china and the west: a fascinating chapter in the 19th century san-pao li, ph.d. department of asian...
TRANSCRIPT
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China and the West:A Fascinating Chapter in the 19th Century
San-pao Li, Ph.D.Department of Asian and Asian American Studies
California State University, Long Beach
October 11, 2001
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Some Defining Characteristics of a Modern Society
Emphasis on efficiency and utility Prevalence of rationalism Scientific and technological advancement Due respect to individual worth and dignity The concept of progress High level of literacy Sound social welfare system
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Some Defining Characteristics of a Modern Society
High GNP and per capita income High degree of urbanization L’esprit de lois A pluralistic society Shared concern for ecologically healthy
environment Adequate health care delivery system
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Some Defining Characteristics of a Modern Society
Generous investment in infrastructure Rapid transportation and communication Encourages creativity and fulfillment of
individual’s potential and faculty Rapid change Clear division of labor International- mindedness Other
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Modernity (Modernization)
Modernization involves the systematic, sustained, and
purposeful application of human energies to the “rational” control
of man’s physical and social environment for various human
purposes.
Benjamin Schwartz (Harvard University)
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Modernity (Modernization)
Modernity is always an incomplete state of
becoming.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological
Awakening (1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological Awakening
(1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
Trade and Proselytization The Opium War (1839-1841) The Nanking Treaty (1842) Internal Decay and Unrest
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological Awakening
(1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874)
Chinese ego was severely battered Government appeared hopeless and demoralized
The Taipings devastated much of China British and French navies brushed past Taku defenses
The emperor fled to Jehol and died there
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874)
The Restoration, for all its obvious influence on later periods, was NOT the seedbed of 20th-century movements to fashion a new
China, but the last great effort to reassert the validity of Chinese traditional institutions.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874)
The Restoration was perhaps the most elaborate,
the most consistent, and the most fully documented
conservative program in history.
Mary Wright, The T’ung-chih Restoration
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological Awakening
(1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
Arsenals Shipyards Railroads Telegraph Lines Translation Bureau
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
The Ti-Yong Dichotomy Chinese Learning
for the essential principles (ti) Western Learning
for the practical applications (yong)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
The traditional Chinese state was attacked and mortally wounded
The imperial military was discredited The agrarian economy was disrupted The emperor’s prestige was dimmed Superficial adoption of arms and technology proved
unavailing The old order was unable to respond adequately
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
Deceptively easy to adopt new technologiesPut a thin veneer over the surface of an ancient civilization
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
New ideas and attitudes resulted from contact with the West
remained minor elements in the broad stream of Chinese
tradition
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
Ideas of change were spreading, but
veeeeeery slowly.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
China’s modernization was inspired by Western examples
and yet had to be superimposed upon old indigenous institutions, which persisted so strongly as to slow down the need or demand
for innovation.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1874-1895)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Faustian-Prometheanism
Faust The old philosopher who sold his soul to
the devil in exchange for knowledge and power. The hero of several medieval
German legends and later literary and operatic works.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Faustian-Prometheanism
Prometheus A giant in Greek mythology who stole fire
from heaven, consequently was tied to a huge rock on Caucasus with his liver
picked by the eagles. Having the quality of being life-bringing,
creative, and courageously original.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Faustian-Prometheanism
Faustian restlessness (be skeptical, critical, and bold in
re-evalutating tradition) and
Promethean defiance (releasing the energy of individuals,
concept of linear progress)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological Awakening
(1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912)
China’s defeat by Japan in 1894 Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki The 1898 Reform (100 days) The 1911 Revolution (Dr. Sun Yat-sen) Founding of the Republic of China
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912)
Realization of the true spirit or essence of Western civilization
The emergence and persistence of radical revolt against China’s cultural tradition
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological
Awakening (1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
The patriotic feelings and zeal for reform culminated in the incident of May 4, 1919, from which the movement took its name.3,000+ students from 14 universities in Beijing held mass demonstration.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
Began as a socio-political reform movementPublication of the New Citizen (1902)Publication of the New Youth (1915)China’s intellectual revolutionScience and Democracy
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
Radical anti-traditionalismAttacked traditional Chinese ethics, philosophy, religion, and many varieties of social and political institutionsAdvocated liberalism, pragmatism, nationalism, anarchism, and socialism
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
With 400+ newspapers and magazinesVigorously spread the tide of new thought and new literatureA period marked by iconoclasm, criticism, and furious destructionLeft unchallenged virtually NO tradition that appeared doubtful
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
Decline of traditional ethicsChallenged traditional family systemEmancipation of womenVernacular literature emergedThe press and public education made progressModern intelligentsia became a major factor in China’s subsequent political development
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
Emergence of a new awareness
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
Involution vs. Revolution The development of certain
phenomena within a large cultural context that is not itself undergoing
significant or basic change.
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The May Fourth Movement (1919-1923-1930’s)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Between May Fourth and June Fourth
Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)The Notorious Nanjing Massacre (1937)300,000 slaughtered in Nanjing
The Communist Takeover Founding of PRC on October 1, 1949The rule of the Chinese CommunistsThe Cultural Revolution
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological Awakening
(1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution (1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Totalistic antitraditionalism Intellectual holocaust of
unprecedented magnitude
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
Foreign Aggression and Domestic Rebellion (1800-1864)
T’ung-chih Restoration (1862-1874) Self-Strengthening Movement
in an Age of Accelerated Foreign Imperialism (1874-1895)
Reform and Revolution (1898-1912) The May Fourth Movement: Ideological Awakening
(1919-1923-1930’s) The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
Science and technology Agriculture Industry National defense (Democracy???)
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China’s Tortuous Process of Modernization
The Four Modernizations (1978-present)
From central planning to market economy
From villages to urban centers Political ideology is losing its magical
power and potency
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ConclusionA Thought-Provoking Question
Nobel Prize in Literature 1950
A Polish novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz
Quo Vadis (Whither Goest Thou?)
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Thank you!Thank you!
Your Comments and Suggestions Are Welcome!