• Abhijit Thube (fn2740)

• Abhijit Nikhade (fr4466)

Date : 12/01/2014

Instructor :

Dr. John M.

Cavanaugh

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Primary occupants of the rear seat of passenger vehicles are mostly children.

70 percent of rear seat occupants are children less than 14 years old.

Motor vehicle crashes is one of the leading cause of death and disability for children of age 4 years and older.

952 deaths occurred among children ages 15 and younger in 2010.

Side impact crashes are one of the severe type of crashes.

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Motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of death for children age 4 and every age 11 through 14.

(NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts 2012)

In 2012, for motor vehicle occupants 14 years old and younger, there were 1,168 fatalities and 169,000 injured children.

(NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts 2012)

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Average time of fusion:

- Ischiopubic Ramus: 6 – 9 years

- Triradiate cartilage in Acetabulum: 13 – 15 years

- Iliac Crest growth plate: 20 years

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In near-side impact crashes, intrusion and interaction with the vehicle side interior is the most significant source of injury.

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For rear seated pediatric occupants, head, neck and torso injuries are common.

Abdominal injuries are attributed to lateral flexion over the lap belt as the torso moves away from the shoulder belt.

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Children 1 to 3 years old. nc = 28 children. ΔV ≥ 30 kph. NASS CDS: 1995, 1996, 1998-2004

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Children 1 to 3 years old. nc = 28 children. ΔV ≥ 30 kph. NASS CDS: 1995, 1996, 1998-2004

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In the late 1970's and early 1980's, TNO and others developed the P-dummies.

In 1993 the International Child Dummy Working Group started with the development of the Q-series of child dummies as successor to the P-series.

Q – series is developed to be used in both front and side impact testing, making it the first "multidirectional“ (child) dummy. The instrumentation is interchangeable within the dummy and between other members of the Q-series.

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P1 1/2 18 Month

Old Child Dummy

P3/4 - K.AI, P3 - L.AI, P6 -

M.AI and P10 - N.AI Child

Dummies

Q – Series Dummies

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Use of proper child restraint systems(CRS).

Sufficient padding to vehicle interior.

Development of more bio-fidelic ATDs. [12].

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Vehicle crash is one of the leading cause for the child fatalities.

Due to anatomical differences injury criteria of adult can not be scaled down to child occupant.

Head, neck and torso injuries are common in rear seated children in side impact.

Contact with vehicle interior is the major cause of injuries.

More bio-fidelic ATDs can be use to predict the injuries in child side impact.

Use of proper child restraint system can reduce the risk of injury.

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1. Costello R., Child Passenger Restraints A Biomechanical Overview presented at Wayne State University.

2. Dennis R. Durbin., The American Academy of Pediatrics UPDATED CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS presented at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

3. The Center for Injury Research and Prevention (CIRP) at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. CPS issue report 2013, Available at http://injury.research.chop.edu/sites/default/files/documents/cps_issue_report_2013_web.pdf.

4. Partners for Child Passenger Safety. Fact and Trend Report 2006.Available at http://injury.research.chop.edu/sites/default/files/documents/2006_ft.pdf.

5. KB Arbogast, CM Locey, MR Zonfrillo, MR Maltese. Child Restraint Systems in Side Impact Crashes: Injury Patterns and Causation, CIREN Public Meeting October 8, 2009.

6. Partners for Child Passenger Safety. Fact and Trend Report 2008.Available at http://injury.research.chop.edu/sites/default/files/documents/2008_ft.pdf.

7. Donald F. Huelke., An Overview of Anatomical Considerations of Infants and Children in the Adult World of Automobile Safety Design. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400202/.

8. McCray, L., M. Scarboro and J. Brewer (2007). Injuries to children one to three years old in side impact crashes. 20th International technical conference on the enhanced safety of vehicles conference (ESV), Lyon, France.

9. Nicholas Tamborra., George Bahouth., Child Side Impacts: Comparison of Vehicle Crush in Side Impacts from Field Investigations and U.S. Consumer Tests.

10. Mertz, Harold J., Annette L. Irwin, and Priya Prasad. "Biomechanical and Scaling Bases Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values." Stapp Car Crash Journal 47 (2003): 155-88.

11. Humanetics , Q series child dummies, available at http://www.humaneticsatd.com/crash-test-dummies/children/q-series.

12. Kristy B. Arbogast., Flaura K. Winston., Advance Safety Technology for Children and Young Adults: Trends and Future Challenges. SAE International #2006-21-0007

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