child protection & children’s rights: different lenses jeanette schmid 30 november 2009 global...
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CHILD PROTECTION & CHILDREN’S RIGHTS:
DIFFERENT LENSES
Jeanette Schmid 30 November 2009
Global Conference on Research & Child Rights Addis Ababa
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What shapes lenses?
Local values, norms & practices regarding children & families determine operative child welfare system
UNCRC: Children are accorded rights
Child welfare systems & Rights • socially constructed, • often appear immutable • become entrenched. ‘Truth’.
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3 broad types
Categorization of systems based in & on knowledge from ‘the north /1st world /developed world’. 1. Child Protection2. Family Services3. Community Care
Much flexibility within each model- ‘stereotype’. Each model is based on different assumptions which
shape intervention.
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Dimensions
Used in ....
Goal
Relationship betw. family & state (incl.rights)
Authority
Location
Substitute care
Critiques
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References
Bennett & Blackstock, 2006; Blackstock, Trocme, & Bennett, 2004; Cameron et al., 2001; Crichlow, 2002; Cross, 2005; Doek, 1991; Ferguson, 1997; Freymond & Cameron, 2006; Grevot, 2006; Hetherington, 2006; Hetherington & Nurse, 2006; Love, 2000. 2006; Mandell, Blackstock, Clouston-Carlson, & Fine, 2006; Merkel-Holguin, n.d.; Parton, 1996; Prilletensky, Nelson, & Peirson, 1997; Segal, 2004; Smith, 1999; Swift, 1995; Swift & Callahan, 2006; Tilbury, 1998; Tauri, 1999, Waldegrave, 2006.
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Child Protection
Used in: • Anglo-American countries
• Approaches in ‘developing’ countries appear to mimic
Goal: To address maltreatment
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Child Protection Relationship betw. family & state
Parents (mothers) held responsiblePunitiveState intervenes when child at risk or in need of protection: primary concern is child’s right to safetyDeficiency-basedIndividualistic
ResidualMinimal support to parentsSystemic issues tend to be overlookedFocus on nuclear family, with relatives peripheral Focus on children’s rights (individualized)
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Child ProtectionAuthority
Derived from courts
Adversarial
Investigative, based on proof
Aims at control & parental compliance
Limited discretion for workers, particularly associated with increased risk management approaches
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Location
Stand alone
Single point of access for families
‘Threshold system”- need to meet criteria for service
Limited preventive activities focused on enhancing parenting skills
Expert-led
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Substitute Care
Stranger (middle class) care
Significant use of residential care
Children returned when parent can demonstrate that can offer a safe environment
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Critiques
Individualistic Remedial Adversarial Minorities & poor over-represented CostlySeldom customizedCoincides with neo-lib. PerspectivesMay unintentionally undermine rather than support rights
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Corrections
Partnership, tho‘ remains expert-led
Recognizing ‚disproportionality‘
Differential response
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Family Services
Used in: Japan & Europe e.g. Nordic countries, Germany, Holland, France
Goal:To support families in child rearing
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Family ServicesRelationship betw family & stateState shares responsibility for child rearing- collective, solidarity, social cohesionUniversal support offered to families: no distinction between programs for families at risk & well-being of familiesRights of child integrated with rights of parents (tho’ individualistic too)Some appreciation of systemic issues
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Family ServicesAuthority
Derived from courts/ local authority
Inquisitorial; informal approach by judge
Cooperative
Consensus based; mutual agreement
Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution & lay forums
Workers have broad discretion
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Family ServicesLocation
Embedded in broad social welfare system: prevention, early intervention & protection activities are integratedIntersectoral approachPrevention is broad-basedMultidisciplinaryMultiple access pointsUse of social workers, but also alternative service providers e.g. lay persons, volunteersCollaborative approach
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Family ServicesSubstitute Care
Children removed as last resort
Contact with immediate family maintained
Adoption rare
Family supported to take care of child even when maltreatment
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Family ServicesCritique
Doesn’t focus on needs (rights?) of children
Instead focused on individual & parents
Also expert-led
Increasingly influenced by neo-liberal thinking
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Community Care
Used in:• Indigenous communities in Canada, U.S.A &
Australia, usually subject to dominant practices
• Integrated into dominant system in New Zealand (FGC)
Goal:To support family networks in child rearing
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Community CareRelationship betw family & state
Family & community share childrearing
Rights & identity of child inseparable from collective rights of family & community
Fundamental appreciation of oppressive mechanisms & their impact (developed as alternatives to these -structural approach)
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Community CareAuthority
Derived from tradition, history, culture & spirituality
Interdependence & inclusion
Focus on family & community planning for child without courts
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Community CareLocation
Embedded in broader functioning of communityHolistic, ecological understanding of difficulties within familyIdeally, family network driven rather than expert led – privileges family group knowledge & voice (i.e. More than ‚partnership‘)
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Community CareSubstitute Care
Children to be cared for within kinship & community system
Cultural bond & identity is important
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Community CareCritiques
Often diluted as attempting to function within a context of a dominant culture • This dilutes also ability to ensure rights of child, family
From point of view of child protection:• Doesn‘t work for all families or all kinds of abuse-
compromises best interests of child• Too expensive• Why need an ‚independent‘ coordinator?• Professional knowledge sidelined
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An alternative lens:A Developmental Model
Based on Developmental Social Welfare as articulated in White Paper 1997, South Africa. My interpretation!Goal: to support family networks & communities in raising children (welfare in broadest sense, rather than child protection)Working with community members rather than clients
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Developmental ModelRelationship betw family & stateFamily network, community & state share child-rearingRights focus: Rights & identity of child inseparable from collective rights of family group & communityIntersectional approach- recognises role of oppression & different facets of power on parenting capacity
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Developmental ModelAuthority
Derived from common values
Interdependence & inclusion (Ubuntu)
Focus on family & community planning for child ideally without courts
Collaboration driven by family group & facilitated by professionals
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Developmental ModelLocation
Embedded in broader social welfare systemIntersectoralFocus on prevention: building networks & capacity, not simply abuse preventionAccessible hubsStatutory work rare, collaborative & inclusiveInterdisciplinary teams
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Developmental ModelMethod
Participatory at all levels of service delivery
Group work & individual work remain valid
Socio-econ synergy through collaboration
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Issues to consider
What assumptions inform local approaches to child welfare & understanding of children‘s rights?
• How are children, parents, families, communities, service providers (rights) constructed?• Are the primary causes of abuse & neglect located in individuals or structures or both?• How does ‚international‘ thinking impact local policy & practice?
What conditions specifically impact children & their families (rights) in this context?
What local knowledges can be tapped into?
How do current resource constraints & possibilities impact ideal responses, & how can this be addressed?
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Thank you!
Any questions?