TO PREVENT CONSUMPTION 805

is in sections and could be easily mounted for a wall map which wouldprove valuable in local geography in any part of the state and tostudents outside of the state it is of worth to illustrate the loopedcharacter of the moraines and various relations between the glacial

deposits and the ancient ice sheet. There is a brief discussion ofthe various glacial forms which is accompanied by selected examplesfor illustration, i. e., the drumlins from the Traverse Bay region, theeskers between Jackson and Lansing, the kames at Howell, walled lake

in Sanilac county, and the beach lines between Ypsilanti and Detroit.The soil, which means much to the life of a region and usuallyreceives a slight in high school geography, is briefly discussed and its

economic importance brought to the attention of the reader. TheHistory of the Great Lakes is reviewed in clear language and wellillustrated by maps so that it might form a guide for the high schoolstudent and teacher. This Summary of the Surface Geology of Michigandeserves a wide distribution in the state, and other state surveyswould perform a valuable service if they would issue similar shortsummaries for the use of the teachers of their respective states.In the "Raised Beaches of the Euclid, Cleveland, and Berea Sheets

of Ohio," there is a discussion of the beaches of northern Ohio whichis the classic ground where the investigation of the glacial lake beacheshad its origin. The accompanying map of this region is a poor one,but this defect will no doubt be remedied in the forthcoming publica-tions and the style is such that it will be easily understood by thehigh school student. The course traversed by each beach across theregion is described in detail and special attention is given to thelife relation of these ancient shore lines. The Cuyahoga River, theold delta, .and the extinct beaches are considered in relation to theireffect upon the growth of Cleveland.With these publications, along with some of the pioneer works by

Taylor, Leverett, and Wright, at the disposal of the teacher there isno reason why a course in physical geography should not be fullof interest and of practical value. There is certainly no excuse fora droning over the archaic material when the new possesses so muchof the vital. W. M. GREGORY.

CHILDREN LEARN HOW TO PREVENT CONSUMPTION.COUNTRY LOSES MILLIONS YEARLY IN WASTED EDUCATION.

Over 2,500,000 of the 17,000,000 school children enrolled in the UnitedStates have during the school year just closed, been systematicallyinstructed concerning the dangers of consumption and the methods forits cure and prevention, according to a statement issued to-day by theNational Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis.

Besides the 2,500,000 children thus regularly instructed in theirschools, the National Association estimates that fully 1,000,000 morehave received instruction at the various tuberculosis exhibits held inall parts of the country or in separate classed and organizations.A number of investigations conducted in various parts of the world

show that a large percentage of the children in the public schools have

800 SCHOOL SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

tuberculosis before they are eighteen. That a larger number of themdo not die, is due to the fact that healthy children are able to resistthe attack of the consumption germ. On account of the prevalence ofthe disease among children, the National Association considers theireducation to be of prime importance.

In Boston, a special commission which recently investigated the sub-ject, found that over 5,000 school children in that city alone had posi-tive cases of tuberculosis. In New York, a recent study showed over25,000 tuberculosis children in the schools. On the basis of these andother investigations, it is estimated by certain authorities that thereare nearly 1,000,000 school children in the United States to-day, whowill probably die of tuberculosis before they have reached the age ofeighteen. This would mean that the public schools of the country arepaying annually about $7,500,000 for the education of children who willdie before they reach the age of eighteen. At least one’ half of thissickness, and possibly three fourths of it, could be prevented, if themunicipal and state governments would adopt better and more hygienicmethods of controlling and teaching the children, and if the public ingeneral were alive to the need for tuberculosis prevention. !

ANOTHER INTRODUCED PLANT DISEASE.A disease of the white pine in German forests has for some time

been feared in this country. In a recent number of Science (August13, 1909) Mr. Perley Spaulding reports having recently found thedisease on white pine stock imported from Germany. The disease isdue to the fungus Peridermium Stro’bi Klebahn, and is so destructivethat if generally introduced in this country will certainly work havocto the large number of white pine plantings so largely depended uponfor the work of reforestation of much of our deforested lands. Althoughthe disease was so recently discovered in this country it is not unlikelythat it may already occur in a good many regions, and much caremust be observed to prevent widespread destruction from it.

According to Mr. Spaulding it is not likely that the disease maybe transmitted directly from one tree to another, but must first passthrough its alternate stage which it has on several species of thecurrant and gooseberry genus Ri^cs. This stage of the parasite onRif)es has been known as Cronartium riMcola, from which the sporesAre carried which in turn produce again the disease on the pine. Todestroy the disease it is recommended that the following treatmentbe used: "(I) to immediately burn the diseased white pine trees;(2) to inspect all neighboring currant and gooseberry bushes in Augustand September, and to burn any affected plant; (3) to inspect thepine trees again in April or May of next spring (1910) and burn allthat are found diseased. It may be also necessary to repeat the in-spection of the currant bushes in 1910."

So important is the extermination of this disease that on the twenty-eighth of June there was» held in New York City a meeting of thedelegates of thirteen forestry organizations, at which time was urgedthe greatest care in destroying the disease and in preventing its furtherimportation. 0. W. C.