school by region and year, children 5-12 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-12 years

NSW Metro Rural NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,212), 2007-2008 (1,939), 2005-2006 (1,820), 2003-2004 (1,903). The indicatorincludes those children who have participated in a fire education program. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child participated in the fire educationprogram in schools?


Participated in a fire education program at school by sex and year, children 5-12 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-12 years

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,212), 2007-2008 (1,939), 2005-2006 (1,820), 2003-2004 (1,903). The indicatorincludes those children who have participated in a fire education program. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child participated in the fire educationprogram in schools?


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Message parent or carer received about fire education program, children 5-12 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

39.3 38.4Get down low

& go go go

26.1 30.9Home evacuation

plan

31.5 32.5Stop drop

and roll

28.3 30.5Install smoke

alarms

2.6 2.2Knotted rope

4.1 4.0None of

the above

Note: Estimates are based on 1,992 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: Has childparticipated in a fire education program in schools? Did child tell you about any of the following: get down low and go go go, home evacuation plan, stop drop and roll,install smoke alarms, knotted rope, none of the above? Respondents could mention more than 1 response. Percentages may total more than 100%.


Took action following fire education program by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carers ofchildren 5-12 years who participated in a fire education program, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

58.3 70.15th Quintile

most disadvantaged


66.8 57.93rd Quintile

59.0 63.32nd Quintile

70.5 56.41st Quintile

least disadvantaged

65.2 63.5NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 831 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 22 (2.58%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carerswho had taken action on information from the children the fire education program in schools. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child participated in thefire education program in schools? Did child tell you about any of the following: get down low and go go go, home evacuation plan, stop drop and roll, install smoke alarms,knotted rope, none of the above? Did you take action on any of these things?


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Took action following fire education program by region and year, parents or carers of children 5-12years who participated in a fire education program, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-12 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (831), 2007-2008 (1,375), 2005-2006 (1,286), 2003-2004 (1,320). The indicatorincludes parents or carers who had taken action on information from the children the fire education program in schools. The questions used to define the indicator were:Has child participated in the fire education program in schools? Did child tell you about any of the following: get down low and go go go, home evacuation plan, stop dropand roll, install smoke alarms, knotted rope, none of the above? Did you take action on any of these things?


Took action following fire education program by sex and year, parents or carers of children 5-12years who participated in a fire education program, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-12 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (831), 2007-2008 (1,375), 2005-2006 (1,286), 2003-2004 (1,320). The indicatorincludes parents or carers who had taken action on information from the children the fire education program in schools. The questions used to define the indicator were:Has child participated in the fire education program in schools? Did child tell you about any of the following: get down low and go go go, home evacuation plan, stop dropand roll, install smoke alarms, knotted rope, none of the above? Did you take action on any of these things?


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Placed on their back to sleep from birth by socioeconomic disadvantage, infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

82.15th Quintile

most disadvantaged

79.94th Quintile

85.43rd Quintile

96.82nd Quintile

93.01st Quintile

least disadvantaged

87.7NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 261 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.76%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes infants who wereplaced on their back to sleep from birth. The question used to define the indicator was: What position did you put child to sleep from birth on his or her back, on his or herside, on his or her tummy, any other position?


Placed on their back to sleep from birth by mothers’ characteristics, infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

87.1Less than 25

years

89.425 years and

over

88.5Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

85.6Non English

speakingbackground

87.7NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 261 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.76%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes infants who wereplaced on their back to sleep from birth. The question used to define the indicator was: What position did you put child to sleep from birth on his or her back, on his or herside, on his or her tummy, any other position?


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Placed on their back to sleep from birth by region and year, infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (261), 2007-2008 (364), 2005-2006 (319), 2003-2004 (303), 2001 (723). The indicatorincludes infants who were placed on their back to sleep from birth. The question used to define the indicator was: What position did you put child to sleep from birth on hisor her back, on his or her side, on his or her tummy, any other position?


Placed on their back to sleep from birth by sex and year, infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (261), 2007-2008 (364), 2005-2006 (319), 2003-2004 (303), 2001 (723). The indicatorincludes infants who were placed on their back to sleep from birth. The question used to define the indicator was: What position did you put child to sleep from birth on hisor her back, on his or her side, on his or her tummy, any other position?


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Nutrition

IntroductionChildren are nutritionally vulnerable and their nutrient and energy requirements per kilo of bodyweight aregreater than adults. Also, there is a relationship between nutrition in childhood and the development ofdiseases in adulthood. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia,[1]current dietary recommendations include:

fruit: 1 serve a day for children aged 4-11 years, and 3 serves for children aged 12-18 years, dependingon their overall diet; vegetables: 2 serves a day for children aged 4-7 years, and 3 serves for children aged 8 years and over,depending on their overall diet; dairy (including milk, yoghurt and cheese): 2 serves a day for children aged 4-11 years, and 3 serves forchildren aged 12-18 years, depending on their overall diet; lean meat, fish, poultry, nuts, and legumes: 1/2 to 1 serve a day for children aged 4-7 years, and 1 servefor children aged 8-18 years, depending on their overall diet; consistent and sufficient food for an active and healthy life.

The Guidelines also recommend that:

consumption of fruit juice in children aged 1-6 years should be limited to about 150 millilitres a day;consumption in children aged 7-18 years should be limited to 240-360 millilitres a day; also, childrenshould be encouraged to eat whole fruits to meet their recommended daily fruit intake; while reduced-fat milks are not suitable for children aged less than 2 years, as milk is a major energysource in these children, who are in a period of rapid growth, reduced-fat milks are recommended forolder children and adolescents when the diet has diversified; the diet should be low in sugar, salt and fat; therefore, limiting soft drinks or cordials, takeaway foods,fried potatoes products, potato crisps and salty snacks, processed meat products, confectionary, andsweet and savoury biscuits, cakes, donuts, or muesli bars, is encouraged.

The Guidelines list strategies to encourage good eating habits and monitor food consumption, including:

establishing routines where the child and caregiver sit down together and talk during meal times andsnacks; establishing habits, such as milk with a meal and water at bedtime, which will help ensure variety andnutritional adequacy; keeping in the fridge, or on the kitchen bench, a snack-box containing healthy snack foods such aspieces of fruit, vegetables, cheese and small sandwiches, which the child can either use independentlyor have offered to them; introducing the practice of having the child at the table for meal times as soon as he or she is able to situp and grasp foods; not giving the child too large a serving; providing foods the child likes, plus a new food to try; being accepting if the child does not like particular foods, as likes and dislikes change over time.

Where the Guidelines do not provide a rationale for monitoring a particular indicator, the survey follows therecommendations in Monitoring food habits in the Australian population using short questions from theNational Food and Nutrition Monitoring and Surveillance Project.[2]

According to the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand,[3] current recommendations forfluid consumption (including plain water, milk, and other drinks) by life stage and gender are:

boys and girls aged 1-3 years, 1.0 litre a day (about 4 cups); boys and girls aged 4-8 years, 1.2 litres aday (about 5 cups); boys aged 9-13 years, 1.6 litres a day (about 6 cups); boys aged 14-18 years, 1.9litres a day (about 7-8 cups); girls aged 9-13 years, 1.4 litres a day (about 5-6 cups); girls aged 14-18years, 1.6 litres a day (about 6 cups).

Following the NSW Childhood Obesity Summit in 2002, the NSW Government launched Fresh Tastes @ School, a healthy canteen strategy that defines, through a set of nutrient criteria, foods and drinks thatshould be sold on no more than 2 occasions per school term.[4]

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ResultsGraphs for these indicators show consumption of fruit, vegetables, milk, dairy, lower fat or skim milk, andfood insecurity for children aged 2-15 years by age group, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographicallocation, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Fruit consumption: 72.6 per cent of children consumed the recommended daily fruit intake (96.4 percent 2-8 years; 50.7 per cent 9-15 years; 70.7 per cent male; 74.6 per cent female; 73.7 per centmetropolitan; 70.2 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion ofchildren aged 5-12 years consuming the recommended daily fruit intake between 2001 and 2009-2010(70.0 per cent to 72.6 per cent). Vegetable consumption: 43.1 per cent of children consumed the recommended daily vegetable intake(51.9 per cent 2-8 years; 35.0 per cent 9-15 years; 43.3 per cent male; 42.8 per cent female; 40.4 percent metropolitan; 48.7 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportionof children aged 2-15 years who consumed the recommended daily vegetable intake between 2001 and2009-2010 (13.0 per cent to 43.1 per cent). Milk consumption: 49.2 per cent of children consumed 2 or more cups of milk a day (51.6 per cent 2-8years; 47.0 per cent 9-15 years; 53.4 per cent male; 44.6 per cent female; 48.7 per cent metropolitan;50.2 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant decrease in the proportion of children aged2-15 years who consumed 2 or more cups of milk a day between 2001 and 2009-2010 (58.2 per cent to49.2 per cent). Dairy consumption: 67.6 per cent of children consumed the recommended daily dairy intake (82.2 percent 2-8 years; 54.2 per cent 9-15 years; 70.7 per cent male; 64.4 per cent female; 66.5 per centmetropolitan; 70.1 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion ofchildren aged 2-15 years who consumed the recommended daily dairy intake between 2001 and2009-2010 (53.0 per cent to 67.6 per cent). Lower fat or skim milk consumption: 25.0 per cent of children usually consumed lower fat or skimmilk (20.8 per cent 2-8 years; 28.8 per cent 9-15 years; 22.7 per cent male; 27.4 per cent female; 24.7per cent metropolitan; 25.5 per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant change in theproportion of children aged 2-15 years who usually consumed lower fat or skim milk between 2007-2008and 2009-2010. Food insecurity: 5.9 per cent of parents or carers experienced food insecurity in the last 12 months(4.7 per cent 2-8 years; 7.3 per cent 9-15 years; 5.9 per cent metropolitan; 5.7 per cent rural-regional).There has been no significant change in the proportion of parents or carers who experienced foodinsecurity in the last 12 months between 2001 and 2009-2010. Family coping methods for foodinsecurity included: cut down on the variety of foods family eats (44.2 per cent), seeking help fromrelatives (26.2 per cent), parent or carer skips meals or eats less (18.2 per cent), seek help from welfareagencies (14.5 per cent), seek help from friends (9.1 per cent), child skips meals or eats less (2.0 percent), and seek help from government or social security (1.7 per cent).

Graphs for these indicators show consumption of red meat, water, fruit juice, and foods high in sugar, saltand fat (including soft drinks or cordials, takeaway foods, fried potatoes products, potato crisps and saltysnacks, and processed meat products, confectionary, and sweet and savoury biscuits, cakes, donuts, ormuesli bars), for children aged 2-15 years by age group. Results for these indicators include:

Red meat: 5.3 per cent of children consumed red meat (such as beef, lamb, liver or kidney but not porkor ham) less than once a week, 1.9 per cent once a week, 8.4 per cent twice a week, 21.4 per cent 3times a week, 29.7 per cent 4 times a week, 18.1 per cent 5 times a week, 6.8 per cent 6 times a week,and 8.5 per cent 7 or more times a week. Water: 1.6 per cent of children consumed no cups of water a day, 0.9 per cent consumed less than 1cup a day, 6.5 per cent 1 cup a day, 16.8 per cent 2 cups a day, 18.8 per cent 3 cups a day, 22.5 percent 4 cups a day, 12.0 per cent 5 cups a day, and 21.0 per cent 6 or more cups a day. Fruit juice: 26.8 per cent of children consumed no cups of juice a day, 20.8 per cent less than 1 cup aday, 33.7 per cent 1 cup a day, 11.8 per cent 2 cups a day, 4.2 per cent 3 cups a day, and 2.6 per centmore than 3 cups a day. Soft drink, cordial, or sports drink: 46.0 per cent of children did not consume soft drink or cordial orsports drinks, 9.4 per cent 1 cup a week, 7.8 per cent 2 cups a week, 8.0 per cent 3-5 cups a week, 15.3per cent 6-10 cups a week, and 13.5 per cent 11 or more cups a week. Takeaway food: 21.1 per cent of children not consume takeaway foods, 45.2 per cent less than once aweek, 27.2 per cent once a week, 6.4 per cent more than once a week but less than daily, and 0.1 percent daily or more. Hot fried potato products: 14.9 per cent of children did not consume hot fried potato products, 30.6

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per cent less than once a week, 33.2 per cent once a week, 13.4 per cent twice a week, 5.1 per cent 3times a week, 1.1 per cent 4 times a week, 0.4 per cent 5 times a week, and 1.2 per cent more than 5 timesa week. Potato crisps or salty snacks: 20.9 per cent of children did not consume potato crisps or salty snacks,18.9 per cent consumed them once a week, 19.4 per cent once a week, 12.1 per cent twice a week, 8.9 percent 3 times a week, 3.5 per cent 4 times a week, 2.4 per cent 5 times a week, and 13.9 per cent more than5 times a week. Processed meat products: 13.7 per cent of children did not consume processed meat products, 10.5per cent consumed them less than once a week, 22.4 per cent once a week, 21.4 per cent twice a week,13.5 per cent 3 times a week, 5.2 per cent 4 times a week, 2.5 per cent 5 times a week, and 10.8 per centmore than 5 times a week. Confectionary: 13.8 per cent of children did not consume confectionary including chocolate,confectionary bars, and lollies, 10.8 per cent consumed them less than once a week, 23.3 per cent once aweek, 18.7 per cent twice a week, 12.0 per cent 3 times a week, 4.5 per cent 4 times a week, 1.6 per cent 5times a week, and 15.3 per cent more than 5 times a week. Sweet and savoury biscuits, cakes, donuts, or muesli bars: 10.9 per cent of children did notconsume sweet and savoury biscuits, cakes, donuts, or muesli bars, 5.2 per cent consumed them less thanonce a week, 11.2 per cent once a week, 13.9 per cent twice a week, 13.4 per cent 3 times a week, 4.8 percent 4 times a week, 3.0 per cent 5-6 times a week, 34.0 per cent daily, and 3.6 per cent more than daily.

Graphs for these indicators show indicators that encourage good eating habits in children aged 2-15 yearsby age group. Results for these indicators include:

Eating together at table: 12.6 per cent of families at table every day, 28.1 per cent almost every day(5-6 times a week), 38.7 per cent less than daily (2-4 times a week), and 20.5 per cent hardly ever (0-1times a week). Eating in front of the television: 61.7 per cent of children hardly ever ate in front of the television (0-1times a week), 18.2 per cent less than daily (2-4 times a week), 3.9 per cent almost every day (5-6 timesa week), and 16.2 per cent every day. Eating breakfast: 90.4 per cent of children ate breakfast every day, 4.4 per cent almost every day (5-6times a week), 3.6 per cent less than daily (2-4 times a week), and 1.7 per cent hardly ever (0-1 times aweek). Offered water with meals or snacks: 77.0 per cent of parents or carers usually offered child water todrink with meals or snacks, 10.3 per cent sometimes offered water, and 12.7 per cent rarely or neveroffered water. Offered sweets as a reward: 61.3 per cent of parents or carers rarely or never offered child sweetssuch as lollies, ice cream, cake, or biscuits as a reward for good behaviour, 31.4 per cent offered themsometimes, and 7.3 per cent usually offered them. Knowledge of Fresh Tastes @ School Strategy: 64.8 per cent of parents or carers had ever heard ofthe healthy school canteen strategy Fresh Tastes @ School (61.6 per cent metropolitan; 71.5 per centrural-regional). There has been a significant decrease in the proportion of parents or carers who hadever heard of the healthy school canteen strategy Fresh Tastes @ School between 2005-2006 and2009-2010 (77.4 per cent to 64.8 per cent).

References1. National Health and Medical Research Council. Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in

Australia: Incorporating the Infant Feeding Guidelines for Health Workers Canberra: National Health andMedical Research Council, 2003.

2. Marks G, Webb K, Rutishauser I, and Riley M for the National Food and Nutrition Monitoring andSurveillance Project. Monitoring food habits in the Australian population using short questions.Canberra: Australian Food and Nutrition Monitoring Unit and Commonwealth Department of Health andAged Care, 2001.

3. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Water. Nutrient Reference Values forAustralia and New Zealand. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, 2006.

4. Nutrition and Physical Activity Branch. NSW Healthy School Canteen Strategy Evaluation Report 2005.Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2006.

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Number of serves of fruit a day, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

1.4 3.9No serves

2.3 5.6Less than 1

serve

24.6 31.31 serve

38.2 32.82 serves

20.8 17.23 serves

12.7 9.2More than 3

serves

Note: Estimates are based on 3,645 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 21 (0.57%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How manyserves of fruit does child usually eat each day? One serve is equivalent to 1 medium piece or 2 small pieces of fruit.


Recommended daily fruit intake by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

96.4 50.7NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,645 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 21 (0.57%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who meetthe minimum recommended daily consumption of fruit. The minimum recommended daily consumption of fruit according to the NHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children andAdolescents in Australia is 1 serve for children aged 4-11 years and 3 serves for children aged 12-18, depending on their overall diet. The guide does not providerecommendations for children aged 2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-11 year old children have been applied. One serve is equivalent to 1 medium piece or 2small pieces of fruit. The question used to define the indicator was: How many serves of fruit does child usually eat each day?


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Recommended daily fruit intake by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,645), 2007-2008 (4,403), 2005-2006 (3,927), 2003-2004 (4,250), 2001 (7,882). Theindicator includes children who meet the minimum recommended daily consumption of fruit. The minimum recommended daily consumption of fruit according to theNHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia is 1 serve for children aged 4-11 years and 3 serves for children aged 12-18, depending on theiroverall diet. The guide does not provide recommendations for children aged 2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-11 year old children have been applied. Oneserve is equivalent to 1 medium piece or 2 small pieces of fruit. The question used to define the indicator was: How many serves of fruit does child usually eat each day?


Recommended daily fruit intake by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,645), 2007-2008 (4,403), 2005-2006 (3,927), 2003-2004 (4,250), 2001 (7,882). Theindicator includes children who meet the minimum recommended daily consumption of fruit. The minimum recommended daily consumption of fruit according to theNHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia is 1 serve for children aged 4-11 years and 3 serves for children aged 12-18, depending on theiroverall diet. The guide does not provide recommendations for children aged 2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-11 year old children have been applied. Oneserve is equivalent to 1 medium piece or 2 small pieces of fruit. The question used to define the indicator was: How many serves of fruit does child usually eat each day?


47

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s NSW

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s.

Number of serves of vegetables a day, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

2.9 3.1No serves

4.9 5.2Less than 1

serve

35.6 28.71 serve

30.8 28.02 serves

15.8 18.33 serves

6.0 9.74 serves

2.6 5.35 serves

1.3 1.7More than 5

serves

Note: Estimates are based on 3,625 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 41 (1.12%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How manyserves of vegetables does child usually eat each day? One serve is equivalent to 1/2 cup of cooked vegetables or 1 cup of salad vegetables.


Recommended daily vegetable intake by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

51.9 35.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,625 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 41 (1.12%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children whoconsumed the minumum recommended daily intake of vegetables. The minimum recommended daily vegetable intake according to the NHMRC Dietary Guidelines forChildren and Adolescents in Australia is defined as 2 serves a day for children aged 4-7 years and 3 serves a day for children aged 8 years and over, depending on theiroverall diet. The guide does not provide recommendations for children aged 2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-7 year old children have been applied. One serveis equivalent to 1/2 cup of cooked vegetables or 1 cup of salad vegetables. The question used to define the indicator was: How many serves of vegetables does childusually eat each day?


48

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s NSW

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stimate

s.

Recommended daily vegetable intake by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,625), 2007-2008 (4,389), 2005-2006 (3,919), 2003-2004 (6,694), 2001 (7,847). Theindicator includes children who consumed the minumum recommended daily intake of vegetables. The minimum recommended daily vegetable intake according to theNHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia is defined as 2 serves a day for children aged 4-7 years and 3 serves a day for children aged 8 yearsand over, depending on their overall diet. The guide does not provide recommendations for children aged 2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-7 year old childrenhave been applied. One serve is equivalent to 1/2 cup of cooked vegetables or 1 cup of salad vegetables. The question used to define the indicator was: How many servesof vegetables does child usually eat each day?


Recommended daily vegetable intake by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,625), 2007-2008 (4,389), 2005-2006 (3,919), 2003-2004 (6,694), 2001 (7,847). Theindicator includes children who consumed the minumum recommended daily intake of vegetables. The minimum recommended daily vegetable intake according to theNHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia is defined as 2 serves a day for children aged 4-7 years and 3 serves a day for children aged 8 yearsand over, depending on their overall diet. The guide does not provide recommendations for children aged 2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-7 year old childrenhave been applied. One serve is equivalent to 1/2 cup of cooked vegetables or 1 cup of salad vegetables. The question used to define the indicator was: How many servesof vegetables does child usually eat each day?


49

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s NSW

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s.

Two or more cups of milk a day by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

51.6 47.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,531 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 21 (0.59%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who have2 cups of milk or more per day. The question used to define the indicator was: How many cups of milk does child usually drink each day? 1 cup = 250ml, a household teacup.


Two or more cups of milk a day by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,531), 2007-2008 (4,301), 2005-2006 (3,893), 2003-2004 (4,186), 2001 (7,725). Theindicator includes children who have 2 cups of milk or more per day. The question used to define the indicator was: How many cups of milk does child usually drink eachday? 1 cup = 250ml, a household tea cup.


50

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s NSW

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s.

Two or more cups of milk a day by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,531), 2007-2008 (4,301), 2005-2006 (3,893), 2003-2004 (4,186), 2001 (7,725). Theindicator includes children who have 2 cups of milk or more per day. The question used to define the indicator was: How many cups of milk does child usually drink eachday? 1 cup = 250ml, a household tea cup.


Recommended daily dairy intake by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

82.2 54.2NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,580 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 86 (2.35%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children whoconsume the minimum recommended daily intake of dairy products (2 serves per day of milk, cheese, yoghurt or custard if aged 4-11 years or 3 serves per day if aged12-15 years). The NHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia does not provide recommendations for children aged 2-3 years and so therecommendations for 4-11 year old children have been applied. The questions used to define the indicator were: How many cups of milk does child drink per day? Howmany serves of custard does child have per day? How many serves of yoghurt does child have per day? How many serves of cheese does child have per day? A serve ofdairy foods is: 250ml of milk or custard; 200ml of yoghurt, or 40g of cheese.


51

WARNIN

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s NSW

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stimate

s.

Recommended daily dairy intake by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,580), 2007-2008 (4,319), 2005-2006 (3,831), 2003-2004 (4,174), 2001 (7,905). Theindicator includes children who consume the minimum recommended daily intake of dairy products (2 serves per day of milk, cheese, yoghurt or custard if aged 4-11 yearsor 3 serves per day if aged 12-15 years). The NHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia does not provide recommendations for children aged2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-11 year old children have been applied. The questions used to define the indicator were: How many cups of milk does childdrink per day? How many serves of custard does child have per day? How many serves of yoghurt does child have per day? How many serves of cheese does child haveper day? A serve of dairy foods is: 250ml of milk or custard; 200ml of yoghurt, or 40g of cheese.


Recommended daily dairy intake by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,580), 2007-2008 (4,319), 2005-2006 (3,831), 2003-2004 (4,174), 2001 (7,905). Theindicator includes children who consume the minimum recommended daily intake of dairy products (2 serves per day of milk, cheese, yoghurt or custard if aged 4-11 yearsor 3 serves per day if aged 12-15 years). The NHMRC Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia does not provide recommendations for children aged2-3 years and so the recommendations for 4-11 year old children have been applied. The questions used to define the indicator were: How many cups of milk does childdrink per day? How many serves of custard does child have per day? How many serves of yoghurt does child have per day? How many serves of cheese does child haveper day? A serve of dairy foods is: 250ml of milk or custard; 200ml of yoghurt, or 40g of cheese.


52

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s NSW

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s.

Type of milk usually consumed, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

76.9 68.3Regular milk

(whole or full cream)

16.8 23.9Low/reduced

fat milk

4.0 5.0Skim milk

0.2 0.2Evaporated

or sweetened milk

0.3 0.0Other

1.8 2.6Don’t have milk

Note: Estimates are based on 3,664 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.05%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: What type of milkdoes child usually have?


Usually consumes lower fat or skim milk by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

20.8 28.8NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,664 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.05%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whousually consume low fat, reduced fat, or skim milk. The question used to define the indicator was: What type of milk does child usually have?


53

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s NSW

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s.

Usually consumes lower fat or skim milk by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,664), 2007-2008 (4,425). The indicator includes those children who usually consumelow fat, reduced fat, or skim milk. The question used to define the indicator was: What type of milk does child usually have?


Usually consumes lower fat or skim milk by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,664), 2007-2008 (4,425). The indicator includes those children who usually consumelow fat, reduced fat, or skim milk. The question used to define the indicator was: What type of milk does child usually have?


54

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s.

Food insecurity in the last 12 months by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carers of children0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

5.7 8.45th Quintile

most disadvantaged


5.7 7.23rd Quintile

4.7 6.32nd Quintile

n/a n/a1st Quintile

least disadvantaged

4.7 7.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 4,178 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 4 (0.10%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who hadsuffered some food insecurity in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, were there any times you ran out of food andcouldn’t afford to buy more? n/a = prevalence estimates not presented due to unreliability.


Food insecurity in the last 12 months by region and year, parents or carers of children 0-15 years,NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (4,178), 2007-2008 (5,123), 2005-2006 (4,574), 2003-2004 (7,668), 2001 (9,416). Theindicator includes children who had suffered some food insecurity in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, were thereany times you ran out of food and couldn’t afford to buy more?


55

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s NSW

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s.

Family coping methods, families with children 0-15 years who ran out of food, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

20.8 16.4Parent/guardian

skips mealsor eats less

0.0 3.4Child skips

meals or eats less

39.4 47.7Cut down on

variety of foodsfamily eats

26.3 26.2Seek help

from relatives

5.7 11.7Seek help

from friends

3.4 0.5Seek help from

Government/SocialSecurity

13.4 15.3Seek help from

welfare agencies

8.2 3.8Other

Note: Estimates are based on 239 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 11 (4.40%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: In the last 12months, were there any times you ran out of food and couldn’t afford to buy more? If yes, asked: How do you cope with feeding child when this happens? Respondentscould mention more than 1 response. Percentages may total more than 100%.


Frequency of eating red meat a week, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

5.5 5.0Less than once

2.0 1.8Once

8.3 8.4Twice

22.4 20.4Three times

32.0 27.7Four times

16.3 19.7Five times

5.7 7.9Six times

7.9 9.1Seven or more times

Note: Estimates are based on 3,658 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 8 (0.22%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild eat red meat such as beef, lamb, liver, and kidney, but not pork or ham?


56

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s NSW

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s.

Cups of water a day, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

1.8 1.4No cups

0.9 0.9Less than 1

cup

7.4 5.61 cup

20.6 13.32 cups

20.6 17.13 cups

20.9 24.04 cups

12.0 11.95 cups

15.9 25.86 or more

cups

Note: Estimates are based on 3,547 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 119 (3.25%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How many cupsof water does child usually drink in a day? 1 cup =250ml or a household tea cup.


Cups of juice a day, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

28.0 25.6No cups

22.9 19.0Less than 1

cup

32.2 35.01 cup

10.6 13.02 cups

4.0 4.43 cups

2.2 3.0More than 3

cups

Note: Estimates are based on 3,641 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 25 (0.68%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How many cupsof fruit juice does child usually drink in a day? 1 cup =250ml, a household tea cup or large popper.


57

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s NSW

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stimate

s.

Cups of soft drinks or cordials or sports drinks a week, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

57.9 35.1None

8.8 10.0One cup

5.2 10.2Two cups

5.9 9.93 to 5 cups

12.9 17.56 to 10 cups

9.4 17.311 or more cups

Note: Estimates are based on 3,643 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 23 (0.63%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How many cupsof soft drink, cordials or sports drink, such as lemonade or Gatorade, does child usually drink in a day? 1 cup = 250ml. One can of soft drink = 1.5 cups. One 500ml bottleof Gatorade = 2 cups.


Frequency of eating takeaway food a week, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

24.2 18.2None

45.4 45.0Less than

weekly

26.1 28.1Weekly

4.3 8.4

More than

once per week

but less daily

0.0 0.3Daily or more

Note: Estimates are based on 3,658 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 8 (0.22%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild have meals or snacks such as burgers, pizza, chicken or chips from places like McDonald’s, Hungry Jacks, Pizza Hut, KFC, Red Rooster, or local takeaway places?


58

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stimate

s.

Frequency of eating hot fried potato products a week, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

15.8 14.0None


a week

33.6 32.8Once a week

12.1 14.7Twice a week

4.6 5.63 times a week



0.7 1.8More than 5times a week

Note: Estimates are based on 3,657 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 9 (0.25%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild eat hot chips, french fries, wedges or fried potatoes?


Frequency of eating potato crisps or salty snacks a week, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

25.3 16.8None

20.8 17.2Less than once a week







Note: Estimates are based on 3,648 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 18 (0.49%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild eat potato crisps or other salty snacks?


59

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s.

Frequency of eating processed meat products a week, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

14.5 13.0None

10.0 11.1Less than once a week







Note: Estimates are based on 3,653 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 13 (0.35%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild eat processed meat products such as sausages, frankfurts, devon, salami, meat pies, bacon or ham?


Frequency of eating confectionary including chocolate, confectionary bars, and lollies a week,children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

14.2 13.5None


a week







Note: Estimates are based on 3,639 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 27 (0.74%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild usually eat confectionary including chocolate, confectionary bars and lollies?


60

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s NSW

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stimate

s.

Frequency of eating sweet and savoury biscuits, cakes, donuts, or muesli bars a week, children 2-15years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

10.7 11.0None

5.9 4.5Less thanonce a week





3.1 2.85 to 6times a week

31.8 35.9Daily

3.4 3.8More than daily

Note: Estimates are based on 3,642 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 24 (0.65%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild usually eat sweet and savoury biscuits, cakes, donuts, or muesli bars?


Frequency of family eating together at table, parents or carers of children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

12.9 12.5Every day

25.6 30.2Almost every day

(5-6 times per week)

40.4 37.4Less than daily


21.1 20.0Hardly ever


Note: Estimates are based on 1,443 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 20 (1.37%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doesyour family eat together at the table?


61

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s.

Frequency of eating in front of television, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

67.4 56.5Hardly ever






14.7 17.6Every day

Note: Estimates are based on 3,629 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 37 (1.01%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild usually have dinner in front of the television?


Frequency of eating breakfast, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

94.8 86.3Every day





0.4 2.9Hardly ever


Note: Estimates are based on 3,658 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 8 (0.22%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often doeschild usually have something to eat for breakfast?


62

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s.

Frequency of being offered water to drink with meals or snacks, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

84.5 70.1Never/

rarely

9.0 11.6Sometimes

6.5 18.3Usually

Note: Estimates are based on 3,638 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 28 (0.76%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often do youoffer child water to drink with meals or snacks?


Frequency of being offered sweets as a reward for good behaviour, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

47.6 73.8Never/

rarely

41.4 22.3Sometimes

11.0 3.9Usually

Note: Estimates are based on 3,128 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 19 (0.60%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often do youoffer sweets such as lollies, ice cream, cake or biscuits to child as a reward for good behaviour?


63

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s NSW

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s.

Ever heard about healthy school canteen strategy by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carersof children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

63.1 65.7NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 2,843 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 68 (2.34%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. This indicator includes parents or carerswho have heard about NSW Healthy School Canteen Strategy (Fresh Tastes@School). The question used to define the indicator was: Have you heard of the NSW HealthySchool Canteen Strategy (Fresh Tastes@School)?


Ever heard about healthy school canteen strategy by region and year, parents or carers of children5-15 years, NSW, 2005-2010

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,843), 2007-2008 (3,425), 2005-2006 (1,602). This indicator includes parents orcarers who have heard about NSW Healthy School Canteen Strategy (Fresh Tastes@School). The question used to define the indicator was: Have you heard of the NSWHealthy School Canteen Strategy (Fresh Tastes@School)?


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Physical activity

IntroductionChildren and adolescents need at least 60 minutes (and up to several hours) of moderate to vigorousphysical activity every day. Moderate activities include brisk walking, bike riding, skateboarding, and dancing.Vigorous activities include football, netball, soccer, running, swimming laps, or training for sport, and arethose activities that make you ’huff and puff’.[1] In the NSW Child Health Survey, because parents and carersreport on behalf of their child, questions are asked about child’s physical activity outside of school hours.

Sedentary behaviour in childhood is a predictor of body mass index in children and influences health inadulthood. For this reason, it is recommended that children and adolescents should not spend more than 2hours a day using electronic media for entertainment (for example, computer games, television, or the internet).[2-3]

Research suggests that factors such as play opportunities in the home, and rules about play and televisionviewing, are likely to be important influences on the development of children’s physical activity behaviours.For this reason, it is important to monitor parents’ and carers’ knowledge of physical activity guidelines.[4]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show physical activity outside of school, use of electronic media forentertainment, parental knowledge and supervision, and usual transport to school, for children aged 5-15years by age group, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year. Results for theseindicators include:

Physical activity outside of school: 24.5 per cent of children did at least 60 minutes of physicalactivity outside of school hours each day (28.5 per cent male; 20.4 per cent female; 21.7 per centmetropolitan; 30.3 per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion ofchildren who did at least 60 minutes of physical activity outside of school hours each day between2005-2006 and 2009-2010. The most common activities were: swimming (50.5 per cent), soccer (33.3per cent), jogging or athletics or running (28.1 per cent), cycling or bike riding (26.6 per cent), dancing orballet (23.7 per cent), netball (13.6 per cent), cricket (11.7 per cent), rugby league (11.0 per cent), andbasketball (10.2 per cent). Use of electronic media for entertainment: 45.3 per cent of children used electronic media forentertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day (49.8 per cent male; 40.6 per cent female; 44.7 percent metropolitan; 46.4 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant decrease in the proportionof children who used electronic media for entertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day between2005-2006 and 2009-2010 (58.9 per cent to 45.3 per cent). Parental knowledge and supervision: 32.3 per cent of parents or carers did not know therecommended minimum minutes of physical activity a child should have each day and 30.7 per centthought it was 60 or more minutes; 38.7 per cent of parents or carers did not know the recommendedmaximum hours a child should use electronic media for entertainment each day and 59.0 per centthought it was 2 or less hours; 58.5 per cent of parents or carers usually limited the time child watchestelevision or plays electronic games, 21.7 per cent sometimes, and 19.8 per cent never. Usual transport to school: car (46.1 per cent), bus (30.7 per cent), walk only (16.5 per cent), walk partof the way (0.1 per cent), train (3.7 per cent), bicycle (2.0 per cent), and taxi (0.3 per cent).

References1. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Australia’s physical activity recommendations

for 5-12 year olds and Australia’s physical activity recommendations for 12-18 year olds. Availableonline atwww.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/recommendations-guidelines(accessed 23 January 2012).

2. Hancox R, Milne B, Poulton R. Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adulthealth: a longitudinal birth cohort study. The Lancet 2004; 364: 257-262.

3. Hardy LL, Dobbins TA, Denney-Wilson EA, Okely AD, Booth ML. Sedentariness, small-screenrecreation, and fitness in youth. Am J Prev Med 2009, 36(2): 120-125.

4. Healthy and Active Kids Website. Kids Healthy Food and Activity Guide. Available online atwww3.health.nsw.gov.au/cihfap/form/surveyform.cfm (accessed 23 January 2012).

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One or more hours of physical activity outside of school by socioeconomic disadvantage, children5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

34.4 19.5NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 2,750 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 123 (4.28%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. This indicator includes children who do 1hour or more of physical activity outside of school hours everyday, The questions used to define the indicator were: On about how many days during the school week doeschild usually do physical activity outside of school hours? On those days, about how many hours does child usually do physical activity? On about how many weekenddays does child usually do physical activity? On a typical weekend day, about how many hours does child usually do physical activity?


One or more hours of physical activity outside of school by region and year, children 5-15 years,NSW, 2005-2010

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,750), 2007-2008 (3,342), 2005-2006 (2,943). This indicator includes children who do1 hour or more of physical activity outside of school hours everyday, The questions used to define the indicator were: On about how many days during the school weekdoes child usually do physical activity outside of school hours? On those days, about how many hours does child usually do physical activity? On about how manyweekend days does child usually do physical activity? On a typical weekend day, about how many hours does child usually do physical activity?


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One or more hours of physical activity outside of school by sex and year, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2005-2010

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,750), 2007-2008 (3,342), 2005-2006 (2,943). This indicator includes children who do1 hour or more of physical activity outside of school hours everyday, The questions used to define the indicator were: On about how many days during the school weekdoes child usually do physical activity outside of school hours? On those days, about how many hours does child usually do physical activity? On about how manyweekend days does child usually do physical activity? On a typical weekend day, about how many hours does child usually do physical activity?


Sports and outdoor activities in last 12 months, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

4.5 13.2Basket ball

9.2 13.0Cricket

33.1 23.3Cycling or bike riding

29.9 20.5Dancing/ballet

27.6 28.3Jogging, athleticsor running

5.5 7.0Martial art

7.5 16.7Netball

6.7 13.3Rugby League

1.6 4.7Rugby Union

4.5 6.2Skateboardingor rollerblading

36.2 31.8Soccer

62.1 44.6Swimming

11.3 14.3Other

4.2 4.9Did not play any sport

Note: Estimates are based on 2,889 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 22 (0.76%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: In the last 12months, what types of sports and outdoor activities did child play? Respondents could mention more than 1 response. Percentages may total more than 100%.


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Hours spent using electronic media for entertainment at home, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

29.8 15.0Less than one hour

38.4 32.61 to 2 hours

16.4 24.82 to 3 hours

9.3 12.33 to 4 hours

2.5 7.64 to 5 hours

1.2 2.75 to 6 hours

2.3 4.96 or more hours

Note: Estimates are based on 2,725 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 186 (6.39%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: On about howmany days [during the school week/on a typical weekend day] does child usually watch TV, videos or DVDs at home? On those days, about how many hours does childusually spend watching TV, videos or DVDs? On about how many [days during the school week/weekend days] does child usually play video or computer games? Onthose days, about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games? On about how many weekend days does child usually play video orcomputer games or work on the computer? On a typical weekend day, about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games or work on thecomputer?


Uses electronic media for entertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day by socioeconomicdisadvantage, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

31.8 52.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 2,725 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 186 (6.39%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. This indicator includes children whospent an average of 2 hours or more each day using electronic media for entertainment at home. The questions used to define the indicator were: On about how manydays [during the school week/on a typical weekend day] does child usually watch TV, videos or DVDs at home? On those days, about how many hours does child usuallyspend watching TV, videos or DVDs? On about how many [days during the school week/weekend days] does child usually play video or computer games? On those days,about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games? On about how many weekend days does child usually play video or computer games orwork on the computer? On a typical weekend day, about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games or work on the computer?


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Uses electronic media for entertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day by region and year,children 5-15 years, NSW, 2005-2010

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,725), 2007-2008 (3,288), 2005-2006 (2,704). This indicator includes children whospent an average of 2 hours or more each day using electronic media for entertainment at home. The questions used to define the indicator were: On about how manydays [during the school week/on a typical weekend day] does child usually watch TV, videos or DVDs at home? On those days, about how many hours does child usuallyspend watching TV, videos or DVDs? On about how many [days during the school week/weekend days] does child usually play video or computer games? On those days,about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games? On about how many weekend days does child usually play video or computer games orwork on the computer? On a typical weekend day, about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games or work on the computer?


Uses electronic media for entertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day by sex and year,children 5-15 years, NSW, 2005-2010

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,725), 2007-2008 (3,288), 2005-2006 (2,704). This indicator includes children whospent an average of 2 hours or more each day using electronic media for entertainment at home. The questions used to define the indicator were: On about how manydays [during the school week/on a typical weekend day] does child usually watch TV, videos or DVDs at home? On those days, about how many hours does child usuallyspend watching TV, videos or DVDs? On about how many [days during the school week/weekend days] does child usually play video or computer games? On those days,about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games? On about how many weekend days does child usually play video or computer games orwork on the computer? On a typical weekend day, about how many hours does child usually spend playing video or computer games or work on the computer?


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Knowledge of recommended minimum physical activity, parents or carers of children 5-15 years,NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

6.9 5.7Less than 30 minutes

29.2 32.030 to 59 minutes

22.9 24.760 to 89 minutes

0.8 0.690 to 119 minutes

6.1 5.8120+ minutes

34.1 31.3Don’t know

Note: Estimates are based on 2,907 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 3 (0.10%) were not stated (Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How many minutes of physicalactivity is it recommended that children do each day?


Knowledge of recommended maximum hours spent using electronic media for entertainment,parents or carers of children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

7.9 6.2None

41.8 39.5One hours

9.1 13.3Two hours

0.9 2.0Three hours

0.4 0.5Four hours

0.2 0.2Five hours

0.0 0.1Six hours or more

39.8 38.2Don’t know

Note: Estimates are based on 2,909 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.07%) were not stated (Refused) in NSW. The question used was: Up to how many hours oftelevision, video, DVD or computer games is it recommended that children watch each day?


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Limits time child spends watching television or playing electronic games, parents or carers ofchildren 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

64.5 55.4Usually

19.5 22.9Sometimes

16.1 21.7Never

Note: Estimates are based on 2,898 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 13 (0.45%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How often do youset limits on the amount of time child watches television or plays electronic games?


Usual transport to school, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

0.2 5.5Train

19.5 36.5Bus

0.0 0.0Ferry

0.1 0.4Taxi

61.2 38.3Car

0.9 2.5Bicycle

17.7 15.9Walk only

0.2 0.1Walk part of the way

0.2 1.0Other

Note: Estimates are based on 2,900 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 11 (0.38%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: How does childusually get to school? Respondents could mention more than 1 response. Percentages may total more than 100%.


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Smoking

IntroductionThe adverse health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking) are welldocumented in adults and children. Children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke involuntarily andhave limited options for avoiding exposure. They are particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmentaltobacco smoke, having smaller and more delicate lungs, and are at increased risk of sudden infant deathsyndrome, lower respiratory infections, middle ear disease, more severe asthma, respiratory symptoms, andslowed lung growth.[1-2]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show environmental tobacco smoke in homes and cars for children aged 0-15years by age group, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year. Results for theseindicators include:

Environmental tobacco smoke in homes: 95.5 per cent of parents or carers said their home wassmoke-free (96.9 per cent 0-8 years; 94.0 per cent 9-15 years; 96.3 per cent metropolitan; 94.0 per centrural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion of parents or carers who saidtheir home was smoke-free between 2001 and 2009-2010 (84.8 per cent to 95.5 per cent). Environmental tobacco smoke in cars: 96.9 per cent of parents or carers with cars said smoking wasnot allowed in their car (98.3 per cent 0-8 years; 95.4 per cent 9-15 years; 97.1 per cent metropolitan;96.6 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion of parents or carerswith cars who said smoking was not allowed in their car between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010 (90.7 percent to 96.9 per cent).

References1. Office of the Surgeon General. Children and Secondhand Smoke Exposure: A Report of the Surgeon

General. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health & Human Services, 2007. 2. NSW Department of Health. Protecting Children from Tobacco: A NSW Government Discussion Paper

on the Next Steps to Reduce Tobacco-Related Harm, 2008. Sydney: NSW Deparment of Health, 2008.Available online at www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2008/protecting_children.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Smoke-free households by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carers of children 0-15 years,NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

96.9 94.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 4,180 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.05%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carerswho said their home was smoke-free. The question used to define the indicator was: Which of the following best describes your home situation: my home is smoke free,people occasionally smoke in the house, people frequently smoke in the house?


Smoke-free households by region and year, parents or carers of children 0-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (4,180), 2007-2008 (4,123), 2005-2006 (4,534), 2003-2004 (7,674), 2001 (9,415). Theindicator includes parents or carers who said their home was smoke-free. The question used to define the indicator was: Which of the following best describes your homesituation: my home is smoke free, people occasionally smoke in the house, people frequently smoke in the house?


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Bans smoking in car by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carers of children 0-15 years with acar, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

98.3 95.4NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 4,132 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.12%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those parents orcarers who said their car was smoke-free. The question used to define the indicator was: Are people allowed to smoke in your car?


Bans smoking in car by region and year, parents or carers of children 0-15 years with a car, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (4,132), 2007-2008 (2,967), 2005-2006 (4,451), 2003-2004 (4,729). The indicatorincludes those parents or carers who said their car was smoke-free. The question used to define the indicator was: Are people allowed to smoke in your car?


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Sun protection

IntroductionSunlight contains ultraviolet radiation, and while some sun exposure is beneficial to health, for example, byhelping the body to produce vitamin D, which is essential for healthy bones, excessive sun exposure canlead to several forms of skin cancer, eye disease, and premature ageing.[1-5] Most people can prevent skincancer by avoiding over exposure to the sun and other sources of ultraviolet light such as sunlamps andsolaria. Precautions are especially important for children and teenagers, who spend more time outdoors thanadults. In addition, evidence suggests sun exposure in childhood and adolescence contributes more tolifetime risk of skin cancer than a similar level of sun exposure in later life.[5]

To reduce over exposure to ultraviolet radiation, precautions are required. The best advice is to look for orprovide some form of shade, as it is an effective form of sun protection, and to always wear suitable clothing,hat, sunglasses and apply sunscreen to exposed skin when outdoors especially during summer.[2]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show sun protection behaviours last summer, frequency of sunburn last summer,and easy to find shade when outdoors in local area, for children aged 0-15 years by age group, sex,socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Sun protection behaviours last summer: when out in the sun last summer, 37.4 per cent of childrenalways or often sought shade, 55.9 per cent always or often wore a hat or cap, 12.1 per cent always oroften wore sunglasses, 69.8 per cent always or often wore a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of15 or more, and 54.8 per cent always or often wore protective clothing. Twelve per cent of children werenever in the sun last summer. Frequency of sunburn last summer: 64.2 per cent of children did not get sunburnt last summer (79.0per cent 0-8 years; 49.1 per cent 9-15 years; 65.8 per cent male; 62.4 per cent female; 68.1 per centmetropolitan; 55.8 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion ofchildren who did not get sunburnt last summer between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010 (57.2 per cent to64.2 per cent). Easy to find shade when outdoors in local area: among those parents or carers who went out in theirlocal area, 52.8 per cent found it easy to find shade in sporting areas, 68.7 per cent found it easy to findshade in public pools, and 74.5 per cent found it easy to find shade in public parks.

References1. The Cancer Council NSW and Cancer Institute NSW. Reducing the impact of skin cancer in NSW:

Strategic Plan 2007-2009. Sydney: The Cancer Council NSW and Cancer Institute NSW, 2007.Available online atwww.cancercouncil.com.au/html/prevention/sunsmart/downloads/skincancer_strategicplan_NSW_2007_09.pdf(accessed 23 January 2012).

2. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Solar UV radiation and the UV Index.Available online at www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationprotection/factsheets/is_UVIndex.cfm (accessed 23January 2012).

3. Greer FR. Defining vitamin D deficiency in children: Beyond 25-OH vitamin D serum concentrations. Pediatrics 2009; 124(5): 1471-3. Available online athttp://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/124/5/1471.long (accessed 23 January 2012).

4. Ness AR, Frankel SJ, Gunnell J, Smith DJ. Are we still dying for a tan? J Cosmet Dermatol 2002; 1(1):43-6. Abstract available online at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17134451 (accessed 23 January2012).

5. NSW Department of Health. NSW Health Sun Protection fact sheet. Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/factsheets/general/sun_protect.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Always or often took sun protection behaviours last summer, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

17.6 5.5Never in the sun

40.4 33.9Always or often

sought shade


wore a hat or cap


wore sunglasses


wore sun screen


wore protective clothing

Note: Estimates are based on 2,158 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 23 (1.05%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: Last summer,when child was out in the sun for more than 15 minutes, how often did child: always or often seek shade, always or often wear a broad brimmed hat or cap with a back flap,always or often wear sunglasses. Still thinking about last summer, how often did child always or often apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or more toexposed skin, always or often deliberately dressed in clothing to protect child from the sun? Respondents could mention more than 1 response. Percentages may totalmore than 100%.


Frequency of sunburn last summer, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

79.0 49.1Not at all

15.7 26.1Once

4.5 15.6Twice

0.6 8.13 or 4

times

0.2 1.15 or more

times

Note: Estimates are based on 1,909 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 27 (1.39%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: Still thinkingabout last summer, how often did child get sunburnt, so his or her skin was still sore or tender the next day: not at all, once, twice, 3 or 4 times, 5 or more times?


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Did not get sunburnt last summer by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

79.0 49.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,909 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 27 (1.39%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who didnot get sunburnt during the previous summer. The question used was: Still thinking about last summer, how often did child get sunburnt, so his or her skin was still sore ortender the next day: not at all, once, twice, 3 or 4 times, 5 or more times?


Did not get sunburnt last summer by region and year, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,909), 2003-2004 (1,855). The indicator includes children who did not get sunburntduring the previous summer. The question used was: Still thinking about last summer, how often did child get sunburnt, so his or her skin was still sore or tender the nextday: not at all, once, twice, 3 or 4 times, 5 or more times?


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Did not get sunburnt last summer by sex and year, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,909), 2003-2004 (1,855). The indicator includes children who did not get sunburntduring the previous summer. The question used was: Still thinking about last summer, how often did child get sunburnt, so his or her skin was still sore or tender the nextday: not at all, once, twice, 3 or 4 times, 5 or more times?


Easy to find shade when outdoors, parents or carers of children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

55.8 49.6Sporting areas

68.4 69.1Public pool

72.4 77.1Public park

Note: Estimates for NSW are based on 1,895 respondents who aswered the question: Easy to find shade in sporting areas; 1,537 respondents who aswered the question: Easyto find shade at public pool; 2,051 respondents who aswered the question: Easy to find shade at public park. The questions used were: In your local area, when you areoutside do you find it easy to find shade in sporting areas, at the outdoor public swimming pool, at the public park? Respondents could mention more than 1 response.Percentages may total more than 100%.


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Health statusAlthough New South Wales children are generally healthy, physical and emotional problems can affect theirability to enjoy life and participate in everyday activities. It is important to monitor their health status, to detectemerging patterns of illness, and to inform policy for and planning of health services. This section of the 2009-2010 Summary Report from the NSW Child Health Survey includes the following indicators for healthstatus:

Health-related quality of life Asthma Diabetes or high blood glucose Hearing and vision Mental health Oral health Population weight status

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Health-related quality of life

IntroductionThe concept of health-related quality of life (HRQL) refers to a person’s or a group’s perceived physical andmental health over time. Clinicians use HRQL to better understand how an illness interferes with a patient’sday-to-day life. Public health professionals use HRQL to measure population health needs, and the effect ofpublic health interventions in different populations.[1]

Self-rated health is the single most reliable and valid HRQL measure. A large number of cross-sectional andlongitudinal studies have demonstrated how a person’s appraisal of his or her general health is a powerfulpredictor of future morbidity and mortality, even after controlling for a variety of factors such as age, sex, andsocioeconomic status, health behaviours, and health status. In this report, the health of a child is rated bytheir parent or carer.[2-6]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show parent-reported health status for children aged 5-15 years by age group,sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Parent-reported health status: 91.3 per cent of parents or carers rated their child’s health as excellent,very good, or good (90.6 per cent 5-8 years; 91.6 per cent 9-15 years; 90.7 per cent male; 91.8 per centfemale; 91.6 per cent metropolitan; 90.5 per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant changein the proportion of parents or carers who rated their child’s health as excellent, very good, or goodbetween 2001 and 2009-2010.

References1. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Center for Disease Control

Health-Related Quality of Life website at www.cdc.gov/hrqol (accessed 23 January 2012). 2. Krause NM and Jay GM. What do global self-rated health items measure? J Med Care 1994; 32:

930-942. 3. Eriksson I, Unden A-L, and Elofsson S. Self-rated health. Comparisons between three different

measures. Results from a population study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 326-333. 4. Borrell C, Muntaner C, Benach J, and Artacoz L. Social class and self-reported health status among

men and women: what is the role of work organisation, household material standards and householdlabour? Soc Sci Med 2004; 58(10): 1869-87.

5. Unden AL and Elofsson S. Do different factors explain self-rated health in men and women? Gend Med2006; 3(4): 295-308.

6. McFadden E, Luben R, Bingham S, Wareham N, Kinmonth AL, Khaw KT. Social inequalities inself-rated health by age: cross-sectional study of 22,457 middle-aged men and women. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 230.

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Parent-reported health status, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

43.2 49.3Excellent

26.2 24.5Very Good

21.2 17.8Good

7.7 6.7Fair

1.7 1.6Poor

0.0 0.1Very Poor

Note: Estimates are based on 2,909 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.07%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: Overall, howwould you rate child’s health during the last 4 weeks: excellent, very good, good, fair, poor, or very poor?


Excellent, very good, or good parent-reported health status by socioeconomic disadvantage, children5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

90.6 91.6NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 2,909 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.07%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who hadexcellent, very good or good health status. The question used to define the indicator was: Overall, how would you rate child’s health during the last 4 weeks: excellent, verygood, good, fair, poor, or very poor?


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Excellent, very good, or good parent-reported health status by region and year, children 5-15 years,NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,909), 2007-2008 (3,501), 2005-2006 (3,128), 2003-2004 (5,282), 2001 (5,879). Theindicator includes children who had excellent, very good or good health status. The question used to define the indicator was: Overall, how would you rate child’s healthduring the last 4 weeks: excellent, very good, good, fair, poor, or very poor?


Excellent, very good, or good parent-reported health status by sex and year, children 5-15 years,NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,909), 2007-2008 (3,501), 2005-2006 (3,128), 2003-2004 (5,282), 2001 (5,879). Theindicator includes children who had excellent, very good or good health status. The question used to define the indicator was: Overall, how would you rate child’s healthduring the last 4 weeks: excellent, very good, good, fair, poor, or very poor?


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Asthma

IntroductionAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which, in response to a wide range of triggers,the airways narrow too much and too easily, resulting in episodes of wheeze, chest tightness, and shortnessof breath. The effects of asthma can include disturbed sleep, tiredness, increased school absences, andreduced participation in organised sport or other activities. Asthma remains a significant health problem inAustralia, with prevalence rates high by international standards. This is particularly true among children,where asthma is one of the most commonly reported long-term medical conditions.[1-2]

Asthma is not curable but can be managed effectively. Current recommended management strategiesinclude avoidance of known triggers, appropriate use of medications, use of a structured or written asthmaaction plan, and regular review by a general practitioner.[3] The use of a written asthma action plan has beenfound to decrease urgent visits to doctors, hospitalisations, and deaths due to asthma.[4,5] Research hasalso shown most patients with a written asthma action plan found it useful for managing their asthma.[6]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show ever had asthma, current asthma, and written asthma action plan, forchildren aged 2-15 years by age group, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year.Results for these indicators include:

Ever had asthma: 22.4 per cent of children ever had asthma (19.5 per cent 2-8 years; 25.0 per cent9-15 years; 25.9 per cent male; 18.7 per cent female; 20.9 per cent metropolitan; 25.6 per centrural-regional). There has been a significant decrease in the proportion of children who ever had asthmabetween 2001 and 2009-2010 (27.2 per cent to 22.4 per cent). Current asthma: 13.4 per cent of children currently have asthma (13.9 per cent 2-8 years; 12.9 per cent9-15 years; 15.1 per cent male; 11.5 per cent female; 12.5 per cent metropolitan; 15.1 per centrural-regional). There has been a significant decrease in the proportion of children who currently haveasthma between 2001 and 2009-2010 (15.7 per cent to 13.4 per cent). Written asthma action plan: 51.9 per cent of children with current asthma had a written asthma actionplan (56.3 per cent 2-8 years; 47.4 per cent 9-15 years; 54.6 per cent male; 48.3 per cent female; 52.1per cent metropolitan; 51.5 per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant change in theproportion of children with current asthma who had a written asthma action plan between 2003-2004and 2009-2010.

References1. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Health Insite: Asthma website at

www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/asthma (accessed 23 January 2012). 2. Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring. Asthma in Australia 2008. Canberra: Australian Institute of

Health and Welfare, 2008. Available online at www.asthmamonitoring.org (accessed 23 January 2012). 3. National Asthma Council Australia Ltd. Asthma Management Handbook 2006. South Melbourne:

National Asthma Council Australia Ltd, 2006. Available online at www.nationalasthma.org.au (accessed23 January 2012).

4. Wolf F, Guevara JP, Grum CM, Clark NM, Cates CJ. Educational interventions for asthma in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; CD001056. First published 2003. Available onlineat www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000326.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

5. Abramson M, Bailey MJ, Couper F, Driver JS, Drummer OH, Forbes A et al. 2001. Are asthmamedications and management related to deaths from asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163(1):12-18. Available online at http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/1/12 (accessed 23 January2012).

6. Douglass J, Aroni R, Goeman D, Stewart K, Sawyer S, Thien F, Abramson M. A qualitative study ofaction plans for asthma. BMJ 2002; 324: 1003. Available online atwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976240 (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Ever diagnosed with asthma by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

19.5 25.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,649 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 17 (0.46%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whohave ever been told by a doctor or hospital that they have asthma. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever been told by a doctor or hospital he or shehas asthma?


Ever diagnosed with asthma by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,649), 2007-2008 (4,410), 2005-2006 (3,938), 2003-2004 (6,701), 2001 (7,899). Theindicator includes those children who have ever been told by a doctor or hospital that they have asthma. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever beentold by a doctor or hospital he or she has asthma?


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Ever diagnosed with asthma by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,649), 2007-2008 (4,410), 2005-2006 (3,938), 2003-2004 (6,701), 2001 (7,899). Theindicator includes those children who have ever been told by a doctor or hospital that they have asthma. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever beentold by a doctor or hospital he or she has asthma?


Current asthma by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

13.9 12.9NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,640 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 26 (0.71%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children withsymptoms of asthma or who had treatment for asthma in the last 12 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been told by a doctor orhospital he or she has asthma? Has child had symptoms of asthma or treatment for asthma in the last 12 months?


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Current asthma by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,640), 2007-2008 (4,406), 2005-2006 (3,937), 2003-2004 (6,696), 2001 (7,898). Theindicator includes those children with symptoms of asthma or who had treatment for asthma in the last 12 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Haschild ever been told by a doctor or hospital he or she has asthma? Has child had symptoms of asthma or treatment for asthma in the last 12 months?


Current asthma by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,640), 2007-2008 (4,406), 2005-2006 (3,937), 2003-2004 (6,696), 2001 (7,898). Theindicator includes those children with symptoms of asthma or who had treatment for asthma in the last 12 months. The questions used to define the indicator were: Haschild ever been told by a doctor or hospital he or she has asthma? Has child had symptoms of asthma or treatment for asthma in the last 12 months?


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Written asthma management or action plan by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years withcurrent asthma, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

56.3 47.4NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 471 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whohave current asthma and who have a written asthma action or managmen plan. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever been told by a doctor thathe or she has asthma? Has child had symptoms of asthma or taken treatment for asthma in the last 12 months? (Before 2007) Does child have a written asthmamanagement plan from his or her doctor on how to treat their asthma? (Since 2007) Does child have a written asthma action plan from his or her doctor on how to treattheir asthma?


Written asthma management or action plan by region and year, children 2-15 years with currentasthma, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (471), 2007-2008 (622), 2005-2006 (536), 2003-2004 (201). The indicator includesthose children who have current asthma and who have a written asthma action or managmen plan. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever beentold by a doctor that he or she has asthma? Has child had symptoms of asthma or taken treatment for asthma in the last 12 months? (Before 2007) Does child have awritten asthma management plan from his or her doctor on how to treat their asthma? (Since 2007) Does child have a written asthma action plan from his or her doctor onhow to treat their asthma?


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Written asthma management or action plan by sex and year, children 2-15 years with current asthma,NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (471), 2007-2008 (622), 2005-2006 (536), 2003-2004 (201). The indicator includesthose children who have current asthma and who have a written asthma action or managmen plan. The questions used to define the indicator were: Has child ever beentold by a doctor that he or she has asthma? Has child had symptoms of asthma or taken treatment for asthma in the last 12 months? (Before 2007) Does child have awritten asthma management plan from his or her doctor on how to treat their asthma? (Since 2007) Does child have a written asthma action plan from his or her doctor onhow to treat their asthma?


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Diabetes or high blood glucose

IntroductionDiabetes is a chronic disease characterised by high blood glucose levels, resulting from the body either notproducing insulin or not using insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone needed for glucose to enter the cells andbe converted to energy. Diabetes affects a person’s health in 2 ways: by direct metabolic complications,which can be immediately life threatening if not treated promptly; by long term complications involving theeyes, kidneys, nerves, and major blood vessels including those in the heart.[1]

There are 3 main forms of diabetes: type 1, or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, which occurs when thepancreas no longer produces insulin; type 2, or non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, which occurs whenthe pancreas is not producing enough insulin and the insulin it produces is not working effectively; andgestational diabetes, which occurs in pregnancy and should disappear after the birth. The management oftype 2, which is the most common form of diabetes, depends on careful control of glucose levels, blood lipidlevels (especially cholesterol levels), blood pressure, and regular screening for complications.[1]

Type 2 diabetes was previously seen only in middle age or older adults. However, with the rise of overweightand obesity in children, it is now being increasingly diagnosed in young people, particularly Indigenous youthand children with non-European backgrounds. With more young people developing type 2 diabetes,complications are likely to occur at a younger age; therefore, proper treatment is essential to preventinglong-term health problems.[2]

As family history and genetics play a role in type 2 diabetes, it is important to monitor the immediate family orrelatives with the disease.[3]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show ever diagnosed with diabetes or high blood glucose and immediate familyor relatives with diabetes for children aged 9-15 years. Results for these indicators include:

Ever diagnosed with diabetes or high blood glucose: 0.9 per cent of parents or carers of childrenhad ever been told by a doctor or hospital that their child had diabetes or high blood glucose. Immediate family or relatives with diabetes: 56.4 per cent of children had no immediate family orrelative diagnosed with diabetes; 37.9 per cent had a grandparent, aunt, uncle, or first cousin diagnosedwith diabetes; and 8.7 per cent had a parent, brother, or sister diagnosed with diabetes.

References1. Diabetes Australia. What is Diabetes? Available online at www.diabetesaustralia.com.au (accessed 23

January 2012). 2. National Diabetes Services Scheme. Type 2 Diabetes in Children & Adolescents. Available online at

www.diabetesaustralia.com.au (accessed 23 January 2012). 3. Diabetes Australia. Are You at Risk? Available online at www.diabetesaustralia.com.au (accessed 23

January 2012).

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Immediate family or relatives with diabetes, children 9-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

56.4None

37.9

Grandparent,

aunt, uncle

or first cousin

8.7Parent, brother

or sister

Note: Estimates are based on 1,928 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 18 (0.92%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: Have any of themembers of child’s immediate family or other relatives been diagnosed with diabetes (type 1 or type 2)? Respondents could mention more than 1 response. Percentagesmay total more than 100%.


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Hearing and vision

IntroductionEarly detection of, and treatment for, hearing loss is important for speech and language development andmay minimise the need for ongoing special education. Studies demonstrate that identification of hearing lossat early age, and enrollment in early intervention within the first 12 months of age, may help to obtain goodresults in the development of language skills. In New South Wales, the Statewide Infant Screening forHearing (SWISH) Program was introduced in 2002. The program aims to identify infants born with significanthearing loss and introduce them to appropriate services as soon as possible after birth.[1-2]

Since 1988, NSW Health has presented a Child Personal Health Record (Blue Book) to newborns, whichrecommends the following: ’eyes’ should be checked at the newborn examination; vision surveillance shouldbe conducted at the 1-4 week check, 6-8 week check, 6 month check, 12 month check, 18 month check, 2year check, and 3 year check; and vision screening should be tested monocularly at the 4 year check. TheStatewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening (STEPS) Program offers all 4-year old children free visionscreening, to ensure the early identification of childhood vision problems, during the critical visualdevelopment period, so that treatment outcomes can be optimised, and to avoid preventable visionimpairment or blindness later in life.[3-4]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show time since last hearing test, time since last eyesight test, and normal visionin both eyes, for children aged 0-15 years age group, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographicallocation, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Time since last hearing test: 21.5 per cent of children had their hearing tested less than 1 year ago,18.1 per cent had their hearing tested 1 year ago to less than 2 years ago, 21.0 per cent had theirhearing tested 2 years ago to less than 5 years ago, 25.0 per cent had their hearing tested 5 or moreyears ago, and 14.3 per cent have never had their hearing tested. Time since last eyesight test: 35.3 per cent of children had their eyesight tested less than 1 year ago,17.1 per cent had their eyesight tested 1 year ago to less than 2 years ago, 13.8 per cent had theireyesight tested 2 years ago to less than 5 years ago, 9.0 per cent had their eyesight tested 5 or moreyears ago, and 24.8 per cent have never had their eyesight tested. Normal vision in both eyes: 95.6 per cent of children had normal vision in both eyes (96.3 per cent 0-8years; 94.7 per cent 9-15 years; 95.1 per cent male; 96.1 per cent female; 95.2 per cent metropolitan;96.3 per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion of children aged0-15 year who had normal vision in both eyes between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010.

References1. Bubbico L, Di Castelbianco FB, Tangucci M, Salvinelli F. Early hearing detection and intervention in

children with prelingual deafness: effects on language development. Minerva Pediatr 2007; 59(4):307-13.

2. NSW Department of Health. NSW Statewide Infant Screening for Hearing (SWISH) Program online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/hearing/statewide.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

3. NSW Department of Health. Personal Health Record (The Blue Book): Release of the revised version.Information Bulletin No. IB2007_008. Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2007.

4. NSW Department of Health. NSW Statewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening (STEPS) Program onlineat www.health.nsw.gov.au/initiatives/steps/index.asp (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Time since last hearing test, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

32.2 8.4Less than 1

year ago

24.6 10.21 year ago to less

than 2 years ago

23.3 18.2

2 years ago

to less than

5 years ago

8.9 44.75 or more

years ago

11.0 18.4Never had

hearing checked

Note: Estimates are based on 2,053 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 139 (6.34%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: When did youlast have child’s hearing checked?


Time since last eyesight test, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

37.4 33.0Less than 1

year ago

17.2 16.91 year ago to less

than 2 years ago

11.2 16.8

2 years ago

to less than

5 years ago

2.5 16.45 or more

years ago

31.7 16.9Never had

eyesight checked

Note: Estimates are based on 2,088 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 104 (4.74%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: When did youlast have child’s eyesight checked?


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Normal vision in both eyes by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

96.3 94.7NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 2,178 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 14 (0.64%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whohave normal vision in both eyes. The question used to define the indicator was: As far as you know, does child have normal vision in both eyes?


Normal vision in both eyes by region and year, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,178), 2007-2008 (2,942). The indicator includes those children who have normalvision in both eyes. The question used to define the indicator was: As far as you know, does child have normal vision in both eyes?


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Normal vision in both eyes by sex and year, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,178), 2007-2008 (2,942). The indicator includes those children who have normalvision in both eyes. The question used to define the indicator was: As far as you know, does child have normal vision in both eyes?


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Mental health

IntroductionChildhood behavioural problems add stress to any family and are a common challenge parents and carersface. The majority fall within the normal range and are appropriately dealt with by parents and carers,primary health, community health, and child health professionals. By understanding the nature of theseproblems, and by getting appropriate support, parents and carers can better deal with them. The Strengthsand Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), created by Professor Robert Goodman in the United Kingdom, wasidentified as an appropriate parent-rated tool following adaptation for use in telephone surveys inconsultation with Professor Goodman.[1]

The SDQ is a brief screening questionnaire for children aged 4-17 years, with different versions for childrenaged 4-10 years and 11-17 years. Both versions ask parents about 25 attributes divided into 5 subscales:emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity or inattention, peer relationship problems, andprosocial behaviour. Each subscale scores between 0 and 10. The at risk score for each subscale is: 5-10for emotional symptoms, 4-10 for conduct problems, 7-10 for hyperactivity or inattention, 4-10 for peerrelationship problems, and 0-4 for prosocial behaviour. The emotional symptoms, conduct problems,hyperactivity or inattention, and peer relationship problems scores are combined to calculate a totaldifficulties score between 0 and 40. A child with a total difficulties score of 17 or above is at risk of developinga clinically significant behavioural problem.[1]

Studies have demonstrated the SDQ to be a valid questionnaire, well suited for screening purposes,longitudinal monitoring, structured interview diagnoses, and scientific research.[2-4]

The parent-reported versions of the SDQ adapted for use in the New South Wales Child Health Survey arethe same as those mandated for national use in Australia’s specialised mental health services. Data fromthese services is provided to the Australian Mental Health Outcomes and Classification Network, as part ofthe National Outcomes and Casemix Collection.[5]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show strengths and difficulties subscales and at risk of developing a clinicallysignificant behavioural problem for children aged 4-15 years by age group, sex, socioeconomicdisadvantage, geographical location, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Strengths and difficulties subscales: 11.1 per cent of children were at risk of emotional symptoms,9.1 per cent were at risk of conduct problems, 10.8 per cent were at risk of hyperactivity or inattention,8.4 per cent were at risk of peer relationship problems, and 1.8 per cent were at risk of prosocialbehaviour. At risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem: 7.3 per cent of children were atrisk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem: that is, had a total difficulties score of 17 orabove (9.3 per cent male; 5.3 per cent female; 6.7 per cent metropolitan; 8.7 per cent rural-regional).There has been no significant change in the proportion of children aged 4-15 years who were atsubstantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem between 2003-2004 and2009-2010; however, there has been a significant decrease in children aged 4-15 years in metropolitanhealth districts (9.0 per cent to 6.7 per cent).

References1. Youth in Mind. Information for researchers and professionals about the Strengths & Difficulties

Questionnaires online at www.sdqinfo.com (accessed 23 January 2012). 2. Hawes DJ and Dadds MR. Australian data and psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties

Questionnaire. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004; 38: 644-651. 3. Goodman A and Goodman R. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a dimensional measure of

child mental health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48(4): 400-403 and erratum 48(5): 580. 4. Green H, McGinnity Á, Meltzer H, Ford T, Goodman H. Mental health of children and young people in

Great Britain, 2004. London: The Stationery Office, 2005. 5. The Australian Mental Health Outcomes and Classification Network website at http://amhocn.org

(accessed 23 January 2012).

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At risk scores for strengths and difficulties subscales, children 4-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

8.6 12.7Emotional symptoms

8.8 9.3Conduct problems

11.8 10.2Hyperactivity

or inattention

8.1 8.6Peer relationship

problems

1.4 2.1Prosocial behaviour

Note: Estimates are based on 3,139 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 10 (0.32%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The 25 item Strengths and DifficultiesQuestionnaire (SDQ) comprises 5 scales of 5 items. Each subscale scores between 0 and 10. The at risk score for each subscale is 5-10 for emotional symptoms, 4-10 forconduct problems, 7-10 for hyperactivity or inattention, 4-10 for peer relationship problems, and 0-4 for prosocial behaviour. Respondents could mention more than 1response. Percentages may total more than 100%.


Substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem by socioeconomicdisadvantage, children 4-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

9.95th Quintile

most disadvantaged

9.64th Quintile

6.93rd Quintile

6.42nd Quintile

4.31st Quintile

least disadvantaged

7.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,139 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 10 (0.32%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children consideredto be at substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem using the adapted Goodman Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. A total difficultiesscore between 0 and 40 is calculated. A child with a total difficulties score of 17 or above is considered to be at substantial risk of developing a clinically significantbehavioural problem.


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Substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem by region and year,children 4-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,139), 2007-2008 (3,743), 2005-2006 (3,084), 2003-2004 (3,349). The indicatorincludes children considered to be at substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem using the adapted Goodman Strengths and DifficultiesQuestionnaire. A total difficulties score between 0 and 40 is calculated. A child with a total difficulties score of 17 or above is considered to be at substantial risk ofdeveloping a clinically significant behavioural problem.


Substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem by sex and year, children4-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,139), 2007-2008 (3,743), 2005-2006 (3,084), 2003-2004 (3,349). The indicatorincludes children considered to be at substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem using the adapted Goodman Strengths and DifficultiesQuestionnaire. A total difficulties score between 0 and 40 is calculated. A child with a total difficulties score of 17 or above is considered to be at substantial risk ofdeveloping a clinically significant behavioural problem.


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Oral health

IntroductionAustralians enjoy a high standard of oral health. However, there are inequalities. According to the New SouthWales Child Dental Health Survey 2007, children who live in rural and remote areas, dependents ofCentrelink concession cardholders, from low socioeconomic backgrounds, whose mother was born in a nonEnglish speaking country, and are Aboriginal, have a higher burden of dental disease.[1]

While there have been improvements in oral health, particularly among the ’fluoride generation’, there is apopulation divide between those who have regular visits to a dental professional and those who do not. Thelatter group is worse off on almost all measures of oral health.[2-3]

Teenage children differ from pre-teen children in dental development. Whereas teenage children aged 12 orolder have only permanent (adult) teeth, pre-teen children between 5 and 11 years of age mostly have amixture of deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. There may be differences in service provisionbetween pre-teen children, many of whom are covered by school dental services at primary school, andteenagers, most of whom are not covered by, or have considerably reduced coverage by, school dentalservices in high school.[4]

Many Australians cite cost as a reason for not receiving recommended or wanted dental treatment.[5] Healthinsurance that covers dental expenses is an enabling factor in visiting a dentist.[1]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show time since last dental visit, visited a dental professional in the last 12months, and private health insurance for dental expenses, for children aged 5-15 years by age group, sex,socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Time since last dental visit: 7.3 per cent of children have never visited a dental professional, 0.4 percent visited a dental professional 10 or more years ago, 0.8 per cent 5-10 years ago, 6.0 per cent 2 toless than 5 years ago, 12.7 per cent 1 to less than 2 years ago, and 72.8 per cent less than 12 monthsago. Visited a dental professional in the last 12 months: 72.8 per cent of children visited a dentalprofessional in the last 12 months (64.6 per cent 5-8 years; 77.0 per cent 9-15 years; 70.7 per centmale; 75.1 per cent female; 72.9 per cent metropolitan; 72.7 per cent rural-regional). There has been nosignificant change in the proportion of children aged 5-15 years who visited a dental professional in thelast 12 months between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010. Reasons for not visiting a dental professional in thelast 12 months were: do not need to (60.6 per cent), too expensive (17.5 per cent), hard to find time(16.2 per cent), cannot find a suitable dentist (9.4 per cent), long waiting lists (6.7 per cent), worried orafraid of going (3.0 per cent), and too far to go (0.9 per cent). Private health insurance for dental expenses: 49.8 per cent of children had private health insurancefor dental expenses (47.9 per cent 5-8 years; 50.8 per cent 9-15 years).

References1. Centre for Oral Health Strategy. New South Wales Child Dental Health Survey 2007. Sydney: NSW

Department of Health, 2009. 2. Kay EJ. Do regular attenders have better oral health? Br Dent J 2002; 193(12): 697-702. 3. Richards W and Ameen J. The impact of dental attendance on oral health in a general dental practice.

Br Dent J 2002; 193(12): 697-702. 4. NSW Department of Health. Dental Practitioner’s Fact Sheet: Medicare Teen Dental Plan, 2008.

Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2009. 5. Carter KD and Stewart JF. National Dental Telephone Interview Survey 2002. Adelaide: Australian

Institute of Health and Welfare Dental Statistics and Research Unit, 2003.

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Time since last dental visit, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

64.6 77.0Less than 12

months ago

14.3 11.91 year to less

than 2 years ago

4.8 6.62 to less than

5 years ago

0.1 1.15 to less than

10 years ago

0.1 0.510 years ago

or more

16.2 2.9Never

Note: Estimates are based on 2,277 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 29 (1.26%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: When did childlast visit a dental professional about his or her teeth, dentures, or gums? A dental professional includes dentist, dental specialist, dental hygienist, dental technician, dentalmechanic, denturist, orthodontist or dental therapist.


Visited a dental professional in the last 12 months by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 5-15years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

64.6 77.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 2,277 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 29 (1.26%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who hadvisited a dental professional in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: When did child last visit a dental professional about his or her teeth,dentures, or gums? A dental professional includes dentist, dental specialist, dental hygienist, dental technician, dental mechanic, denturist, orthodontist or dental therapist.


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Visited a dental professional in the last 12 months by region and year, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,277), 2007-2008 (3,452), 2005-2006 (1,480), 2003-2004 (5,147). The indicatorincludes children who had visited a dental professional in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: When did child last visit a dental professionalabout his or her teeth, dentures, or gums? A dental professional includes dentist, dental specialist, dental hygienist, dental technician, dental mechanic, denturist,orthodontist or dental therapist.


Visited a dental professional in the last 12 months by sex and year, children 5-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

5-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (2,277), 2007-2008 (3,452), 2005-2006 (1,480), 2003-2004 (5,147). The indicatorincludes children who had visited a dental professional in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: When did child last visit a dental professionalabout his or her teeth, dentures, or gums? A dental professional includes dentist, dental specialist, dental hygienist, dental technician, dental mechanic, denturist,orthodontist or dental therapist.


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Reason for not visiting a dental professional, children 5-15 years who did not visit a dentist in the last12 months, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

0.5 4.9Worried or

afraid of going

66.6 56.1Do not need to

14.7 17.3Hard to find time

10.2 8.8Cannot find

a suitable dentist

13.7 20.5Too expensive

1.1 0.7Too far to go

6.0 7.3Long waiting lists

1.8 5.5Other

Note: Estimates are based on 615 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 33 (5.09%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: What are the mainreasons for child not visiting the dentist in the last 12 months? Respondents could mention more than 1 response. Percentages may total more than 100%.


Private health insurance for dental expenses by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 5-15 years,NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

47.9 50.8NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 2,293 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 13 (0.56%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those who haveprivate health insurance for dental expenses. The question used to define the indicator was: Does child have private health insurance cover for dental expenses?


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Population weight status

IntroductionHealthy weight is associated with physical, social, and emotional health, and is linked with a lower risk ofchronic illness and premature death. While healthy weight is determined by different factors in each person,preventing weight gain in people with healthy weight, and avoiding further weight gain among those alreadyoverweight, are important public health priorities. Two indicators of weight status are conventionally used inpopulation health surveys: Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference. There are age and sex definednorms for these indicators which makes it possible to quantify the prevalence of overweight and obesity inthe population.[1]

In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (in metres)squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5,healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 18.5 and less than 25, overweight when the BMI isgreater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. Thesecategories are then adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity.[2-3]

The validity of self-reported height and weight has been investigated in adult, adolescent, and young adultpopulations. While many studies have observed a high correlation (96 per cent agreement) between BMIcalculated from self-reported and measured height and weight, there is ample evidence that self-reportedheight and weight is not as exact as measured height and weight but is adequate for conductingepidemiological research.[4]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show BMI categories, overweight, obese, and overweight or obese, for childrenaged 2-15 years by age group, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year. Resultsfor these indicators include:

BMI categories: according to estimates of BMI based on parent-reported height and weight, 3.4 percent of children were underweight, 68.0 per cent were healthy weight, 18.5 per cent were overweight,and 10.1 per cent were obese. Overweight: according to international cut-off points for child BMI by age and sex, 18.5 per cent ofchildren were overweight (15.6 per cent 2-8 years; 20.8 per cent 9-15 years; 18.8 per cent male; 18.3per cent female; 18.7 per cent metropolitan; 18.1 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significantdecrease in the proportion of children who were overweight between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 (20.8per cent to 18.5 per cent). Obese: according to international cut-off points for child BMI by age and sex, 10.1 per cent of childrenwere obese (14.7 per cent 2-8 years; 6.5 per cent 9-15 years; 10.4 per cent male; 9.7 per cent female;9.9 per cent metropolitan; 10.4 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in theproportion of children who were obese between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 (8.1 per cent to 10.1 percent). Overweight or obese: according to international cut-off points for child BMI by age and sex, 28.6 percent of children were overweight or obese (30.2 per cent 2-8 years; 27.3 per cent 9-15 years; 29.1 percent male; 28.0 per cent female; 28.6 per cent metropolitan; 28.5 per cent rural-regional). There hasbeen no significant change in the proportion of children who were overweight or obese between2007-2008 and 2009-2010.

References1. Willett W, Dietz W, and Colditz G. Guidelines for Healthy Weight. N Engl J Med 2000; 341(6): 427-434. 2. Cole T, Bellizzi M, Flegal K, Dietz W. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity

worldwide: International survey. BMJ 2000; 320. 3. Cole T, Flegal K, Nicholls D, Jackson A. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and

adolescents: international survey. BMJ 2007; 335(7612): 194. 4. Elgar FJ, Roberts C, Tudor-Smith C, Moore L. Validity of self-reported height and weight and predictors

of bias in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2005; 37: 371375.

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Body Mass Index categories, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

4.7 2.5Underweight

65.1 70.2Healthy weight

15.6 20.8Overweight

14.7 6.5Obese

Note: Estimates are based on 3,025 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 31 (1.01%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: How tall is childwithout shoes? How much does child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure childand provide us with that information when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by theirheight (in metres) squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater thanor equal to 18.5 and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. Thesecategories are then adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


Overweight by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

15.6 20.8NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,025 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 31 (1.01%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare overweight, according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child withoutshoes? How much does child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child andprovide us with that information when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by theirheight (in metres) squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater thanor equal to 18.5 and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. Thesecategories are then adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


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Overweight by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,025), 2007-2008 (3,658). The indicator includes those children who are overweight,according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child without shoes? How muchdoes child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child and provide us with thatinformation when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (in metres)squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 18.5and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. These categories arethen adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


Overweight by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,025), 2007-2008 (3,658). The indicator includes those children who are overweight,according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child without shoes? How muchdoes child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child and provide us with thatinformation when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (in metres)squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 18.5and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. These categories arethen adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


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Obese by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged



16.0 n/a2nd Quintile

11.4 n/a1st Quintile

least disadvantaged

14.7 6.5NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,025 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 31 (1.01%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare obese, according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child without shoes?How much does child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child and provide uswith that information when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (inmetres) squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equalto 18.5 and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. Thesecategories are then adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007). n/a = prevalence estimatesnot presented due to unreliability.


Obese by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,025), 2007-2008 (3,658). The indicator includes those children who are obese,according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child without shoes? How muchdoes child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child and provide us with thatinformation when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (in metres)squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 18.5and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. These categories arethen adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


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s.

Obese by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,025), 2007-2008 (3,658). The indicator includes those children who are obese,according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child without shoes? How muchdoes child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child and provide us with thatinformation when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (in metres)squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 18.5and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. These categories arethen adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


Overweight or obese by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

30.2 27.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,025 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 31 (1.01%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare overweight or obese, according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is childwithout shoes? How much does child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure childand provide us with that information when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by theirheight (in metres) squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater thanor equal to 18.5 and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. Thesecategories are then adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


106

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Overweight or obese by region and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,025), 2007-2008 (3,658). The indicator includes those children who are overweightor obese, according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child without shoes?How much does child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child and provide uswith that information when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (inmetres) squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equalto 18.5 and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. Thesecategories are then adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


Overweight or obese by sex and year, children 2-15 years, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

2-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,025), 2007-2008 (3,658). The indicator includes those children who are overweightor obese, according to international cut-off points for body mass index by age and sex. The questions used to define the indicator were: How tall is child without shoes?How much does child weigh without clothes or shoes? If unsure: As you were unsure or did not know the weight of child would you be able to measure child and provide uswith that information when we ring you back in about a week’s time? In children, BMI is first calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (inmetres) squared. The resulting BMI is then classified into 4 categories: underweight when the BMI is less than 18.5, healthy weight when the BMI is greater than or equalto 18.5 and less than 25, overweight when the BMI is greater than or equal to 25 and less than 30, and obese when the BMI is greater than or equal to 30. Thesecategories are then adjusted for international cut-off points defined for underweight, overweight, and obesity (Cole et al. 2000; Cole et al. 2007).


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Health servicesNSW Health provides a range of health care services for children and their families across a variety ofsettings and it is important to monitor the use of and satisfaction with those services. This section of the 2009-2010 Summary Report from the NSW Child Health Survey includes the following indicators for healthservice use and satisfaction:

Use and rating of health services Early childhood health centres Home visiting

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Use and rating of health services

IntroductionNSW Health provides a range of health care services to children and their families across a variety ofsettings. It is important to monitor the use of and satisfaction with those services. The National Healthcare Agreement affirms that Australia’s health system should: be shaped around the health needs of individualpatients, their families and communities; support an integrated approach to the diagnosis and treatment ofillness across the continuum of care; provide all Australians with timely access to quality health servicesbased on their needs, not ability to pay, regardless of where they live in the country.[1] NSW 2021: A plan tomake NSW number one contains targets to keep people healthy and out of hospital, and provide world classclinical services with timely access and effective infrastructure.[2]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show health service use, health service rating, difficulties getting health care, andprivate health insurance, for children aged 0-15 years by age group, sex, socioeconomic disadvantage,geographical location, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Health service use: 19.8 per cent of children did not attend any health service, 23.4 per cent presentedto an emergency department, 11.7 per cent were admitted to hospital for at least 1 night, 88.5 per centvisited a general practice, 12.4 per cent attended a public dental service or hospital, and 13.4 per centattended a community health centre. Health service rating: among parents or carers of children who attended a health service in the last 12months, 82.1 per cent rated child’s emergency department care as excellent, very good or good, 90.7per cent rated child’s hospital care as excellent, very good or good, 95.1 per cent rated child’s generalpractice care as excellent, very good or good, 94.0 per cent rated child’s public dental service care asexcellent, very good or good, and 93.8 per cent rated child’s community health service care as excellent,very good or good. Difficulties getting health care: 21.7 per cent of children had difficulty getting health care whenneeding it (20.8 per cent 0-8 years; 22.8 per cent 9-15 years; 21.2 per cent male; 22.2 per cent female;17.0 per cent metropolitan; 32.0 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in theproportion of children who had difficulty getting health care when needing it between 2003-2004 and2009-2010 (16.2 per cent to 21.7 per cent). The main types of difficulties were: waiting time for a generalpractitioner appointment (59.5 per cent), shortage of general practitioners (12.8 per cent), shortage ofhealth services (12.8 per cent), and difficulty in accessing specialists (11.3 per cent). Private health insurance: 55.7 per cent of children were covered by private health insurance (55.5 percent 0-8 years; 56.0 per cent 9-15 years; 59.9 per cent metropolitan; 46.8 per cent rural-regional). Therehas been no significant change in the proportion of children who were covered by private healthinsurance between 2005-2006 and 2009-2010.

References1. Council of Australian Governments. National Healthcare Agreement. Canberra: Council of Australian

Governments, 2011. Available online atwww.coag.gov.au/intergov_agreements/federal_financial_relations (accessed 23 January 2012).

2. NSW Government. NSW 2021: A plan to make NSW number one. Sydney: NSW Government, 2011.Available online at www.2021.nsw.gov.au (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Health services attended in last 12 months, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

25.4 20.9Hospital emergency

department

15.7 6.7At least one

night in hospital

92.3 83.7A general

practitioner

8.6 17.1Public dental

service or dental

hospital

18.2 7.5Community health

centre

17.4 22.8Did not attend

any services

Note: Estimates are based on 3,940 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 242 (5.79%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The question used was: In the last 12months has child attended any of the following services: stayed for at least 1 night in hospital, a hospital emergency department for medical care, a government-runcommunity health centre, a government-run public dental service or dental hospital, a general practitioner? Respondents could mention more than 1 response.Percentages may total more than 100%.


Emergency department rated as excellent, very good or good by region and year, parents or carers ofchildren 0-15 years who presented to an emergency department in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,005), 2007-2008 (1,319), 2005-2006 (1,048), 2003-2004 (1,854). The indicatorincludes children who presented to an emergency department in the last 12 months whose parents rated their care as excellent, very good or good for their most recentvisit. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, have you attended a hospital emergency department or casualty for child’s medical care? Overallwhat do you think of the care child received at this emergency department: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


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Emergency department rated as excellent, very good or good by sex and year, parents or carers ofchildren 0-15 years who presented to an emergency department in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,005), 2007-2008 (1,319), 2005-2006 (1,048), 2003-2004 (1,854). The indicatorincludes children who presented to an emergency department in the last 12 months whose parents rated their care as excellent, very good or good for their most recentvisit. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, have you attended a hospital emergency department or casualty for child’s medical care? Overallwhat do you think of the care child received at this emergency department: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


Hospital care rated as excellent, very good or good by region and year, parents or carers of children0-15 years who were admitted to hospital in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (322), 2007-2008 (644), 2005-2006 (470), 2003-2004 (850). The indicator includeschildren admitted to hospital in the last 12 months whose parents rated their care as excellent, very good or good for their most recent overnight stay. The questions usedto define the indicator were: In the last 12 months has child stayed for at least 1 night in hospital? Overall, what do you think of the care child received at this hospital:excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


111

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Hospital care rated as excellent, very good or good by sex and year, parents or carers of children0-15 years who were admitted to hospital in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (322), 2007-2008 (644), 2005-2006 (470), 2003-2004 (850). The indicator includeschildren admitted to hospital in the last 12 months whose parents rated their care as excellent, very good or good for their most recent overnight stay. The questions usedto define the indicator were: In the last 12 months has child stayed for at least 1 night in hospital? Overall, what do you think of the care child received at this hospital:excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


General practitioner care rated as excellent, very good or good by region and year, parents or carersof children 0-15 years who visited a general practitioner in the last 12 months, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,441), 2007-2008 (4,227). The indicator includes those parents or carers who ratedchild’s care as excellent or very good or good for the most recent general practitioner visit. The questions used to define the indicator were: In the last 12 months did childsee a general practitioner? Overall, what do you think of the care child received at his-her most recent general practitioner visit?


112

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General practitioner care rated as excellent, very good or good by sex and year, parents or carers ofchildren 0-15 years who visited a general practitioner in the last 12 months, NSW, 2007-2010

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,441), 2007-2008 (4,227). The indicator includes those parents or carers who ratedchild’s care as excellent or very good or good for the most recent general practitioner visit. The questions used to define the indicator were: In the last 12 months did childsee a general practitioner? Overall, what do you think of the care child received at his-her most recent general practitioner visit?


Public dental service care rated as excellent, very good or good by region and year, parents or carersof children 0-15 years who attended a public dental service in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (501), 2007-2008 (586), 2005-2006 (311), 2003-2004 (1,127). The indicator includeschildren who attended a public dental service or dental hospital in the last 12 months whose care was rated as as excellent, very good or good for their most recentattendance. The questions used to define the indicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended a public or government-run dental service or dental hospital? Overallwhat do you think of the care child received at the public dental service: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


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Public dental service care rated as excellent, very good or good by sex and year, parents or carers ofchildren 0-15 years who attended a public dental service in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (501), 2007-2008 (586), 2005-2006 (311), 2003-2004 (1,127). The indicator includeschildren who attended a public dental service or dental hospital in the last 12 months whose care was rated as as excellent, very good or good for their most recentattendance. The questions used to define the indicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended a public or government-run dental service or dental hospital? Overallwhat do you think of the care child received at the public dental service: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


Community health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good by region and year, parents orcarers of children 0-15 years who attended a community health centre in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (561), 2007-2008 (312), 2005-2006 (398), 2003-2004 (906). The indicator includesthose attending a community health centre in the last 12 months who rated the care as excellent, very good or good for the most recent attendance. The questions used todefine the indicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended a government-run community health centre? Overall, what do you think of the care child received at thiscommunity health centre: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


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Community health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good by sex and year, parents orcarers of children 0-15 years who attended a community health centre in the last 12 months, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (561), 2007-2008 (312), 2005-2006 (398), 2003-2004 (906). The indicator includesthose attending a community health centre in the last 12 months who rated the care as excellent, very good or good for the most recent attendance. The questions used todefine the indicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended a government-run community health centre? Overall, what do you think of the care child received at thiscommunity health centre: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?


Difficulties getting health care when needing it by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-15 years,NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

20.8 22.8NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 4,144 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.12%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carerswho had difficulties getting health care when child needed it. It excludes those who said child did not need health care. The question used to define the indicator was: Doyou have any difficulties getting health care when child needs it?


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Difficulties getting health care when needing it by region and year, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (4,144), 2007-2008 (5,101), 2005-2006 (4,507), 2003-2004 (7,551). The indicatorincludes parents or carers who had difficulties getting health care when child needed it. It excludes those who said child did not need health care. The question used todefine the indicator was: Do you have any difficulties getting health care when child needs it?


Difficulties getting health care when needing it by sex and year, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (4,144), 2007-2008 (5,101), 2005-2006 (4,507), 2003-2004 (7,551). The indicatorincludes parents or carers who had difficulties getting health care when child needed it. It excludes those who said child did not need health care. The question used todefine the indicator was: Do you have any difficulties getting health care when child needs it?


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Types of difficulties getting health care when needing it, children 0-15 years who had difficultiesgetting health care, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

57.8 61.4Waiting time forGP appointment

5.6 1.9Difficulty gettingGP after hours

10.9 14.7Shortage of GPs

0.6 1.6No bulk billing

12.5 10.1Difficulty inaccessing specialists

3.5 8.2Waiting time fordental services

12.9 12.8Shortage ofhealth services

11.8 5.9Emergency dept.waiting time

10.8 6.3Quality of treatment

2.2 2.0Waiting time forelective surgery

7.1 6.0Cost of healthcare services

7.7 6.9Other

Note: Estimates are based on 983 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.51%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: Do you have anydifficulties getting health care when child needs it? Please describe the difficulties you have? Respondents could mention more than 1 response. Percentages may totalmore than 100%.


Private health insurance by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

55.5 56.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 4,166 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 16 (0.38%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare covered by private health insurance. The question used to define the indicator was: Apart from Medicare, is child covered by private health insurance?


117

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Private health insurance by region and year, children 0-15 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-8 years

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (4,166), 2007-2008 (5,138), 2005-2006 (4,567), 2003-2004 (7,651). The indicatorincludes those children who are covered by private health insurance. The question used to define the indicator was: Apart from Medicare, is child covered by private healthinsurance?


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Early childhood health services

IntroductionIn NSW, early childhood health centres are staffed by health professionals, including child and family healthnurses, who give assistance with caring for babies and young children, including information on:breastfeeding, coping with sleeping and crying, children’s growth and development, immunisation, safety,playing with babies or toddlers to stimulate development, and parental wellbeing. The range of services aredelivered in two main settings: at the centres and in the client’s home. Centre-based activities are providedon an appointment or ’drop in’ basis. Group programs are conducted for a range of issues including postnataldepression, breastfeeding, sleep and settling, and child behaviour. These groups also encourage socialinteraction among parents so they may develop and utilise their own supportive network of friends. Groupprograms can also be used at appropriate child health checks. Various other services provided from earlychildhood health centres are designed to maximise the opportunities for families to network, for example:newsletters, pram-walking activities, and coffee mornings.[1]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show early childhood health centre attendances, rating of care, and regularlyseeing baby or early childhood health nurse, for children aged 0-4 years by age group, sex, socioeconomicdisadvantage, mothers’ characteristics, geographical location, and year. Results for these indicators include:

Early childhood health centre attendances: 37.1 per cent of children attended an early childhoodhealth centre on 1 or more occasions in the last 12 months (49.6 per cent 0-11 months; 34.4 per cent1-4 years; 38.1 per cent male; 36.0 per cent female; 37.9 per cent metropolitan; 35.2 per centrural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion of children aged 0-4 years whoattended an early childhood health centre in the last 12 months between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010;however, there has been a significant decrease in children aged 0-11 months (61.5 per cent to 49.6 percent). Rating of care: 94.2 per cent of parents or carers rated their child’s early childhood health centre careas excellent, very good, or good (93.0 per cent 0-11 months; 94.7 per cent 1-4 years; 95.2 per centmale; 93.1 per cent female; 93.9 per cent metropolitan; 94.9 per cent rural-regional). There has been nosignificant change in the proportion of parents or carers who rated their child’s early childhood healthcentre care as excellent, very good, or good between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010. Regularly seeing baby or early childhood health nurse: 26.8 per cent of children aged 0-4 yearswere regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse (60.0 per cent 0-11 months; 18.4 per cent1-4 years; 27.5 per cent male; 26.1 per cent female; 26.5 per cent metropolitan; 27.6 per centrural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion of children aged 0-4 years whowere regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse between 2001 and 2009-2010; however,there has been a significant decrease in children aged 0-11 months (70.6 per cent to 60.0 per cent). Themain reasons parents or carers gave for child not seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse on aregular basis were: no need to attend anymore (63.4 per cent), use other services instead (15.0 percent), and not useful any more (8.6 per cent).

References1. NSW Department of Health. Maternal and Child Health Primary Health Care Policy. Sydney: NSW

Department of Health, 2009. Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/pd/2010/PD2010_017.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Early childhood health centre attendance in the last 12 months by socioeconomic disadvantage,children 0-4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100

0-11 months 1-4 years

Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

49.6 34.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,046 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 225 (17.70%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children whoattended an early childhood health centre in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, has child attended an early childhoodhealth centre?


Early childhood health centre attendance in the last 12 months by mothers’ characteristics, children0-4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

n/a n/aLess than 25

years

50.3 32.925 years and

over

54.1 32.7Tertiary

qualifications

45.6 32.7Without tertiaryqualifications

50.9 31.8English speaking

background

42.7 37.8Non English

speakingbackground

49.6 34.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,046 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 225 (17.70%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children whoattended an early childhood health centre in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, has child attended an early childhoodhealth centre? n/a = prevalence estimates not presented due to unreliability.


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Early childhood health centre attendance in the last 12 months by region and year, children 0-4 years,NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-11 months

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-4 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,046), 2007-2008 (1,603), 2005-2006 (1,447), 2003-2004 (2,391). The indicatorincludes children who attended an early childhood health centre in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, has childattended an early childhood health centre?


Early childhood health centre attendance in the last 12 months by sex and year, children 0-4 years,NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-11 months

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-4 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,046), 2007-2008 (1,603), 2005-2006 (1,447), 2003-2004 (2,391). The indicatorincludes children who attended an early childhood health centre in the last 12 months. The question used to define the indicator was: In the last 12 months, has childattended an early childhood health centre?


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Early childhood health centre care ratings, parents or carers of children 0-4 years who are currentlyattending an early childhood health centre, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

47.7 40.1Excellent

39.3 28.2Very Good

6.0 26.3Good

5.2 3.5Fair

1.8 1.8Poor

Note: Estimates are based on 500 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.99%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: In the last 12months, has child attended an early childhood health centre? Overall what do you think of the care child received at this early childhood health centre: excellent, very good,good, fair, or poor?


Early childhood health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good by socioeconomicdisadvantage, parents or carers of children 0-4 years who are currently attending an early childhoodhealth centre, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged

100 95.14th Quintile




least disadvantaged

93.0 94.7NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 500 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.99%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those attending anearly childhood health centre in the last 12 months who rated the care as excellent, very good or good for the most recent attendance. The questions used to define theindicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended an early childhood health centre? Overall what do you think of the care child received at this early childhood healthcentre: excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?


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Early childhood health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good by mothers’ characteristics,parents or carers of children 0-4 years who are currently attending an early childhood health centre,NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

100 95.6Less than 25

years

91.0 93.725 years and

over

85.7 92.4Tertiary

qualifications



background


speakingbackground

93.0 94.7NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 500 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 5 (0.99%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those attending anearly childhood health centre in the last 12 months who rated the care as excellent, very good or good for the most recent attendance. The questions used to define theindicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended an early childhood health centre? Overall what do you think of the care child received at this early childhood healthcentre: excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?


Early childhood health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good by region and year, parentsor carers of children 0-4 years who are currently attending an early childhood health centre, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-11 months

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-4 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (500), 2007-2008 (662), 2005-2006 (167), 2003-2004 (709). The indicator includesthose attending an early childhood health centre in the last 12 months who rated the care as excellent, very good or good for the most recent attendance. The questionsused to define the indicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended an early childhood health centre? Overall what do you think of the care child received at thisearly childhood health centre: excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?


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Early childhood health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good by sex and year, parents orcarers of children 0-4 years who are currently attending an early childhood health centre, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-11 months

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-4 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (500), 2007-2008 (662), 2005-2006 (167), 2003-2004 (709). The indicator includesthose attending an early childhood health centre in the last 12 months who rated the care as excellent, very good or good for the most recent attendance. The questionsused to define the indicator were: In the last 12 months, has child attended an early childhood health centre? Overall what do you think of the care child received at thisearly childhood health centre: excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?


Regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse by socioeconomic disadvantage, children0-4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

60.0 18.4NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,269 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.16%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis.The question used to define the indicator was: Is child seeing a baby or early childhood health nurseon a regular basis?


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Regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-4years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

64.7 n/aLess than 25

years

60.5 18.425 years and

over

62.9 21.4Tertiary

qualifications



background


speakingbackground

60.0 18.4NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,269 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 2 (0.16%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis.The question used to define the indicator was: Is child seeing a baby or early childhood health nurseon a regular basis? n/a = prevalence estimates not presented due to unreliability.


Regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse by region and year, children 0-4 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-11 months

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-4 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,269), 2007-2008 (521), 2005-2006 (1,449), 2003-2004 (2,378), 2001 (3,290). Theindicator includes those children who are seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis.The question used to define the indicator was: Is child seeing ababy or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis?


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Regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse by sex and year, children 0-4 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

0-11 months

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-4 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,269), 2007-2008 (521), 2005-2006 (1,449), 2003-2004 (2,378), 2001 (3,290). Theindicator includes those children who are seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis.The question used to define the indicator was: Is child seeing ababy or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis?


Reason for not regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse, children 0-4 years who werenot regularly seeing a baby or early childhood nurse, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent

4.4 3.7Inconvenient location

or opening hours

4.1 2.8Inadequate services

51.9 64.7No need to attend/

any more

4.4 9.1Not useful/

Not useful any more

26.0 13.7Use other

services instead

4.5 0.8Next scheduled visit

not due yet

4.6 5.1Other

Note: Estimates are based on 888 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 25 (2.74%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: Is child seeing ababy or early childhood health nurse on a regular basis? Can you tell me the main reason child is not seeing a baby health or early childhood health nurse?


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Home visiting

IntroductionMany local health districts have developed home visiting programs to support women during pregnancy andthe transition from hospital to home. For these programs, there is wide variation of access, availability, entrycriteria, and scope of service provision, including duration and timing of visits. The aims of services providedare: early postnatal maternity care and assessment, including the transition to home and establishment ofinfant feeding. Additional services have been developed in some metropolitan tertiary hospitals for babiesdischarged from neonatal intensive care units. Also, in some local health districts, additional services areprovided for women and babies with identified problems, to promote effective discharge from hospital andseamless uptake into community-based child and family health services.[1]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show home visiting in the last 12 months and rating of care for children aged0-11 months by sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, mothers’ characteristics, geographical location, and year.Results for these indicators include:

Received a home visit in the last 12 months: 77.1 per cent of children received a home visit from achild or community nurse on 1 or more occasions in the last 12 months (76.9 per cent male; 77.3 percent female; 79.4 per cent metropolitan; 70.0 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significantincrease in the proportion of children who received a home visit from a child or community nurse in thelast 12 months between 2001 and 2009-2010 (57.8 per cent to 77.1 per cent). Rating of care: 55.2 per cent of parents or carers rated their child’s care as excellent, 26.1 per cent asvery good, 16.6 per cent as good, 1.4 per cent as fair, and 0.8 per cent as poor.

References1. NSW Department of Health. Maternal and Child Health Primary Health Care Policy. Sydney: NSW

Department of Health, 2009. Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/pd/2010/PD2010_017.html (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Home visit from child or community nurse in the last 12 months by socioeconomic disadvantage,infants 0-11 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

78.65th Quintile

most disadvantaged

78.74th Quintile

69.53rd Quintile

70.92nd Quintile

92.01st Quintile

least disadvantaged

77.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 265 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those who received ahome visit in the last 12 months from a community nurse or midwife (before 2007) or a child or community nurse (since 2007). The questions used to define the indicatorwere: (Before 2007) In the last 12 months, have you had any health professionals visit child in your home? In the last 12 months, which health professionals visited child inyour home? (From 2007) In the last 12 months, has a child or community nurse visited child in your home?


Home visit from child or community nurse in the last 12 months by mothers’ characteristics, infants0-11 months, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

78.2Less than 25

years

81.925 years and

over

84.4Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

81.7Non English

speakingbackground

77.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 265 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those who received ahome visit in the last 12 months from a community nurse or midwife (before 2007) or a child or community nurse (since 2007). The questions used to define the indicatorwere: (Before 2007) In the last 12 months, have you had any health professionals visit child in your home? In the last 12 months, which health professionals visited child inyour home? (From 2007) In the last 12 months, has a child or community nurse visited child in your home?


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Home visit from child or community nurse in the last 12 months by region and year, infants 0-11months, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (265), 2007-2008 (367), 2005-2006 (188), 2003-2004 (269), 2001 (346). The indicatorincludes those who received a home visit in the last 12 months from a community nurse or midwife (before 2007) or a child or community nurse (since 2007). Thequestions used to define the indicator were: (Before 2007) In the last 12 months, have you had any health professionals visit child in your home? In the last 12 months,which health professionals visited child in your home? (From 2007) In the last 12 months, has a child or community nurse visited child in your home?


Home visit from child or community nurse in the last 12 months by sex and year, infants 0-11 months,NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (265), 2007-2008 (367), 2005-2006 (188), 2003-2004 (269), 2001 (346). The indicatorincludes those who received a home visit in the last 12 months from a community nurse or midwife (before 2007) or a child or community nurse (since 2007). Thequestions used to define the indicator were: (Before 2007) In the last 12 months, have you had any health professionals visit child in your home? In the last 12 months,which health professionals visited child in your home? (From 2007) In the last 12 months, has a child or community nurse visited child in your home?


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Home visit care rating, parents or carers of infants 0-11 months who had a home visit, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

55.2Excellent

26.1Very good

16.6Good

1.4Fair

0.8Poor

Note: Estimates are based on 212 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 0 (0.00%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: In the last 12months, has a child or community nurse visited child in your home? Overall, what do you think of the care child received from this child and community nurse?


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Social determinants of health

The health and wellbeing of children is strongly influenced by social determinants and family circumstances.The context in which children live, including family, school, and community environments, and how thesesettings interact, is crucial to their development. This section of the 2009-2010 Summary Report from theNSW Child Health Survey includes the following indicators for social determinants of health:

Early childhood educational development Parental support

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Early childhood educational development

IntroductionThe early years are a period of rapid brain development and the provision of a stable, nurturing environmentprovides a strong base for learning. Attendance at early childhood education programs has been found tohave beneficial effects on a child’s readiness for school and their ability to make a successful transition tofull-time schooling, particularly among disadvantaged children. Children who attend quality early childhoodprograms show better performance and progress in their early school years in intellectual, cognitive, andsocial domains.[1] Shared reading positively affects children’s vocabulary development, comprehension, andunderstanding of the conventions of print. It also encourages phonological awareness (the ability torecognise the internal sound structure of words) and is an important predictor of literacy.[2]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show early childhood activities, childcare, preschool, and reading for childrenaged 0-5 years by sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, mothers characteristics, geographical location, andyear. Results for these indicators include:

Ever participated in early childhood activities: 59.0 per cent of children aged 0-5 years had everparticipated in early childhood activities (60.8 per cent male; 57.0 per cent female; 58.2 per centmetropolitan; 61.0 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion ofchildren aged 0-5 years who had ever participated in early childhood activities between 2001 and2009-2010 (36.8 per cent to 59.0 per cent). Currently participate in early childhood activities: 33.4 per cent of children aged 0-5 years currentlyparticipate in early childhood activities (35.3 per cent male; 31.3 per cent female; 33.6 per centmetropolitan; 32.9 per cent rural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion ofchildren aged 0-5 years who currently participate in early childhood activities between 2001 and2009-2010. Ever been to childcare: 49.3 per cent of children aged 0-5 years had ever been to childcare (49.1 percent male; 49.5 per cent female; 48.4 per cent metropolitan; 51.5 per cent rural-regional). There hasbeen a significant decrease in the proportion of children aged 0-5 years who had ever been to childcarebetween 2001 and 2009-2010 (53.6 per cent to 49.3 per cent). Currently go to childcare: 36.3 per cent of children aged 0-5 years currently go to childcare (34.9 percent male; 37.8 per cent female; 36.7 per cent metropolitan; 35.4 per cent rural-regional). There hasbeen a significant decrease in the proportion of children aged 0-5 years who currently go to childcarebetween 2001 and 2009-2010 (43.5 per cent to 36.3 per cent). The types of childcare are: long daycarecentre (69.0 per cent), family daycare (13.9 per cent), occasional care (6.7 per cent), grandparent (4.6per cent), nanny (1.0 per cent), babysitter (0.8 per cent), relative or family other than grandparent (0.7per cent), and friend (0.5 per cent). Currently go to preschool or childcare with a preschool program: 82.2 per cent of children aged3-4 years currently go preschool or childcare with a preschool program (84.6 per cent male; 79.9 percent female; 82.9 per cent metropolitan; 80.4 per cent rural-regional). There has been a significantincrease in the proportion of children aged 3-4 years who currently go to preschool or childcare with apreschool program between 2001 and 2009-2010 (69.1 per cent to 82.2 per cent). Frequency of reading to child: 73.8 per cent of parents or carers of children aged 0-5 years read tochild daily (74.0 per cent male; 73.5 per cent female; 73.8 per cent metropolitan; 73.7 per centrural-regional). There has been a significant increase in the proportion of parents or carers of childrenaged 0-5 years who read to child daily between 2003-2004 and 2009-2010 (68.0 per cent to 73.8 per cent).

References1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Headline indicators for children’s health, development and

wellbeing, 2011. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011. 2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Bulletin 58: Key national indicators of children’s health,

development and wellbeing: Indicator framework for A picture of Australia’s children 2009. Canberra:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2008.

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Ever participated in early childhood activities by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-5 years,NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

49.85th Quintile

most disadvantaged

57.84th Quintile

63.53rd Quintile

56.72nd Quintile

66.61st Quintile

least disadvantaged

59.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,497 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 11 (0.73%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whohave ever attended a play group or early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever attended any play group or other earlychildhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


Ever participated in early childhood activities by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

44.9Less than 25

years

59.525 years and

over

66.9Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

51.4Non English

speakingbackground

59.0NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,497 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 11 (0.73%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whohave ever attended a play group or early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child ever attended any play group or other earlychildhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


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Ever participated in early childhood activities by region and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,497), 2007-2008 (1,926), 2005-2006 (1,683), 2003-2004 (2,813), 2001 (2,921). Theindicator includes those children who have ever attended a play group or early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child everattended any play group or other early childhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


Ever participated in early childhood activities by sex and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,497), 2007-2008 (1,926), 2005-2006 (1,683), 2003-2004 (2,813), 2001 (2,921). Theindicator includes those children who have ever attended a play group or early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Has child everattended any play group or other early childhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


134

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Currently participate in early childhood activities by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-5 years,NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

29.65th Quintile

most disadvantaged

29.84th Quintile

39.13rd Quintile

29.52nd Quintile

38.91st Quintile

least disadvantaged

33.4NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,495 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 13 (0.86%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who arecurrently attending any play group or other early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Does child currently attend any play group orother early childhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


Currently participate in early childhood activities by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-5 years,NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

32.3Less than 25

years

32.825 years and

over

36.5Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

29.7Non English

speakingbackground

33.4NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,495 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 13 (0.86%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who arecurrently attending any play group or other early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Does child currently attend any play group orother early childhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


135

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Currently participate in early childhood activities by region and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,495), 2007-2008 (1,925), 2005-2006 (1,681), 2003-2004 (2,813), 2001 (2,921). Theindicator includes children who are currently attending any play group or other early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Doeschild currently attend any play group or other early childhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


Currently participate in early childhood activities by sex and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,495), 2007-2008 (1,925), 2005-2006 (1,681), 2003-2004 (2,813), 2001 (2,921). Theindicator includes children who are currently attending any play group or other early childhood program or activity. The question used to define the indicator was: Doeschild currently attend any play group or other early childhood program or activity? Please do not include childcare programs or time spent in preschool.


136

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Ever been to childcare by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

41.15th Quintile

most disadvantaged

51.84th Quintile

52.93rd Quintile

49.52nd Quintile

51.31st Quintile

least disadvantaged

49.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,502 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (0.40%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who haveever been to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever used any childcare for child on a regular basis?


Ever been to childcare by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

46.5Less than 25

years

50.625 years and

over

54.6Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

46.3Non English

speakingbackground

49.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,502 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (0.40%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes children who haveever been to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever used any childcare for child on a regular basis?


137

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Ever been to childcare by region and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,502), 2007-2008 (1,926), 2005-2006 (1,683), 2003-2004 (2,813), 2001 (3,610). Theindicator includes children who have ever been to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever used any childcare for childon a regular basis?


Ever been to childcare by sex and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,502), 2007-2008 (1,926), 2005-2006 (1,683), 2003-2004 (2,813), 2001 (3,610). Theindicator includes children who have ever been to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever used any childcare for childon a regular basis?


138

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Currently go to childcare by socioeconomic disadvantage, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

31.15th Quintile

most disadvantaged

38.84th Quintile

40.33rd Quintile

32.12nd Quintile

40.11st Quintile

least disadvantaged

36.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,501 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 7 (0.46%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whocurrently go to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Is child currently having any type of childcare on a regular basis?


Currently go to childcare by mothers’ characteristics, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

41.2Less than 25

years

36.625 years and

over

39.6Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

35.2Non English

speakingbackground

36.3NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,501 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 7 (0.46%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whocurrently go to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Is child currently having any type of childcare on a regular basis?


139

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Currently go to childcare by region and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,501), 2007-2008 (1,926), 2005-2006 (1,683), 2003-2004 (2,811), 2001 (3,610). Theindicator includes those children who currently go to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Is child currently having any type ofchildcare on a regular basis?


Currently go to childcare by sex and year, children 0-5 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,501), 2007-2008 (1,926), 2005-2006 (1,683), 2003-2004 (2,811), 2001 (3,610). Theindicator includes those children who currently go to childcare on a regular basis. The question used to define the indicator was: Is child currently having any type ofchildcare on a regular basis?


140

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Types of childcare, children who currently attend childcare 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

69.0Long daycare centre

6.7Occasionalcare

0.5Friend

4.6Grandparent

1.0Nanny

0.8Babysitter

0.7Relative or family

other thangrandparent

13.9Family day care

8.5Other

Note: Estimates are based on 561 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 3 (0.53%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: Have you everused any childcare for child on a regular basis? Is child currently having any type of childcare on a regular basis? What type of childcare does child have? Respondentscould mention more than 1 response. Percentages may total more than 100%.


Attendance at preschool or childcare with a preschool program by socioeconomic disadvantage,children 3-4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

71.85th Quintile

most disadvantaged

84.34th Quintile

84.63rd Quintile

75.32nd Quintile

90.51st Quintile

least disadvantaged

82.2NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 473 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 10 (2.07%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare currently attending preschool or childcare that has a preschool program? The questions used to define the indicator were: (Before 2007) Does child go to pre-school?(From 2007) Does child go to preschool or attend a childcare that has a preschool program?


141

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Attendance at preschool or childcare with a preschool program by mothers’ characteristics, children3-4 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

100Less than 25

years

81.725 years and

over

86.9Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

84.9Non English

speakingbackground

82.2NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 473 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 10 (2.07%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those children whoare currently attending preschool or childcare that has a preschool program? The questions used to define the indicator were: (Before 2007) Does child go to pre-school?(From 2007) Does child go to preschool or attend a childcare that has a preschool program?


Attendance at preschool or childcare with a preschool program by region and year, children 3-4years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (473), 2007-2008 (616), 2005-2006 (537), 2003-2004 (955), 2001 (1,264). Theindicator includes those children who are currently attending preschool or childcare that has a preschool program? The questions used to define the indicator were: (Before2007) Does child go to pre-school? (From 2007) Does child go to preschool or attend a childcare that has a preschool program?


142

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Attendance at preschool or childcare with a preschool program by sex and year, children 3-4 years,NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (473), 2007-2008 (616), 2005-2006 (537), 2003-2004 (955), 2001 (1,264). Theindicator includes those children who are currently attending preschool or childcare that has a preschool program? The questions used to define the indicator were: (Before2007) Does child go to pre-school? (From 2007) Does child go to preschool or attend a childcare that has a preschool program?


Frequency of reading to child, parents or carers of children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

73.8Every day

19.8At least

once a week

0.5At least

once a month

0.2Rarely

5.7Never

Note: Estimates are based on 1,502 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (0.40%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The questions used were: Do you or othermembers of your family read or look at books with child? In a typical week how often do you or other members of your family read or look at books with child?


143

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s.

Read to child daily by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carers of children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

64.65th Quintile

most disadvantaged

72.34th Quintile

73.63rd Quintile

76.42nd Quintile

81.11st Quintile

least disadvantaged

73.8NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,502 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (0.40%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those parents orcarers who read or look at books with child daily. The questions used to define the indicator were: Do you or other members of your family read or look at books with child?In a typical week how often do you or other members of your family read or look at books with child?


Read to child daily by mothers’ characteristics, parents or carers of children 0-5 years, NSW, 2009-2010

0 20 40 60 80 100Per cent

67.9Less than 25

years

74.925 years and

over

81.6Tertiary

qualifications


qualifications


background

67.8Non English

speakingbackground

73.8NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 1,502 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 6 (0.40%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes those parents orcarers who read or look at books with child daily. The questions used to define the indicator were: Do you or other members of your family read or look at books with child?In a typical week how often do you or other members of your family read or look at books with child?


144

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s.

Read to child daily by region and year, parents or carers of children 0-5 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

NSW Metro Rural

Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,502), 2007-2008 (1,900), 2005-2006 (1,653), 2003-2004 (1,202). The indicatorincludes those parents or carers who read or look at books with child daily. The questions used to define the indicator were: Do you or other members of your family reador look at books with child? In a typical week how often do you or other members of your family read or look at books with child?


Read to child daily by sex and year, parents or carers of children 0-5 years, NSW, 2003-2010

2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (1,502), 2007-2008 (1,900), 2005-2006 (1,653), 2003-2004 (1,202). The indicatorincludes those parents or carers who read or look at books with child daily. The questions used to define the indicator were: Do you or other members of your family reador look at books with child? In a typical week how often do you or other members of your family read or look at books with child?


145

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Parental support

IntroductionThe ability of a family to function well affects the health and wellbeing of children, and many aspects of familylife including: acceptance of individuals, consensus on decisions, communication, and the ability to solveday-to-day problems. How a family functions is influenced by many factors, including quality of relationships,the health of family members, and the presence of employment, financial constraints, and life stresses. Theenhancement of family functioning is a national and state priority.

Parental support services are known to affect family functioning and influence a range of health and socialoutcomes for children. In the New South Wales Child Health Survey 2001, parents and carers identified awide range of parental support services accessed, including: early childhood nurses, early childhood centres,general practitioners, play groups, counselling services, hospital services, telephone help lines, formalparenting groups, family support services, church organisations, daycare centres, pre-schools and schools,speech therapists, community health services, family and friends, paediatricians, early intervention services,and support groups.[1]

ResultsGraphs for these indicators show need for parental support services, and use of those services, for parentsor carers of children aged 1-5 years by sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location, and year.Results for these indicators include:

Need for parental support services: 22.6 per cent of parents or carers of children aged 1-15 yearshad ever felt the need for parental support services (22.2 per cent 1-8 years; 22.9 per cent 9-15 years;25.6 per cent male; 19.3 per cent female; 22.5 per cent metropolitan; 22.6 per cent rural-regional). Therehas been a significant decrease in the proportion of parents or carers of children aged 1-15 years whohad ever felt the need for parental support services between 2001 and 2009-2010 (30.9 per cent to 22.6per cent). Use of parental support services: 77.9 per cent of parents or carers of children aged 1-15 years whoneeded parental support services used those services (78.6 per cent 1-8 years; 77.1 per cent 9-15years; 78.0 per cent male; 77.7 per cent female; 78.3 per cent metropolitan; 77.0 per centrural-regional). There has been no significant change in the proportion of parents or carers of childrenaged 1-15 years who needed and used parental support services between 2001 and 2009-2010.

References1. Centre for Epidemiology and Research, NSW Department of Health. New South Wales Child Health

Survey 2001. N S W Public Health Bull 2002; 13 (S-4). Available online atwww.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/surveys/hsc/01.asp (accessed 23 January 2012).

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Need for support services by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carers of children 1-15 years,NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

22.2 22.9NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 3,902 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 15 (0.38%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carerswho needed support services to assist in caring for their child. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever felt the need for any type of support services toassist in caring for child or dealing with problems you may have experienced with child? Support services include Karitane, Tresillian, early childhood health services,family support services, and counsellors.


Need for support services by region and year, parents or carers of children 1-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,902), 2007-2008 (1,950), 2005-2006 (2,203), 2003-2004 (2,644), 2001 (8,676). Theindicator includes parents or carers who needed support services to assist in caring for their child. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever felt theneed for any type of support services to assist in caring for child or dealing with problems you may have experienced with child? Support services include Karitane,Tresillian, early childhood health services, family support services, and counsellors.


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Need for support services by sex and year, parents or carers of children 1-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-8 years

2001 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (3,902), 2007-2008 (1,950), 2005-2006 (2,203), 2003-2004 (2,644), 2001 (8,676). Theindicator includes parents or carers who needed support services to assist in caring for their child. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever felt theneed for any type of support services to assist in caring for child or dealing with problems you may have experienced with child? Support services include Karitane,Tresillian, early childhood health services, family support services, and counsellors.


Used support services by socioeconomic disadvantage, parents or carers who needed supportservices of children 1-15 years, NSW, 2009-2010

020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100


Per cent Per cent


most disadvantaged





least disadvantaged

78.6 77.1NSW

Note: Estimates are based on 924 respondents in NSW. For this indicator 3 (0.32%) were not stated (Don’t know Refused) in NSW. The indicator includes parents or carers ofchildren who used support services to assist in caring for their child. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever used any support services? Supportservices include Karitane, Tresillian, early childhood health services, family support services, and counsellors.


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Used support services by region and year, parents or carers who needed support services of children1-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-8 years

2001 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (924), 2007-2008 (518), 2005-2006 (565), 2001 (2,732). The indicator includes parentsor carers of children who used support services to assist in caring for their child. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever used any support services?Support services include Karitane, Tresillian, early childhood health services, family support services, and counsellors.


Used support services by sex and year, parents or carers who needed support services of children1-15 years, NSW, 2001-2010

2001 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

1-8 years

2001 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Year

Per cent

9-15 years


Note: Estimates are based on the following numbers of respondents for NSW: 2009-2010 (924), 2007-2008 (518), 2005-2006 (565), 2001 (2,732). The indicator includes parentsor carers of children who used support services to assist in caring for their child. The question used to define the indicator was: Have you ever used any support services?Support services include Karitane, Tresillian, early childhood health services, family support services, and counsellors.


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TrendsTrends in health behaviours Trends in health status Trends in health services Trends in social determinants of health

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Trends in child health

Health behavioursHealth behaviours influence child health and wellbeing from the antenatal period and beyond. Parentalhealth behaviours directly influence children in the early years. Child health behaviours affect health in laterlife, because behaviours in childhood influence behaviours in adulthood, and because the beginnings ofmany chronic diseases may occur in childhood. There have been significant changes in some indicators ofhealth behaviour, while other indicators have not changed significantly.

There have been significant increases in: infants breastfed at 12 months, infants fully breastfed at 6 months,infants exclusively breastfed at 6 months, parents and carers who took action following child’s attendance ata fire education program at school, infants being placed on their back to sleep from birth, children consumingthe recommended daily fruit intake, children consuming the recommended daily vegetable intake, childrenconsuming 2 or more cups of milk a day, children consuming the recommended daily dairy intake, childrenliving in smoke-free homes, parents or carers with cars who ban smoking in their car, and children who didnot get sunburnt last summer.

There have been significant decreases in: mothers who introduced solids to their infants before 6 months ofage, mothers who introduced breastmilk substitutes to their infants before 6 months of age, parents or carerswho strongly or generally support childhood immunisation, parents or carers who had ever ever heard aboutthe Fresh Tastes @ School healthy school canteen strategy, and children who used electronic media forentertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day.

The following indicators have not significantly changed: infants ever breastfed, mothers who took folatesupplements 1 month before and during the first trimester of pregnancy, children who were up-to-date withimmunisation, children who participated in a fire education program at school, children who usually consumelower fat or skim milks, food insecurity in the last 12 months, and children who did 1 or more hours ofphysical activity outside of school.

Health statusMonitoring the health status of a population helps detect emerging patterns of illness and disease andprovides information to inform health policy and planning of health services. There have been significantchanges in some indicators of health status, while other indicators have not changed significantly.

There have been significant increases in: children who were obese, according to BMI calculated fromparent-reported height and weight.

There have been significant decreases in: children ever diagnosed with asthma, children with currentasthma, and children who were overweight, according to BMI calculated from parent-reported height and weight.

The following indicators have not significantly changed: children with positive self-reported health status,children with current asthma who have a written asthma action plan, children with normal vision in both eyes,children who are at substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem, children whovisited a dental professional in the last 12 months, and children who overweight or obese, according to BMIcalculated from parent-reported height and weight.

Health servicesInformation about the use of and satisfaction with health services assists in formulating health policy andhealth service planning. There have been significant changes in some health service indicators, while otherindicators have not changed significantly.

There have been significant increases in: difficulties getting health care when needing it and home visit froma child or community nurse.

There has been no significant change in: private health insurance coverage, early childhood health centreattendance, positive rating of early childhood health centre care, and regularly seeing a baby or earlychildhood health nurse.

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Social determinants of healthThe health and wellbeing of children is strongly influenced by social and family circumstances. The context inwhich children live their lives, including family, school, and community environments, and how these settingsinteract, is crucial to their health and wellbeing. There have been significant changes in some indicators ofthe social determinants of health, while other indicators have not changed significantly.

There have been significant increases in: the proportion of children who had ever participated in earlychildhood activities, the proportion of children who had ever attended a preschool or childcare with apreschool program, and the proportion of parents or cares who read to child daily.

There have been significant decreases in: the proportion of children who had ever been to childcare, theproportion of children who currently go to childcare, and proportion of parents or carers who felt the need forsupport services.

There has been no significant change in: the proportion of children who currently participate in earlychildhood activities, the proportion of parents or carers who needed and used support services.

The futureThe collection and reporting plan for the New South Wales Population Health Survey to 2012 can be found at www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/surveys/index.asp.

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Trends in health behaviours, NSW, 2001-2010

Indicator YearMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

Ever breastfed, children 0-23 months 2001 89.6

(86.5-92.7)92.1

(89.7-94.4)90.3

(88.0-92.6)

2003-200489.6

(85.5-93.7)84.0

(77.8-90.3)87.9

(84.5-91.4)

2005-200691.3

(88.2-94.4)91.4

(88.0-94.8)91.3

(88.9-93.7)

2007-200890.0

(86.6-93.5)89.3

(84.8-93.7)89.8

(87.1-92.6)

2009-201093.2

(90.0-96.4)93.2

(88.9-97.4)93.2

(90.6-95.8)

Breastfed at 12 months, children 0-23 months 2001 25.8

(22.7-28.9)25.5

(20.8-30.4)25.8

(23.2-28.4)

2003-200435.5

(30.2-40.8)16.1 (9.6-24.2)

30.5 (26.1-34.9)

2005-200625.3

(20.4-30.5)27.7

(20.2-35.8)25.9

(21.7-30.3)

2007-200828.7

(23.8-33.8)29.4

(22.3-36.9)28.3

(24.2-32.5)

2009-201033.8

(27.9-39.8)28.9

(20.9-37.3)32.3

(27.5-37.2)

Fully breastfed at 6 months, children 0-23 months 2001 13.7

(11.5-16.0)16.5

(12.9-20.4)14.5

(12.6-16.5)

2003-200423.7

(19.5-28.1)17.0

(11.3-23.6)21.7

(18.2-25.4)

2005-200625.1

(20.7-29.7)24.2

(17.8-31.1)25.0

(21.3-28.8)

2007-200826.5

(22.3-30.8)25.5

(19.3-32.1)26.3

(22.8-29.9)

2009-201025.6

(20.8-30.6)30.8

(23.1-38.7)27.2

(23.1-31.4)

Exclusively breastfed at 6 months, children 0-23 months 2003-200414.2

(10.8-18.0)n/a 12.6 (9.9-15.7)

2005-200615.5

(11.9-19.5)17.2

(11.8-23.4)15.9

(12.9-19.2)

2007-200817.2

(13.7-21.0)15.1

(10.2-20.9)16.7

(13.8-19.8)

2009-201021.6

(17.2-26.4)19.7

(13.4-26.9)21.0

(17.3-24.9)

Introduced solids before 6 months, children 0-23 months 2001 70.0

(66.9-73.0)68.6

(63.8-73.3)69.4

(66.8-72.0)

2003-200459.1

(53.9-64.3)65.4

(57.5-73.1)60.9

(56.6-65.3)

2005-200649.7

(44.5-55.2)50.4

(42.7-58.5)50.0

(45.6-54.5)

2007-200850.1

(45.2-55.2)43.9

(36.7-51.9)48.3

(44.2-52.5)

2009-201046.4

(40.8-52.4)41.8

(33.9-50.7)44.6

(40.0-49.6)

Introduced breastmilk substitutes before 6 months, children 0-23 months 2001 61.7

(58.6-64.8)53.6

(48.8-58.6)59.4

(56.8-62.1)

2003-200451.0

(46.1-56.1)60.3

(52.6-68.1)53.3

(49.2-57.6)

2005-200651.5

(46.6-56.5)54.6

(47.2-62.3)53.0

(48.9-57.2)

2007-200853.5

(48.8-58.2)57.9

(50.8-65.1)54.4

(50.6-58.4)

2009-201053.8

(48.5-59.3)51.2

(43.1-59.8)52.8

(48.3-57.4)

Took folate supplements 1 month before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy, mothers of infants 0-11 months 2001 53.1

(46.2-59.9)43.6

(36.0-51.3)50.3

(44.9-55.6)

2003-200451.3

(41.5-61.1)37.9

(27.6-48.2)47.2

(39.6-54.8)

2005-200650.8

(41.9-59.7)58.1

(48.5-67.6)53.1

(46.3-59.9)

2007-200856.3

(48.4-64.1)51.7

(40.9-62.5)55.0

(48.6-61.5)

2009-201056.4

(47.2-65.6)48.9

(35.9-61.8)54.4

(46.8-62.0)

Strongly or generally supports childhood immunisation, parents or carers of children 2 months to 4 years 2001 98.1

(97.3-99.0)95.6

(94.0-97.2)97.4

(96.6-98.1)

2003-200496.5

(94.2-98.7)94.2

(91.4-97.0)95.8

(94.0-97.6)

2009-201091.7

(88.8-94.6)96.7

(94.4-99.0)93.1

(91.0-95.3)

Up-to-date with immunisations, children 2 months to 4 years 2007-200894.2

(91.9-96.5)93.7

(91.0-96.5)94.1

(92.2-95.9)

2009-201094.8

(92.2-97.4)94.0

(90.8-97.3)94.6

(92.5-96.6)

Participated in a fire education program at school, children 5-12 years 2003-200478.0

(74.8-81.1)82.6

(79.7-85.6)79.5

(77.2-81.9)

2005-200676.1

(73.2-79.1)85.1

(82.5-87.7)79.2

(77.1-81.4)

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Indicator YearMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

2007-200876.9

(74.1-79.8)82.3

(79.4-85.1)78.7

(76.6-80.8)

2009-201075.3

(71.6-79.0)79.1

(75.3-82.9)76.5

(73.8-79.3)

Took action following fire education program, parents or carers of children 5-12 years who participated in a fireeducation program

2003-200450.0

(45.3-54.6)59.3

(54.6-64.1)53.3

(49.9-56.8)

2005-200661.4

(57.2-65.7)67.5

(63.8-71.2)63.8

(60.8-66.8)

2007-200863.0

(59.0-67.0)70.5

(66.6-74.4)65.8

(62.8-68.7)

2009-201060.4

(55.3-65.5)71.8

(66.9-76.6)64.3

(60.6-68.1)

Placed on their back to sleep from birth, infants 0-11 months 2001 66.4

(60.1-72.6)56.7

(49.5-63.9)63.6

(58.7-68.5)

2003-200481.5

(74.2-88.7)80.7

(73.4-88.1)81.3

(75.7-86.8)

2005-200682.4

(75.8-88.9)84.6

(77.7-91.5)83.1

(78.1-88.1)

2007-200887.4

(82.6-92.2)78.2

(69.3-87.2)85.1

(80.8-89.4)

2009-201089.6

(84.4-94.8)82.0

(73.1-91.0)87.7

(83.2-92.2)

Recommended daily fruit intake, children 2-15 years 2001 69.9

(68.0-71.9)70.1

(68.2-72.1)70.0

(68.5-71.5)

2003-200468.1

(65.7-70.4)67.0

(64.5-69.6)67.7

(66.0-69.5)

2005-200668.9

(66.6-71.2)68.5

(66.2-70.9)68.8

(67.1-70.5)

2007-200871.5

(69.5-73.6)70.8

(68.6-73.1)71.3

(69.8-72.9)

2009-201073.7

(71.6-75.8)70.2

(67.6-72.8)72.6

(70.9-74.2)

Recommended daily vegetable intake, children 2-15 years 2001 11.5

(10.2-12.8)16.0

(14.5-17.5)13.0

(12.0-14.0)

2003-200421.4

(19.8-23.1)26.8

(24.8-28.7)23.2

(21.9-24.5)

2005-200636.8

(34.5-39.1)41.0

(38.6-43.5)38.2

(36.5-40.0)

2007-200839.5

(37.3-41.7)46.6

(44.1-49.1)41.8

(40.1-43.5)

2009-201040.4

(38.0-42.7)48.7

(46.0-51.5)43.1

(41.2-44.9)

Two or more cups of milk a day, children 2-15 years 2001 57.9

(55.9-60.0)58.7

(56.7-60.8)58.2

(56.7-59.7)

2003-200447.4

(44.9-49.9)48.8

(46.1-51.5)47.9

(46.0-49.8)

2005-200651.8

(49.4-54.2)58.5

(56.0-60.9)54.0

(52.2-55.8)

2007-200851.0

(48.7-53.2)49.7

(47.1-52.2)50.5

(48.8-52.3)

2009-201048.7

(46.2-51.1)50.2

(47.4-53.0)49.2

(47.3-51.1)

Recommended daily dairy intake, children 2-15 years 2001 52.8

(50.8-54.8)53.5

(51.4-55.5)53.0

(51.5-54.5)

2003-200467.0

(64.6-69.4)69.5

(67.0-72.0)67.8

(66.0-69.6)

2005-200669.9

(67.6-72.1)73.6

(71.4-75.9)71.1

(69.4-72.8)

2007-200868.0

(65.9-70.1)68.2

(65.9-70.6)68.1

(66.5-69.7)

2009-201066.5

(64.2-68.8)70.1

(67.6-72.7)67.6

(65.9-69.4)

Usually consumes lower fat or skim milk, children 2-15 years 2007-200824.4

(22.6-26.3)22.0

(19.9-24.0)23.6

(22.2-25.1)

2009-201024.7

(22.7-26.7)25.5

(23.1-27.9)25.0

(23.4-26.6)

Food insecurity in the last 12 months, parents or carers of children 0-15 years 2001 6.0 (5.1-6.9) 6.1 (5.3-7.0) 6.0 (5.3-6.7)

2003-2004 5.3 (4.4-6.1) 6.8 (5.9-7.7) 5.8 (5.1-6.4)

2005-2006 5.3 (4.3-6.2) 6.0 (4.9-7.1) 5.5 (4.8-6.2)

2007-2008 5.7 (4.7-6.7) 7.6 (6.3-8.8) 6.3 (5.5-7.1)

2009-2010 5.9 (4.8-7.0) 5.7 (4.6-6.9) 5.9 (5.0-6.7)

Ever heard about healthy school canteen strategy, parents or carers of children 5-15 years 2005-200673.3

(70.0-76.6)86.0

(83.4-88.7)77.4

(75.0-79.8)

2007-200862.3

(59.8-64.7)72.3

(69.8-74.7)65.6

(63.8-67.5)

2009-201061.6

(58.9-64.3)71.5

(68.8-74.2)64.8

(62.8-66.9)

One or more hours of physical activity outside of school, children 5-15 years 2005-200622.0

(19.7-24.2)32.5

(29.9-35.2)25.6

(23.8-27.3)

2007-200822.2

(20.0-24.3)30.8

(28.1-33.4)25.0

(23.4-26.7)

2009-201021.7

(19.4-24.0)30.3

(27.4-33.1)24.5

(22.7-26.3)

Uses electronic media for entertainment at home for more than 2 hours a day, children 5-15 years 2005-200658.2

(55.3-61.1)60.3

(57.4-63.2)58.9

(56.8-61.0)

2007-200846.1

(43.6-48.7)49.4

(46.5-52.3)47.2

(45.3-49.2)

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Indicator YearMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

2009-201044.7

(42.0-47.5)46.4

(43.3-49.6)45.3

(43.2-47.4)

Smoke-free households, parents or carers of children 0-15 years 2001 86.6

(85.3-87.9)81.2

(79.8-82.7)84.8

(83.9-85.8)

2003-200488.3

(87.2-89.5)84.0

(82.6-85.4)86.9

(86.0-87.8)

2005-200691.3

(90.0-92.6)90.0

(88.6-91.4)90.9

(89.9-91.9)

2007-200894.0

(92.9-95.1)93.2

(91.9-94.5)93.7

(92.9-94.6)

2009-201096.3

(95.4-97.1)94.0

(92.7-95.2)95.5

(94.8-96.3)

Bans smoking in car, parents or carers of children 0-15 years with a car 2003-200491.6

(90.3-92.9)88.8

(87.3-90.3)90.7

(89.7-91.7)

2005-200692.0

(90.8-93.2)90.6

(89.2-91.9)91.5

(90.6-92.5)

2007-200895.6

(94.5-96.7)95.8

(94.6-96.9)95.6

(94.8-96.5)

2009-201097.1

(96.3-97.8)96.6

(95.7-97.5)96.9

(96.4-97.5)

Did not get sunburnt last summer, children 0-15 years 2003-200457.8

(54.2-61.5)55.7

(51.5-60.0)57.2

(54.3-60.0)

2009-201068.1

(65.0-71.1)55.8

(51.9-59.8)64.2

(61.7-66.6)

Easy to find shade in sporting areas, parents or carers of children 0-15 years 2009-201054.9

(51.6-58.2)48.3

(44.3-52.3)52.8

(50.2-55.4)

Easy to find shade at public pool, parents or carers of children 0-15 years 2009-201066.6

(63.0-70.2)72.8

(69.0-76.6)68.7

(66.1-71.4)

Easy to find shade at public park, parents or carers of children 0-15 years 2009-201072.4

(69.6-75.2)79.4

(76.2-82.5)74.5

(72.3-76.7)


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Trends in health status, NSW, 2001-2010

Indicator YearMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

Excellent, very good, or good parent-reported health status, children 5-15 years 2001 92.1 (90.9-93.3) 91.7 (90.3-93.0) 92.0 (91.0-92.9)

2003-2004 90.6 (89.3-91.9) 91.4 (90.0-92.8) 90.9 (89.9-91.9)

2005-2006 91.5 (90.0-93.0) 89.4 (87.7-91.2) 90.8 (89.7-92.0)

2007-2008 90.3 (88.8-91.8) 90.6 (88.9-92.3) 90.4 (89.3-91.6)

2009-2010 91.6 (90.1-93.1) 90.5 (88.8-92.3) 91.3 (90.1-92.4)

Ever diagnosed with asthma, children 2-15 years 2001 26.1 (24.3-27.9) 29.5 (27.6-31.4) 27.2 (25.9-28.6)

2003-2004 24.9 (23.3-26.6) 30.3 (28.3-32.3) 26.7 (25.4-28.0)

2005-2006 20.6 (18.6-22.5) 27.1 (24.9-29.3) 22.7 (21.2-24.2)

2007-2008 22.5 (20.7-24.4) 28.9 (26.6-31.2) 24.6 (23.2-26.1)

2009-2010 20.9 (19.0-22.8) 25.6 (23.2-28.0) 22.4 (20.9-23.9)

Current asthma, children 2-15 years 2001 15.3 (13.9-16.7) 16.4 (14.9-17.9) 15.7 (14.6-16.7)

2003-2004 13.8 (12.5-15.2) 16.3 (14.7-18.0) 14.7 (13.6-15.7)

2005-2006 12.0 (10.5-13.6) 14.8 (13.1-16.5) 12.9 (11.7-14.1)

2007-2008 13.0 (11.5-14.4) 15.9 (14.0-17.8) 13.9 (12.7-15.1)

2009-2010 12.5 (11.0-14.1) 15.1 (13.1-17.1) 13.4 (12.1-14.6)

Written asthma management or action plan, children 2-15 years with current asthma 2003-2004 44.3 (32.6-56.0) 54.8 (43.7-65.9) 48.5 (40.1-56.9)

2005-2006 56.6 (49.7-63.5) 53.9 (47.5-60.2) 55.6 (50.7-60.5)

2007-2008 54.5 (48.4-60.5) 53.5 (46.9-60.2) 54.1 (49.6-58.6)

2009-2010 52.1 (45.2-59.0) 51.5 (44.0-59.0) 51.9 (46.7-57.1)

Normal vision in both eyes, children 0-15 years 2007-2008 96.4 (95.4-97.5) 96.0 (94.7-97.3) 96.3 (95.5-97.1)

2009-2010 95.2 (93.9-96.5) 96.3 (95.0-97.7) 95.6 (94.6-96.5)

Substantial risk of developing a clinically significant behavioural problem, children 4-15 years 2003-2004 9.0 (7.4-10.6) 8.7 (7.2-10.2) 8.9 (7.7-10.1)

2005-2006 7.0 (5.6-8.3) 8.7 (7.1-10.3) 7.6 (6.5-8.6)

2007-2008 6.9 (5.6-8.2) 9.0 (7.4-10.6) 7.6 (6.6-8.6)

2009-2010 6.7 (5.4-8.0) 8.7 (7.0-10.3) 7.3 (6.3-8.4)

Visited a dental professional in the last 12 months, children 5-15 years 2003-2004 73.2 (71.2-75.2) 73.3 (71.1-75.5) 73.2 (71.7-74.7)

2005-2006 75.1 (71.7-78.5) 77.7 (74.4-81.0) 76.0 (73.5-78.5)

2007-2008 72.4 (70.2-74.7) 71.9 (69.3-74.4) 72.2 (70.5-74.0)

2009-2010 72.9 (70.2-75.6) 72.7 (69.6-75.8) 72.8 (70.7-74.9)

Private health insurance for dental expenses, children 5-15 years 2009-2010 53.7 (50.8-56.7) 41.2 (37.7-44.7) 49.8 (47.5-52.2)

Overweight, children 2-15 years 2007-2008 21.0 (19.0-23.0) 20.5 (18.3-22.8) 20.8 (19.3-22.4)

2009-2010 18.7 (16.7-20.7) 18.1 (15.8-20.4) 18.5 (17.0-20.1)

Obese, children 2-15 years 2007-2008 7.9 (6.7-9.2) 8.5 (7.0-9.9) 8.1 (7.2-9.1)

2009-2010 9.9 (8.3-11.5) 10.4 (8.6-12.3) 10.1 (8.8-11.3)

Overweight or obese, children 2-15 years 2007-2008 28.9 (26.7-31.1) 29.0 (26.5-31.5) 28.9 (27.3-30.6)

2009-2010 28.6 (26.3-31.0) 28.5 (25.8-31.2) 28.6 (26.8-30.4)


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Trends in health services, NSW, 2001-2010

Indicator YearMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

Emergency department rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years who presented to anemergency department in the last 12 months

2003-200480.9

(77.7-84.0)87.8

(85.3-90.3)83.7

(81.6-85.8)

2005-200686.1

(82.7-89.4)83.2

(79.9-86.5)85.0

(82.5-87.4)

2007-200879.8

(76.2-83.4)82.4

(79.2-85.5)80.8

(78.4-83.3)

2009-201082.6

(79.0-86.3)81.1

(77.5-84.8)82.1

(79.4-84.7)

Hospital care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years who were admitted to hospitalin the last 12 months

2003-200491.8

(88.9-94.6)94.1

(91.7-96.5)92.5

(90.4-94.6)

2005-200691.7

(88.2-95.3)92.3

(88.6-96.1)91.9

(89.2-94.6)

2007-200889.6

(86.0-93.1)88.1

(83.6-92.6)89.1

(86.3-92.0)

2009-201091.7

(87.4-96.0)88.8

(82.4-95.1)90.7

(87.1-94.3)

General practitioner care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years who visited ageneral practitioner in the last 12 months

2007-200894.2

(93.2-95.3)94.8

(93.7-96.0)94.4

(93.6-95.2)

2009-201095.1

(94.0-96.1)95.2

(93.9-96.4)95.1

(94.3-95.9)

Public dental service care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years who attended apublic dental service in the last 12 months

2003-200494.0

(91.2-96.8)96.6

(95.3-98.0)95.3

(93.7-96.9)

2005-200694.8

(90.6-98.9)93.8

(90.2-97.5)94.3

(91.5-97.0)

2007-200892.9

(89.1-96.7)95.4

(93.1-97.7)94.2

(92.0-96.4)

2009-201092.5

(88.5-96.4)95.7

(93.2-98.1)94.0

(91.7-96.4)

Community health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-15 years who attendeda community health centre in the last 12 months

2003-200493.2

(90.0-96.4)96.9

(95.4-98.4)94.9

(93.0-96.7)

2005-200690.0

(85.4-94.6)92.8

(89.1-96.6)91.1

(87.9-94.3)

2007-200897.7

(95.1-100) 94.6

(90.9-98.2)96.2

(93.9-98.4)

2009-201091.9

(88.0-95.7)96.4

(93.9-98.9)93.8

(91.3-96.3)

Difficulties getting health care when needing it, children 0-15 years 2003-200412.8

(11.6-14.0)23.3

(21.7-25.0)16.2

(15.3-17.2)

2005-200611.8

(10.4-13.2)23.6

(21.6-25.5)15.6

(14.5-16.8)

2007-200816.7

(15.1-18.3)34.0

(31.8-36.3)22.3

(21.0-23.6)

2009-201017.0

(15.3-18.7)32.0

(29.5-34.4)21.7

(20.3-23.1)

Private health insurance, children 0-15 years 2003-200458.4

(56.6-60.2)42.8

(40.7-44.8)53.3

(51.9-54.7)

2005-200659.1

(56.9-61.2)44.5

(42.2-46.8)54.3

(52.7-56.0)

2007-200859.7

(57.7-61.7)43.7

(41.4-46.0)54.5

(52.9-56.1)

2009-201059.9

(57.7-62.1)46.8

(44.2-49.4)55.7

(54.0-57.5)

Early childhood health centre attendance in the last 12 months, children 0-4 years 2003-200440.8

(37.7-43.9)40.7

(37.2-44.3)40.8

(38.4-43.2)

2005-200641.0

(37.4-44.6)38.8

(34.9-42.8)40.4

(37.6-43.2)

2007-200839.3

(35.8-42.7)42.8

(38.5-47.1)40.3

(37.6-43.1)

2009-201037.9

(33.8-42.0)35.2

(30.1-40.2)37.1

(33.9-40.3)

Early childhood health centre care rated as excellent, very good or good, parents or carers of children 0-4 years who arecurrently attending an early childhood health centre

2003-200494.3

(91.7-96.9)98.1

(96.2-100) 95.5

(93.7-97.4)

2005-2006 100 (100-100) 100 (100-100) 100 (100-100)

2007-200895.2

(92.8-97.6)90.6

(86.5-94.7)93.7

(91.6-95.9)

2009-201093.9

(91.1-96.7)94.9

(91.2-98.7)94.2

(91.9-96.5)

Regularly seeing a baby or early childhood health nurse, children 0-4 years 2001 28.9

(26.3-31.5)29.7

(26.8-32.6)29.1

(27.1-31.1)

2003-200428.4

(25.6-31.2)29.9

(26.6-33.2)28.9

(26.7-31.1)

2005-200623.5

(20.4-26.6)24.2

(20.7-27.6)23.7

(21.3-26.1)

2007-200834.2

(28.4-40.0)41.9

(34.6-49.3)36.6

(32.0-41.2)

2009-201026.5

(23.2-29.8)27.6

(23.3-32.0)26.8

(24.1-29.5)

Home visit from child or community nurse in the last 12 months, infants 0-11 months 2001 61.2

(52.3-70.2)49.7

(39.5-59.9)57.8

(50.7-64.9)

2003-200453.8

(44.5-63.2)65.8

(56.1-75.5)57.4

(50.1-64.7)

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Indicator YearMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

2005-200662.2

(51.9-72.5)75.6

(65.3-86.0)66.6

(58.8-74.3)

2007-200875.8

(69.7-81.8)79.0

(70.4-87.6)76.6

(71.6-81.6)

2009-201079.4

(72.7-86.1)70.0

(58.0-82.0)77.1

(71.2-83.0)


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Trends in social determinants of health, NSW, 2001-2010

Indicator YearMetro

% (95% CI)Rural

% (95% CI)All

% (95% CI)

Ever participated in early childhood activities, children 0-5 years 2001 37.1 (34.1-40.1) 36.2 (32.9-39.6) 36.8 (34.5-39.1)

2003-2004 55.5 (52.5-58.4) 59.4 (56.2-62.7) 56.7 (54.4-59.0)

2005-2006 58.6 (55.2-62.0) 66.7 (63.1-70.4) 61.1 (58.5-63.7)

2007-2008 58.7 (55.5-61.9) 65.7 (62.0-69.4) 60.8 (58.3-63.3)

2009-2010 58.2 (54.7-61.7) 61.0 (56.6-65.4) 59.0 (56.2-61.8)

Currently participate in early childhood activities, children 0-5 years 2001 37.1 (34.1-40.1) 36.2 (32.9-39.6) 36.8 (34.5-39.1)

2003-2004 33.3 (30.6-36.1) 32.6 (29.5-35.8) 33.1 (31.0-35.2)

2005-2006 37.1 (33.8-40.5) 41.3 (37.5-45.0) 38.4 (35.8-41.0)

2007-2008 34.5 (31.4-37.5) 39.5 (35.8-43.3) 36.0 (33.5-38.4)

2009-2010 33.6 (30.3-37.0) 32.9 (28.6-37.1) 33.4 (30.7-36.1)

Ever been to childcare, children 0-5 years 2001 53.8 (51.0-56.6) 53.1 (50.0-56.3) 53.6 (51.4-55.8)

2003-2004 45.4 (42.5-48.3) 47.9 (44.5-51.2) 46.2 (43.9-48.4)

2005-2006 47.5 (44.1-51.0) 45.6 (41.7-49.4) 46.9 (44.3-49.6)

2007-2008 50.9 (47.7-54.2) 51.7 (47.8-55.6) 51.2 (48.6-53.7)

2009-2010 48.4 (44.8-51.9) 51.5 (47.0-56.1) 49.3 (46.5-52.2)

Currently go to childcare, children 0-5 years 2001 43.4 (40.7-46.2) 43.7 (40.7-46.8) 43.5 (41.4-45.6)

2003-2004 32.0 (29.3-34.7) 34.0 (30.9-37.1) 32.6 (30.5-34.7)

2005-2006 34.8 (31.5-38.1) 34.5 (31.0-38.1) 34.7 (32.2-37.3)

2007-2008 39.0 (35.8-42.1) 38.9 (35.2-42.7) 38.9 (36.5-41.4)

2009-2010 36.7 (33.3-40.1) 35.4 (31.1-39.7) 36.3 (33.6-39.0)

Attendance at preschool or childcare with a preschool program, children 3-4 years 2001 67.6 (63.2-72.0) 72.2 (67.9-76.6) 69.1 (65.8-72.4)

2003-2004 72.4 (67.8-77.0) 76.2 (71.5-80.9) 73.6 (70.1-77.1)

2005-2006 74.0 (68.5-79.5) 75.5 (69.8-81.2) 74.5 (70.3-78.6)

2007-2008 84.8 (80.5-89.2) 85.0 (79.7-90.3) 84.9 (81.5-88.3)

2009-2010 82.9 (77.9-88.0) 80.4 (74.4-86.5) 82.2 (78.2-86.1)

Read to child daily, parents or carers of children 0-5 years 2003-2004 67.3 (62.9-71.6) 69.6 (64.8-74.3) 68.0 (64.6-71.3)

2005-2006 71.8 (68.6-74.9) 76.7 (73.4-80.0) 73.3 (70.9-75.7)

2007-2008 69.6 (66.5-72.6) 73.0 (69.4-76.7) 70.6 (68.2-73.0)

2009-2010 73.8 (70.6-77.0) 73.7 (69.7-77.7) 73.8 (71.3-76.3)

Need for support services, parents or carers of children 1-15 years 2001 31.4 (29.7-33.2) 29.8 (28.0-31.6) 30.9 (29.6-32.2)

2003-2004 31.9 (28.9-34.8) 28.5 (25.7-31.3) 30.8 (28.6-32.9)

2005-2006 25.4 (22.7-28.0) 24.0 (21.1-27.0) 24.9 (22.9-27.0)

2007-2008 25.0 (22.2-27.8) 26.0 (22.7-29.2) 25.3 (23.1-27.5)

2009-2010 22.5 (20.6-24.4) 22.6 (20.4-24.8) 22.6 (21.1-24.0)

Used support services, parents or carers who needed support services of children 1-15 years 2001 81.9 (79.2-84.6) 78.1 (74.9-81.3) 80.7 (78.6-82.8)

2005-2006 78.1 (73.1-83.1) 76.5 (70.4-82.6) 77.6 (73.7-81.6)

2007-2008 78.1 (72.8-83.4) 69.8 (62.9-76.6) 75.3 (71.0-79.5)

2009-2010 78.3 (74.4-82.2) 77.0 (72.4-81.5) 77.9 (74.8-80.9)


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child health survey new south wales estimates. · reports from the nsw child health survey have...

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