China—Moving into China—Moving into the Modern Agethe Modern Age

Chris AndersonChris Anderson

Randolph-Henry H. S.Randolph-Henry H. S.

1100 BC—AD 200, China will be ruled 1100 BC—AD 200, China will be ruled by 3 very powerful dynastiesby 3 very powerful dynasties– 1.) Zhou—ruled China for 800 years—1.) Zhou—ruled China for 800 years—

the longest dynasty in Chinese historythe longest dynasty in Chinese history– 2.) Qin2.) Qin– 3.) Han3.) Han

Three Great DynastiesThree Great Dynasties

1.) 1.) Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty 1028 BC—the Zhou Dynasty took power 1028 BC—the Zhou Dynasty took power

away from the Shang Dynastyaway from the Shang Dynasty Zhou leaders claimed to rule because of Zhou leaders claimed to rule because of

the the Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven– Kings received their right to rule from the godsKings received their right to rule from the gods

Zhou kings were called the Zhou kings were called the Son of Son of HeavenHeaven

Created a very large empireCreated a very large empire To control the large kingdom, the Zhou To control the large kingdom, the Zhou

created an agricultural system to keep the created an agricultural system to keep the people under controlpeople under control– Nobles would own the landNobles would own the land– Serfs would work the landSerfs would work the land– The nobles would control the serfsThe nobles would control the serfs

Map of the Zhou Dynasty

Zhou kings gave their family members Zhou kings gave their family members positions in the governmentpositions in the government– Each family member was given a city-state to Each family member was given a city-state to

governgovern Some of these family members were not Some of these family members were not

good rulersgood rulers Local lords lived in the city-statesLocal lords lived in the city-states

– These local lords could have their own land and These local lords could have their own land and armiesarmies

– At first, the local lords pledged loyalty to the Zhou At first, the local lords pledged loyalty to the Zhou kingskings

– Later the lords will use their armies to challenge Later the lords will use their armies to challenge the kings and try and take the kings’ powersthe kings and try and take the kings’ powers

771 BC771 BC: one Zhou king was killed by : one Zhou king was killed by his own stupidity—emperor his own stupidity—emperor YuYu– Yu was the 13Yu was the 13thth emperor of the Zhou emperor of the Zhou

DynastyDynasty– If the emperor was in trouble, he was to If the emperor was in trouble, he was to

light a signal fire as an alarm to his light a signal fire as an alarm to his troops to come and help himtroops to come and help him

– Yu would light the fires when he was Yu would light the fires when he was NOT in trouble, making his army come NOT in trouble, making his army come as a practical joke—Yu would be as a practical joke—Yu would be laughing at his soldiers when they laughing at his soldiers when they showed upshowed up

One day, Yu was really being One day, Yu was really being attackedattacked

He lit the fires, but his army thought He lit the fires, but his army thought he was playing a joke againhe was playing a joke again

The army refused to come The army refused to come Yu had no help and will be killed by Yu had no help and will be killed by

the invadersthe invaders ““The Boy Who Cried Wolf” storyThe Boy Who Cried Wolf” story

After the death of Yu, the Zhou After the death of Yu, the Zhou dynasty had no real powerdynasty had no real power

The nobles and lords had more The nobles and lords had more power than the kingspower than the kings

The nobles began to fight with The nobles began to fight with themselves for power—civil warthemselves for power—civil war

By 200s BC, many city-states were at By 200s BC, many city-states were at war with each otherwar with each other

This civil war allowed for one city-This civil war allowed for one city-state to rise and take power over state to rise and take power over China—China—QinQin

Zhou introduced new ideas to China Zhou introduced new ideas to China and the worldand the world– Horses were brought into China and Horses were brought into China and

used for travel and workused for travel and work– Added the crossbow to the militaryAdded the crossbow to the military– Started using iron plowsStarted using iron plows

2.) 2.) Qin DynastyQin Dynasty 221 BC—the city-state of Qin rose up 221 BC—the city-state of Qin rose up

and took power away from the Zhou and took power away from the Zhou leadersleaders

The Qin Dynasty united China for the The Qin Dynasty united China for the 11stst time time

The Qin created a very strong central The Qin created a very strong central governmentgovernment

China is named after the Qin DynastyChina is named after the Qin Dynasty

Map of the Qin Dynasty

The 1The 1stst Qin emperor— Qin emperor—Qin Qin ShihuangdiShihuangdi

Shihuangdi wanted a China totally Shihuangdi wanted a China totally under his controlunder his control

He divided China into 36 military He divided China into 36 military districts—he was trying to keep districts—he was trying to keep power away from the local lordspower away from the local lords

Each district had their own governorEach district had their own governor

Qin Shihuangdi

Shihuangdi tried to standardize ChinaShihuangdi tried to standardize China– Created a standard set of weights and Created a standard set of weights and

measuresmeasures– Standardized coinsStandardized coins– Created a uniform writing systemCreated a uniform writing system– Established a law code for ChinaEstablished a law code for China– Constructed canals and roads in ChinaConstructed canals and roads in China

Shihuangdi’s greatest achievement Shihuangdi’s greatest achievement was the was the Great Wall of ChinaGreat Wall of China– The wall was built to protect China from a The wall was built to protect China from a

northern invasionnorthern invasion– Many of China’s early leaders built small Many of China’s early leaders built small

walls for protectionwalls for protection– Shihuangdi connected the different walls Shihuangdi connected the different walls

to created the Great Wallto created the Great Wall– It took over 300,000 people to finish the It took over 300,000 people to finish the

wallwall– Many people died in its constructionMany people died in its construction– The Wall is 1400 miles long and 50 feet The Wall is 1400 miles long and 50 feet

wide in spotswide in spots

To have absolute power in China, To have absolute power in China, Shihuangdi had to take power away Shihuangdi had to take power away from the lordsfrom the lords– He took away the lords’ landHe took away the lords’ land– Lords who still owned land were heavily Lords who still owned land were heavily

taxedtaxed– Shihuangdi began burning books to cut Shihuangdi began burning books to cut

the people off from their past--except on the people off from their past--except on medicine, agriculture, and magicmedicine, agriculture, and magic

The Chinese people did not like The Chinese people did not like ShihuangdiShihuangdi

The nobles were angry at the loss of The nobles were angry at the loss of their powertheir power

The peasants were angry at being The peasants were angry at being forced into hard labor—working on forced into hard labor—working on the Great Wallthe Great Wall

210 BC—Shihuangdi died and his 210 BC—Shihuangdi died and his empire soon fell apartempire soon fell apart

Terracotta soldiers in Shihuangdi’s tomb

Shihuangdi’s Mausoleum Mound

3.) 3.) Han DynastyHan Dynasty 207 BC—207 BC—LiuLiu BangBang drove the Qin Dynasty drove the Qin Dynasty

out of powerout of power– He was from a poor peasant family—not He was from a poor peasant family—not

royaltyroyalty 202 BC—Bang had eliminated all of his 202 BC—Bang had eliminated all of his

enemies and made himself emperor—enemies and made himself emperor—created the created the Han DynastyHan Dynasty which ruled which ruled China from 202 BC—AD 220China from 202 BC—AD 220– Han rulers were tolerant—unlike Qin Han rulers were tolerant—unlike Qin

ShihuangdiShihuangdi– Han leaders made China prosperous and Han leaders made China prosperous and

powerfulpowerful

Liu Bang

The height of the Han Empire came The height of the Han Empire came under the 6under the 6thth emperor of the dynasty emperor of the dynasty——Wudi Wudi (141-87 BC)(141-87 BC)

He expanded China by taking over He expanded China by taking over non-Chinese landsnon-Chinese lands– ManchuriaManchuria– KoreaKorea– Parts of IndiaParts of India

Wudi

139 BC—Wudi sent out an expedition 139 BC—Wudi sent out an expedition to find new areas to conquerto find new areas to conquer– The leader of the expedition was The leader of the expedition was Zhang Zhang

QianQian– Qian returned 13 years later with a Qian returned 13 years later with a

wonderful talewonderful tale He and his troops were nearly destroyed by He and his troops were nearly destroyed by

a group of barbariansa group of barbarians Qian had served in the barbarians'’ prisons Qian had served in the barbarians'’ prisons

for 10 yearsfor 10 years

Qian’s “barbarians” were the Qian’s “barbarians” were the RomansRomans

For the 1For the 1stst time, China realized they time, China realized they were not the only advanced were not the only advanced civilization in the worldcivilization in the world

China and Rome began trading, China and Rome began trading, creating the creating the SilkSilk RoadRoad—trade route —trade route between the east and westbetween the east and west

Map of the Silk Road

Han China was very stable and Han China was very stable and prosperous for 400 yearsprosperous for 400 years

This 400 year period is called the This 400 year period is called the PaxPax SinicaSinica—Chinese Peace—Chinese Peace

During the During the Pax SinicaPax Sinica, Wudi , Wudi developed a new way to get qualified developed a new way to get qualified government workers—he created the government workers—he created the civil service systemcivil service system

Wudi wanted the best people working in Wudi wanted the best people working in his governmenthis government

In the civil service system, applicants for In the civil service system, applicants for government jobs take a testgovernment jobs take a test

Those who score higher on the tests get Those who score higher on the tests get the better jobsthe better jobs

With the civil service system, Wudi was With the civil service system, Wudi was insuring he had the best people working in insuring he had the best people working in governmentgovernment

The civil service system also made The civil service system also made education important in Chinaeducation important in China– If you wanted the best job, you needed a good If you wanted the best job, you needed a good

education to ensure a good score on the testeducation to ensure a good score on the test

A new class of Chinese arose—A new class of Chinese arose—mandarinsmandarins

The mandarins were the educated The mandarins were the educated Chinese civil servants who ran the Chinese civil servants who ran the government of Chinagovernment of China

The mandarins controlled China’s The mandarins controlled China’s government until the early AD 1900’sgovernment until the early AD 1900’s

When Wudi died in 87 BC, the Han When Wudi died in 87 BC, the Han Dynasty slowly began to fallDynasty slowly began to fall

The land owning lords began gaining The land owning lords began gaining powerpower

AD 220—the Han dynasty came to an AD 220—the Han dynasty came to an endend

The landowners began a civil war The landowners began a civil war that tore China apartthat tore China apart

Three ways of LifeThree ways of Life

China is also the home of 2 China is also the home of 2 philosophies that have helped shape philosophies that have helped shape the culture of many Asian nationsthe culture of many Asian nations– ConfucianismConfucianism– Taoism (Daoism)Taoism (Daoism)

ConfucianismConfucianism KongziKongzi laid the foundations for laid the foundations for

ConfucianismConfucianism People in western China called People in western China called

Kongzi by his more famous name—Kongzi by his more famous name—ConfuciusConfucius

551 BC—Confucius was born into a 551 BC—Confucius was born into a poor familypoor family

@ age 16, he left home, wandering @ age 16, he left home, wandering China looking to be a political advisorChina looking to be a political advisor

He wanted to end the political, He wanted to end the political, personal, and social disorder that he personal, and social disorder that he had seen in his wanderingshad seen in his wanderings

He failed to find a job, so @ age 22 He failed to find a job, so @ age 22 he began teachinghe began teaching

Confucius’ main concerns were Confucius’ main concerns were orderorder and the and the promotion of orderpromotion of order

He said everyone had a proper role He said everyone had a proper role in society and all political and social in society and all political and social disorder would end if everyone would disorder would end if everyone would accept their role in lifeaccept their role in life

He said people should live their lives He said people should live their lives according to ethicsaccording to ethics

Confucius wanted people to respect Confucius wanted people to respect their family, the past, and traditionstheir family, the past, and traditions

He said there were 5 relationships He said there were 5 relationships that everyone must know and followthat everyone must know and follow– Ruler and subjectRuler and subject– Parent and childParent and child– Husband and wifeHusband and wife– Old and youngOld and young– Friend and friendFriend and friend

The Zhou Dynasty did NOT like The Zhou Dynasty did NOT like Confucius’ teachingsConfucius’ teachings

479 BC—Confucius dies, but his ideas 479 BC—Confucius dies, but his ideas continuedcontinued

The Qin Dynasty did NOT like The Qin Dynasty did NOT like Confucius’ ideasConfucius’ ideas

The Han Dynasty DID like Confucius’ The Han Dynasty DID like Confucius’ ideasideas– The Han used Confucianism as the basis The Han used Confucianism as the basis

for their civil service systemfor their civil service system– Confucian ideas will be the basis for Confucian ideas will be the basis for

Chinese society until the AD 1900sChinese society until the AD 1900s

Taoism (Daoism)Taoism (Daoism) Developed by LaoziDeveloped by Laozi Taoism seems to be the direct Taoism seems to be the direct

opposite of Confucianismopposite of Confucianism Laozi did not accept formal social Laozi did not accept formal social

structures and people’s roles in structures and people’s roles in societysociety

Laozi did not like living in publicLaozi did not like living in public He wrote his ideas in the He wrote his ideas in the Dao De JingDao De Jing

Laozi said Taoists (Daoists) shouldLaozi said Taoists (Daoists) should– Reject wealthReject wealth– Reject powerReject power– Reject ambitionReject ambition– Reject social structuresReject social structures– Reject formal codes of behaviorReject formal codes of behavior– Get in touch with natureGet in touch with nature

Taoism also believes in the Taoism also believes in the Yin and Yin and YangYang—2 opposite forces of nature —2 opposite forces of nature that must be in harmonythat must be in harmony– YinYin

Cool, dark, female, passiveCool, dark, female, passive

– YangYang Warm, light, male, aggressiveWarm, light, male, aggressive

Although Confucianism and Taoism Although Confucianism and Taoism seem opposite, a person could be seem opposite, a person could be bothboth– Use Confucianism for government and Use Confucianism for government and

one’s place in the social orderone’s place in the social order– Use Taoism to achieve harmony with Use Taoism to achieve harmony with

naturenature

Chinese Society and Chinese Society and CultureCulture

Family LifeFamily Life The Han family lived and worked togetherThe Han family lived and worked together

– 1.) father was dominant—head of the household1.) father was dominant—head of the household– 2.) eldest son2.) eldest son– 3.) younger sons3.) younger sons– 4.) females (mother before daughters)4.) females (mother before daughters)– 5.) youngest daughter or childless daughter-in-5.) youngest daughter or childless daughter-in-

lawlaw there were very strict rules between there were very strict rules between

husbands and wives, parents and husbands and wives, parents and grandparents, uncle and aunts, etc.grandparents, uncle and aunts, etc.

a nuclear family existed in Han Chinaa nuclear family existed in Han China– father, mother, and childrenfather, mother, and children

WomenWomen subordinate to mensubordinate to men girls began life as servants to father girls began life as servants to father

and brothersand brothers baby girls were valued less than boysbaby girls were valued less than boys women in the dynasty could inherit women in the dynasty could inherit

property and remarry if the husband property and remarry if the husband dieddied

SocietySociety 1.) landowners1.) landowners 2.) peasants (90% of the people)2.) peasants (90% of the people)

– farmers gave produce to landowners as farmers gave produce to landowners as rentrent

3.) merchants3.) merchants– lowest class because they were out for a lowest class because they were out for a

profit—not a Confucian idealprofit—not a Confucian ideal

– Confucian values governed all aspects of Confucian values governed all aspects of Han ChinaHan China

LiteratureLiterature 1.) Book of Songs1.) Book of Songs (1000-600 BC) (1000-600 BC)

– 305 Chinese poems305 Chinese poems

2.) Book of Documents2.) Book of Documents– political speeches of the Zhou Dynastypolitical speeches of the Zhou Dynasty

3.) Book of Changes3.) Book of Changes– book on how to tell the futurebook on how to tell the future

4.) Spring and Autumn Annals4.) Spring and Autumn Annals– Confucian writing about Chinese HistoryConfucian writing about Chinese History

5.) Historical Record5.) Historical Record– written during the Han dynastywritten during the Han dynasty– done by Sima Qiandone by Sima Qian– 1st true History of China1st true History of China

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology Astronomers calculated the length of Astronomers calculated the length of

the solar year at 365 ¼ daysthe solar year at 365 ¼ days 240 BC: discovered Haley’s Comet240 BC: discovered Haley’s Comet acupuncture to restore yin and yangacupuncture to restore yin and yang developed veterinary medicine to developed veterinary medicine to

save farm animalssave farm animals

3 most important Chinese inventions3 most important Chinese inventions SilkSilk PaperPaper PorcelainPorcelain

the Chinese were also the 1st to the Chinese were also the 1st to create:create:– printed booksprinted books– suspension bridgessuspension bridges– compasscompass– wheel barrowwheel barrow– gunpowdergunpowder