china and japan deirdre, reagan, ryan, nik, alex, and sean
TRANSCRIPT
Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911)
• Sino-centric philosophy, inability of ruling class to modernize to keep up with rival powers
• No access to outside world, population felt no nationalism
• Isolationist policy/lack of trade increased poverty and hurt foreign relations
• Population explosion brought need for recourses, reforms, and modernization, Qing refused to address the needs of the people
http://www.history-of-china.com/qing-dynasty/
Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911)
• British led opium trade lead to inflation and unease of peasants due to addiction
• Boxer Rebellion reparations paid to foreign powers, who carved up and divided China
• Lost Korea and Taiwan, proving ruling dynasty incapable of protecting territories
• Sun Yat-sen led Republican Revolution in 1911, creating central government, and emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and livelihood
Sun Yat-sen http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/10/13/china-reflecting-on-100-years-since-the-xinhai-revolution/
Background to the Opium War
• China utilized isolationist policy prior to 1830
• British companies bought huge amounts of opium to smuggle into China
• 90% of male population under 40 along the coast was addicted
• 3,540,450 pounds of opium imported to China in 1832
First Opium War
• Chinese officials arrested Western merchants and confiscated huge amount of opium
• 1840 - Britain invades China
• By 1841 Britain easily won against technological inferior China
• 1842 - China forced to sign Treaty of Nanking
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destroying_Chinese_war_junks,_by_E._Duncan_(1843).jpg
Second Opium War
• 1857 - Great Britain, USA, France, Russia invaded China for trivial matter
• 1858 - crushed China into signing Treaty of Tientsin, which China did not ratify
• 1860 - Anglo-French invades China again, forces China to sign Treaty of Peking
Open Door Policy
• 1899 & 1900• All nations allowed equal access
to open trading ports• Only Chinese government
allowed to collect taxes on trade• No great power exempt from
paying harbor dues or railroad charges
• Scramble for spheres of influence after 1st Sino-Japanese Ware (1894-1895)
Open Door Policy
• American interested in Chinese market for cheap cotton goods
• U.S. late to imperialistic growth in China
• All nations except Japan acknowledged the importance of keeping China’s territorial and administrative integrity
• Re-circulated notes again in 1900• Overall led to Manchurian crisis of
1931 and war between China and Japan in 1937
Boxer Rebellion
• Anti-foreigner uprising in Qing, China• Lasted between Nov. 1899 and Sept.1901• Ended with the signing of the Boxer
Protocol, which mandated the execution of several high-ranking Boxer officials
• Occurred under Empress Tsu Hsi of the Ch'ing Dynasty's rule
• Reasons include exploitation of natural resources and the splitting of China through the powers of many foreign countries
The Boxers
• AKA "Fists of Righteous Harmony," a secret society with thousands of followers
• Wanted to rid China of all foreign countries, especially Western nations
• Killed thousands of foreigners and surrounded foreigner compound for 2 months until international forces got involved
The Meiji Restoration (1868)
• 1800s - Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa Shogun
• European treaties limited Japan economically
• 1868 - Emperor of Japan was restored to power
• Resulting social and economic reforms became known as the Meiji Restoration
http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/meiji.htm
The Meiji Emperor
The Meiji Restoration (1868)
• Samurai privileges were revoked
• Utilized the zaibatsu system• Established a national army
and national education• 1899 - the government
created a new constitution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai
Samurai
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Japan is a major, expanding, and industrializing nation
• China and Japan fight for influence in Korea
• Tonghak rebellion in Korea leads to Chinese troop intervention-war is declared
• Japan successfully invades vital provinces and fortifications
• Treaty of Shimonseeki ends conflict
• China goes through reform movement as a result
http://www.cityofart.net/bship/sino-jap.html
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)• Russia vs. Japan rivalry in Korea and Manchuria
• Japan is greater than Russia in terms of ground troops in far East
• Feb. 8, 1904-Japanese fleet sieges Port Arthur • Russia has poor leadership• Japan’s victorious in the Battle of Mukden(land)
and Battle of Tsushima(sea)• Russia loses-Theodore Roosevelt=mediator at
Treaty of Portsmouth • Results: Japan gains land,
Russia gives up land, and creates constitutional charter
Citations
• www.afe.easia.columbia.edu• http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/meiji.html• http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/
opiumwars1.html• www.u-s-history.com• www.britannica.com• www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html• www.militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars1900s/p/boxer
eb.htm• www.asianhistory.about.com/od/glossaryae/g/
GlosBoxerRebell.htm • www.larevuetoudi.org/en/story/quing-dynasty