ChinaChina

Opium Wars: 1839-1842Opium Wars: 1839-1842

Britain began importing opium(smokable Britain began importing opium(smokable Heroin) in 17Heroin) in 17thth Century, creating large Century, creating large addiction problem.addiction problem.

After British conquest of India and its After British conquest of India and its northern opium fields, increased the northern opium fields, increased the importation.importation.

By 1839, Brits importing 40,000 chests of By 1839, Brits importing 40,000 chests of 150lbs each into China.150lbs each into China.

Pd for with Silver, depleting China’s Pd for with Silver, depleting China’s international currency.international currency.

Opium WarsOpium Wars

China’s Emperor asked that supply be China’s Emperor asked that supply be stopped.stopped.

Britain refused, Chinese dumped a bunch Britain refused, Chinese dumped a bunch into the river.into the river.

Britain sent in fleet, sunk the Chinese navy Britain sent in fleet, sunk the Chinese navy and forced China to pay and forced China to pay indemnity,indemnity, allow allow British importation of opium and allowed British importation of opium and allowed for other “spheres of economic influence”, for other “spheres of economic influence”, basically “most favored nation status,” basically “most favored nation status,” reduced tariffs etc.reduced tariffs etc.

Totally humiliated Chinese.Totally humiliated Chinese.

Treaty Ending WarTreaty Ending War China had to pay Britain 21 Million dollarsChina had to pay Britain 21 Million dollars Open five ports to British trade, with residences Open five ports to British trade, with residences

for British consuls and merchants, essentially for British consuls and merchants, essentially setting up colonial cities in China.setting up colonial cities in China.

China had to give up China had to give up Hong KongHong Kong, which Britain , which Britain remained in possession of until 1990.remained in possession of until 1990.

Permission to dock British war ships to protect Permission to dock British war ships to protect their merchant interests.their merchant interests.

This began the This began the Treaty system of imperialismTreaty system of imperialism, , where you forced treaties on countries to allow where you forced treaties on countries to allow you access to their economies at gun point. The you access to their economies at gun point. The U.S. and France followed with treaties at different U.S. and France followed with treaties at different ports forcing an ports forcing an Open DoorOpen Door into China’s rich into China’s rich trade.trade.

Sino-Japanese War 1894-95Sino-Japanese War 1894-95

Japan had begun to modernize.Japan had begun to modernize. Japan began to develop a political, Japan began to develop a political,

strategic and economic interest in Korea.strategic and economic interest in Korea. Korea had been a basically independent Korea had been a basically independent

vassal state to China, paying money to vassal state to China, paying money to stay independent.stay independent.

The Japanese also had begun to move in The Japanese also had begun to move in on other tributary island kingdoms which on other tributary island kingdoms which had always paid tribute to China, including had always paid tribute to China, including Taiwan.Taiwan.

Sino Japanese WarSino Japanese War

By the late 1800s, Taiwan was By the late 1800s, Taiwan was considered half civilized and half considered half civilized and half barbarian, with aboriginal peoples.barbarian, with aboriginal peoples.

Several Japanese shipwrecks were Several Japanese shipwrecks were hacked up by these barbarians.hacked up by these barbarians.

Through treaty trickery (Chinese Through treaty trickery (Chinese really didn’t understand international really didn’t understand international law) and military force, the Japanese law) and military force, the Japanese took over the former tributary took over the former tributary islands, including Taiwan.islands, including Taiwan.

Sino Japanese WarSino Japanese War

China looked to U.S. Grant and America China looked to U.S. Grant and America for advice, we told them to settle.for advice, we told them to settle.

China again humiliated.China again humiliated. Japan emboldened moved on Korea, Japan emboldened moved on Korea,

forced an Open Door treaty.forced an Open Door treaty. Korea was politically divided between Korea was politically divided between

those who wanted modernization and those who wanted modernization and those who wanted the old ways.those who wanted the old ways.

Both Japan and China had allies in KoreaBoth Japan and China had allies in Korea

Sino Japanese WarSino Japanese War By mid 1890s both Japan and China had troops in By mid 1890s both Japan and China had troops in

Korea, supporting their sides, which led to war in Korea, supporting their sides, which led to war in 1894-95.1894-95.

Most thought China would dominate, simply based on Most thought China would dominate, simply based on their size.their size.

Japan with its modern military and navy crushed them.Japan with its modern military and navy crushed them. China had to: China had to: give up Taiwangive up Taiwan and other islands, and other islands,

grant Korea independencegrant Korea independence, , pay huge indemnitypay huge indemnity, , and grant open door interests to Japan.and grant open door interests to Japan.

More humiliation.More humiliation. Russia and France then forced more concessions.Russia and France then forced more concessions. China was basically being carved up in spheres of China was basically being carved up in spheres of

interest.interest.

China carved like a Cake.China carved like a Cake.

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

Chinese were getting fed up with the Chinese were getting fed up with the weakness of imperial dynasty.weakness of imperial dynasty.

Group of anti-government, anti foreigner Group of anti-government, anti foreigner societies grew up, called societies grew up, called Boxers.Boxers.

In 1900, they went on a rampage, In 1900, they went on a rampage, killing killing foreignersforeigners, including British and , including British and Japanese government officials and Japanese government officials and Chinese Christian converts. Chinese Christian converts. Boxer Boxer RebellionRebellion..

Europeans crush the BoxersEuropeans crush the Boxers

Captured BoxersCaptured Boxers

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

Boxers invaded the capital and took Boxers invaded the capital and took over. over. European powersEuropean powers sent in sent in military to military to squash the rebellionsquash the rebellion

Europeans charged Europeans charged more more indemnitiesindemnities and concessions, and concessions, including the right to station more including the right to station more troops in China.troops in China.

Missionaries to ChinaMissionaries to China

Much of European and American involvement Much of European and American involvement in China was religious.in China was religious.

Missionaries went to China to convert them to Missionaries went to China to convert them to Christianity.Christianity.

Of course, this intrusion was considered Of course, this intrusion was considered insulting to the majority of Chinese and their insulting to the majority of Chinese and their government.government.

These missionaries had a huge influence back These missionaries had a huge influence back home in America and the American attitude home in America and the American attitude toward China in the early 20toward China in the early 20thth century. century. Particularly the Luce family.Particularly the Luce family.• They owned Time-Life.They owned Time-Life.

YMCA: ChinaYMCA: China

The antebellum yearsThe antebellum years After all these incidences, China went through After all these incidences, China went through

year of turmoil as the dynastic system crumbled.year of turmoil as the dynastic system crumbled. Attempts at Constitutional government failed. Attempts at Constitutional government failed.

Warlords ruled most of China. Warlords ruled most of China. Sun Yat Zen briefly led a Western Style Sun Yat Zen briefly led a Western Style

government.government. Two major political powers arose during the Two major political powers arose during the

teens and 20s, until the Japanese occupation in teens and 20s, until the Japanese occupation in 1931.1931.• Nationalists KMT: Chaing Kai ChekNationalists KMT: Chaing Kai Chek• Communists: Mao ZedongCommunists: Mao Zedong

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

The Nationalists (Gumindang or The Nationalists (Gumindang or GMD, and CommunistsGMD, and Communists

The leader of the Nationalists (GMD) was Chiang The leader of the Nationalists (GMD) was Chiang Kai-shek and his very western wife Madam Kai-shek and his very western wife Madam Chiang.Chiang.

Leader of the Communists was Mao Zedong.Leader of the Communists was Mao Zedong. By the early 20s, Chiang had come to power, By the early 20s, Chiang had come to power,

using his superior military skills to suppress the using his superior military skills to suppress the warlords who were dominating much of China warlords who were dominating much of China after the fall of the Emperorafter the fall of the Emperor

Chiang had been supported by Stalin, but the Chiang had been supported by Stalin, but the Russians had begun to meddle in Chinese affairs Russians had begun to meddle in Chinese affairs to bring Mao into power.to bring Mao into power.

Chiang attempted to purge the communists, who Chiang attempted to purge the communists, who the Nationalists had briefly had a coalition with.the Nationalists had briefly had a coalition with.

Madam Chiang and Eleanor Madam Chiang and Eleanor RooseveltRoosevelt

Nationalist dominateNationalist dominate

By 1929, China was mainly unified By 1929, China was mainly unified under Chiang’s KMT and many under Chiang’s KMT and many communists had been killed and communists had been killed and jailed.jailed.

The government was dedicated to The government was dedicated to being a constitutional government, being a constitutional government, with equal treatment for the with equal treatment for the peasantry, the vast majority of the peasantry, the vast majority of the Chinese people.Chinese people.

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Chinese Civil War lasted through 20s Chinese Civil War lasted through 20s and 30s with the Communist backed and 30s with the Communist backed by the Soviet Union.by the Soviet Union.

The KMT, the Nationalists, seeming The KMT, the Nationalists, seeming more and more corrupt, and the more and more corrupt, and the party of the Oligarchs.party of the Oligarchs.

Long March: 1934-35Long March: 1934-35

Catapulted Mao to legend status, as the Catapulted Mao to legend status, as the Communist escaped entrapment in the Communist escaped entrapment in the South East and moved to the North, South East and moved to the North, establishing themselves as the People’s establishing themselves as the People’s Army with the poor.Army with the poor.• Communist went from 90k soldiers, to 10 k Communist went from 90k soldiers, to 10 k

who survived.who survived.• Carried with the weapons, amunition and other Carried with the weapons, amunition and other

supplies.supplies.• Broke out after being surrounded by 500k KMT Broke out after being surrounded by 500k KMT

forces.forces.

World War IIWorld War II

Japan began making inroads of occupation Japan began making inroads of occupation in coastal China.in coastal China.

Japan occupied most of Korea.Japan occupied most of Korea. After joining the Axis with Germany and After joining the Axis with Germany and

Italy, the French Vichy government gave Italy, the French Vichy government gave them French Indochina: Vietnam.them French Indochina: Vietnam.

U.S. cut off oil imports.U.S. cut off oil imports. Japan needed to move on Dutch Japan needed to move on Dutch

Indochina’s oil fields, so attacked U.S. fleet Indochina’s oil fields, so attacked U.S. fleet in Hawaii.in Hawaii.

World War IIWorld War II

Japan led a brutal assault on China in Japan led a brutal assault on China in 1937,committing many war atrocities, 1937,committing many war atrocities, including the fire bombing of mostly including the fire bombing of mostly wooden Nanking, referred to by the West wooden Nanking, referred to by the West as the “as the “Rape of NankingRape of Nanking.”.”

KMT were the “official army” of China KMT were the “official army” of China fighting the Japanese.fighting the Japanese.

The communists fought them in the North. The communists fought them in the North. Solidified their base among the peasantry. Solidified their base among the peasantry.

After the WarAfter the War

Communist Army dominated the Communist Army dominated the Nationalist, who escaped to the Nationalist, who escaped to the Island of Taiwan, where they Island of Taiwan, where they continue to dominate.continue to dominate.

China believes that Taiwan is there China believes that Taiwan is there and many disputes have occurred and many disputes have occurred there.there.

The United States is obligated to The United States is obligated to protect.protect.

U.S. Korean WarU.S. Korean War

North Korean’s backed by the Soviets North Korean’s backed by the Soviets move to establish communist state.move to establish communist state.

U.S. backs South Korea, who U.S. backs South Korea, who basically has military dictatorship.basically has military dictatorship.

Korea is in economic disarray, to say Korea is in economic disarray, to say the least, after fifty years of Japanese the least, after fifty years of Japanese occupation.occupation.

U.S. Korean WarU.S. Korean War U.S. looks like it’s going to win.U.S. looks like it’s going to win. China sends in the troops driving the U.S. China sends in the troops driving the U.S.

out of the North.out of the North. MacArthur, hero of Asian campaign in MacArthur, hero of Asian campaign in

WWII, wants to Nuke China.WWII, wants to Nuke China. Truman fires him.Truman fires him. Cease fire is called, creating North and Cease fire is called, creating North and

South Korea.South Korea.• Still the rallying cry for North Korea, heros of Still the rallying cry for North Korea, heros of

the fight against the brutal Japanese the fight against the brutal Japanese occupation.occupation.

Great Leap Forward: mid 1960sGreat Leap Forward: mid 1960s

Mao’s attempt to communalize Mao’s attempt to communalize agriculture and industry, led to agriculture and industry, led to widespread famine and death.widespread famine and death.

Led to power struggles within the Led to power struggles within the Party.Party.

As many as As many as 20 Million people 20 Million people starved to deathstarved to death as agricultural as agricultural production declined.production declined.

Containment of ChinaContainment of China The U.S. strategy of containment with The U.S. strategy of containment with

China has basically been to develop a ring China has basically been to develop a ring in the Pacific able to attack China with a in the Pacific able to attack China with a moments notice.moments notice.• JapanJapan• TaiwanTaiwan• The Philippines The Philippines • GuamGuam• HawaiiHawaii• AustraliaAustralia• Lesser Island basesLesser Island bases

China and Soviet UnionChina and Soviet Union

Had frosty relationships over Had frosty relationships over domination of Asia.domination of Asia.

Fought Border Wars.Fought Border Wars. Soviets backed Vietnam, who had Soviets backed Vietnam, who had

border disputes with China.border disputes with China. Soviets backed India, who also had Soviets backed India, who also had

border disputes with China.border disputes with China.

Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution

As Mao got sicker, there was a power As Mao got sicker, there was a power struggle with his wife and the gang struggle with his wife and the gang of four and others.of four and others.

Led to the killing and “reeducation” Led to the killing and “reeducation” of “liberal” educated elite, to be of “liberal” educated elite, to be supplanted by the proletariat caused supplanted by the proletariat caused economic mess.economic mess.

Chou En Lai and Deng Xiaping win Chou En Lai and Deng Xiaping win out from Gang of Four.out from Gang of Four.

Book Burning during the Cultural Book Burning during the Cultural RevolutionRevolution

Nixon (Kissinger) reestablishes Nixon (Kissinger) reestablishes relationship with China.relationship with China.

KMT removed as representative to KMT removed as representative to U.N.U.N.

We sent ping pong team, Nixon visits We sent ping pong team, Nixon visits in 70s. in 70s. Forest GumpForest Gump..

Part of U.S. containment policy to Part of U.S. containment policy to isolate Soviets from their biggest isolate Soviets from their biggest nuclear buddy.nuclear buddy.

Deng XiapingDeng Xiaping

Open up China to West.Open up China to West. Got U.S. to recognize “red” China as Got U.S. to recognize “red” China as

China.China. Got Britain to give up Hong Kong.Got Britain to give up Hong Kong. Began the modernization and the opening Began the modernization and the opening

of Free market capitalism in China.of Free market capitalism in China.• Things didn’t have to be WWMD…Things didn’t have to be WWMD…• Used modern banking and deposits to fund free Used modern banking and deposits to fund free

market businesses with a government market businesses with a government centralized plan.centralized plan.

After Mao’s Death in 1976After Mao’s Death in 1976

Carter abrogates Treaty with Taiwan, Carter abrogates Treaty with Taiwan, officially recognizing “red” China.officially recognizing “red” China.

U.S. maintains the right to arm U.S. maintains the right to arm Taiwan and protect it from invasion.Taiwan and protect it from invasion.

Whenever China has made moved Whenever China has made moved toward Taiwan, we’ve sent in the toward Taiwan, we’ve sent in the fleet. We continue to sell weapons to fleet. We continue to sell weapons to Taiwan for their “protection.”Taiwan for their “protection.”

Deng XiapingDeng Xiaping

In the hinterlands small businesses In the hinterlands small businesses were allowed.were allowed.

Emphasized market efficiencies.Emphasized market efficiencies. Beginning of Modern China.Beginning of Modern China.

Tiananmen Square MassacreTiananmen Square Massacre

Site of the Forbidden City.Site of the Forbidden City. People began to breathe economic People began to breathe economic

freedom and, mistakenly believe that freedom and, mistakenly believe that political freedom might follow.political freedom might follow.

Protest in 1989.Protest in 1989. Hundreds massacred.Hundreds massacred. Most Chinese students today haven’t Most Chinese students today haven’t

even hear of it: Censorship.even hear of it: Censorship.

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Economic Growth under DengEconomic Growth under Deng

Hu JintaoHu Jintao

Current leader of the communist party and Current leader of the communist party and government. Since 2002.government. Since 2002.

Rule has been characterized by the Rule has been characterized by the speedy emergence of free markets.speedy emergence of free markets.

Different areas have different levels of Different areas have different levels of freedoms. freedoms.

Still an autocratic system, with dissent Still an autocratic system, with dissent squished immediately and lots of political squished immediately and lots of political prisoners and censorship: prisoners and censorship: Harmonious Harmonious society being his goal.society being his goal.

Chinese EconomyChinese Economy

Is export drivenIs export driven Fastest growing in the worldFastest growing in the world Soon to pass Japan as the Second Soon to pass Japan as the Second

largest.largest.

Chinese economyChinese economy Big environmental problems: air, water, ewaste.Big environmental problems: air, water, ewaste. Unsustainable Growth. Unsustainable Growth.

• If they are going to continue to grow, we must grow our If they are going to continue to grow, we must grow our spending, which isn’t likelyspending, which isn’t likely

Need sources of energy (Natural gas, oil) (Iran)Need sources of energy (Natural gas, oil) (Iran) Skilled worker shortages.Skilled worker shortages. Ethnic problems (Uighers, Tibetans)Ethnic problems (Uighers, Tibetans) Workers moving to Urban areas demanding more, Workers moving to Urban areas demanding more,

similar to U.S. in early 20similar to U.S. in early 20thth.. Aging population will create worker and food Aging population will create worker and food

shortages.shortages. Raw materials shortages: Potable Water, clean Raw materials shortages: Potable Water, clean

air, arable land, etc.air, arable land, etc.

Chinese Economy, Much smaller Chinese Economy, Much smaller than ours with 4x more peoplethan ours with 4x more people

Demographics are DestinyDemographics are Destiny

China presently is birthing 125 males China presently is birthing 125 males for every female. By 2020 they’ll for every female. By 2020 they’ll have more single men than the U.S. have more single men than the U.S. will have men.will have men.

Source of unrest in the future.Source of unrest in the future.