choosing low power wide area networks (lpwans) for the internet … · 2019-11-03 · t 7 s u &...

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Choosing Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) for the Internet of

Things (IoT)

Dr Boyd Murray 2017

Murray Wireless E : [email protected]

W: www.murraywireless.com.au

M: +61 419 613 791

Linked-In: http://www.linkedin.com/pub/dr-boyd-murray/1/898/930

Australia Smart Cities and Infrastructure Forum,

Melbourne, 15-Nov-2017

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.murraywireless.com.au/

http://www.linkedin.com/pub/dr-boyd-murray/1/898/930





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Outline • Introduction

• What are IoT & LPWAN?

• LPWAN Comparison

• How to Choose an LPWAN

• Resources

• Q&A

Introduction What are IoT & LPWAN?

LPWAN Comparison

How to Choose an LPWAN

Resources Q&A

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Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big thing in the wireless revolution. It is a natural evolution of the Internet and, as the name suggests, goes beyond the connection of people to the Internet by connecting ‘things’ such as computers, machines, & sensors. The use of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) as the communications medium makes for a ‘killer app’ which will explode onto the world in millions of applications and implementations over the next decade.

Abstract Who is Dr Boyd Murray?


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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Who Is Dr Boyd Murray? • Lifelong fascination with wireless (1’st transmitter at 8)

• Education: BEng (Elec), MEng (Telecoms), PhD (Telecoms)

• Employee: AWA, Plessey, Optus, CSIRO, Macquarie Uni

• CSIRO’s wireless technology analyst & Wi-Fi rep (12 years)

• Startup Founder: • Telys (VoIP)

• Murray Wireless (consulting/design/deployment)

• Patents (Details on LinkedIn) • 6Gbit/s Shorthaul (2-5km) Backhaul Point-to-Point mmWave

Radio System Operating at e-Band (70-80GHz)

• Multi-Gbit/s Longhaul (10-40km) Backhaul Point-to-Point mmWave Radio System Aggregating Vacant Channel in the 6, 8, & 12GHz Microwave Bands

• Publications: (Details on LinkedIn)

AWA Plessey

Telys

Abstract Who is Dr Boyd Murray?


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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What Are IoT & LPWAN?

10m 100m

50km

>50km

IoT Overview Wireless Network Categories Killer App: LPWAN


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

• IoT Overview

• Wireless Network Categories

• Killer App: LPWAN

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• IoT = Internet of Things

• Coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton for RFID

• Sometimes referred to as IoE (Internet of Everything)

• Classical Internet connects people to information servers

• IoT is a network of ’things’ (objects)

• Physical devices, vehicles, buildings, etc

• ‘Things’ are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and ...

• Network connectivity (fixed and wireless)

IoT Overview

10m 100m

50km

>50km

KILLER APP KILLER APP



LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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Wireless Networking Categories NOTE: IoT participates in ALL of these categories

• PAN = Personal Area Network

• BAN = Body Area Network

• LAN = Local Area Network

• WLAN = Wireless Local Area Network

• MAN = Metropolitan Area Network

• WAN = Wide Area Network

• LPWAN = Low Power Wide Area Network



LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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Wireless Networking Categories

2G GSM 3G UMTS/HSPA 4G LTE 4.5G LTE-A

5G

10m

100m

<50km

>50km

NOTE: IoT participates in ALL of these categories

LoRaWAN

SigFOX

Neul

Ingenu

(LPWAN)

(WLAN)

4.5G LTE-M 4.5G NB-LTE-M 4.5G NB-IoT

(BAN)



LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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Killer App: LPWAN • LPWAN = Low Power Wide Area Network • Features

• Low power (enabled by low datarates & frequency bandwidths) • Long battery life (because of low power) • Low data rates (opposite of cellular) • Largish Range (3-30km) (enabled by low datarates) • Low frequency bandwidths (enabled by low datarates) • Small size of user equipment (enabled by low power, small batteries) • Low cost • Easy remote deployment (enabled by wireless networking & low-power/long

battery life) • Remote processing enabler (complex processing referred to ‘The Cloud’,

enabled by wireless networking, allows small low-powered devices)

• Not ... • Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee <- Short range • 2G, 3G, 4G <- High-power

• Use scenario • Remote metering/sensing/control



LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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10/22

LPWAN Players • Taggle: Australia, 2007, ??bps

• Sigfox: France, 2009 , 10-1000bps

• LoRaWAN: France, 2015, 300bps-50kbps

• Ingenu/On-Ramp: USA, 2009, 624kbps

• Neul Weightless: UK, 2013, 10bps-100kbps

• LTE Cat-M1: Europe, 2016, 2Mbps

• LTE Cat-M2 (NB-IoT): Europe, 2017, 200kbps



LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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Technology Taggle Sigfox LoraWAN Ingenu/On-Ramp Neul Weightless LTE Cat-M1 LTE Cat-M2 (NB-IoT)

Origin Australia France France USA UK Europe ETSI 3GPP

Europe ETSI 3GPP

Founded/Released 2007 2009 2015 2009 2013 2016 2017

Frequency ISM 915MHz? 2.4GHz?

915-928MHz (ISM) ISM bands: 433.05-434.79MHz 902-928MHz 915-928MHz (Australia)

2.4GHz (ISM) 900MHz (ISM) 458MHz (UK) 470-790MHz (White Space)

Reuse 2G,3G,4G frequencies

Reuse 2G,3G,4G frequencies

Max Urban Range (99% Reliability)

9.5km 7.2km 4.6km 4.1km 0.6km ?

Suburban/Rural Range

30-50km 15km 20km 5-50km ?

Max Link budget 156dB 151dB 163dB 147dB 147dB 164dB

Channel Bandwidth 100Hz 125kHz 1MHz 200Hz 1.4MHz 192kHz In-band, guard-band, stand-alone

Spectral efficiency (bps/Hz)

Low Very low Medium Low High Low

Duplex Uplink only Uplink mainly Downlink is only after uplink

Half-duplex Full-Duplex Other?

Half-duplex Half-duplex: Full-Duplex Full-Duplex

Nodes per Gateway Large (due to Spread Spectrum)

50000 40000 500000+ 50000 20000 ?

Scalability Low Very low High Low High

Simultaneous Demod Capacity

25 8 4000 25 64

Security 16 bit 32 bit AES 128 bit No 128-256 bit

Minimum Node cost $2 US$29 $5 $19 $5

Battery Lifetime 10 years 10 years 10 years 10 years 1-5 years Better than Cat-M1

Modulation DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

UL: DBPSK DL: GFSK

CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) RPMA (Random Phase Multi Access)

UL: SC-FDMA DL: OFDM

Packet Size UL: ~ 12 bytes (varies) DL: 8 bytes

UL: 11-242 Bytes DL: 11-242 Bytes

Packet Rate UL: ~24/day/node UL: 140/day/node DL: 4/day/node

Unlimited UL: 100kB/day/node

Transmitter Power 19dBm

Data Rates 10-1000bps 300bps -50kbps (adaptive)

624kbps (Uplink) 156kbps (Downlink)

Few bps up to 100kbps

2Mbps 200kbps

LPWAN Comparison


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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LPWAN Comparison (Cont’d) Technology Taggle Sigfox LoraWAN Ingenu/On-Ramp Neul Weightless LTE Cat-M1 LTE Cat-M2 (NB-IoT)

# Deployments 100+ 100+ 30 10 Starting 2017 Starting 2017

First commercial project

2010 2014 2010 2013 Starting 2017 Starting 2017

Rollouts Australia: 21 Water Utilities > 100,000 devices

Europe, USA, Australia, NZ Europe: France, Holland (KPN), Switzerland, Belgium Africa: South Africa Asia: SK Telecom (South Korea) Australia: 2016/2017: NNNCo – Ergon trial in Townsville, QLD 2016: Meshed – small number of gateways - Castlecrag, Wollongong, UTS, Barangaroo, JCU, others??

38 Networks deployed worldwide

Starting 2017 Starting 2017 James Cook Uni Melbourne trials

Application Smart meters Various sensors Various sensors Various sensors Various sensors Various sensors Various sensors

Verticals Water industry

Operators Taggle (Aus) National Franchisees Thinxtra (Aus)

Private (mainly) A few national Telcos Meshed (Aus) NNNCo (Aus)

IoTOz (Aus) Telcos Telcos

Other Info On-Ramp rebranded to Ingenu on 11-Sep-2015. Rumours about Oz deployment.

Acquired by Huawei in Sep-2014

Rapid deployment: Software upgrade to existing basestations

Rapid deployment: Software upgrade to existing basestations

• Also: Suez 169MHz LPWAN technology • Significant rollouts in Europe • Mainly water utilities • Proprietary – so details sketchy

For more detail on these LPWAN technologies, see previous slide presentations at: http://www.murraywireless.com.au/events.html


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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13/22

How to Choose an LPWAN • Technical Considerations

• Ecosystem

• Costs

• Business Considerations

• Tips from Taggle (Taggle)

• Tips from Thinxtra (Sigfox)

• Tips from Meshed (LoRaWAN)

Technical Ecosystem Costs Business Taggle Thinxtra Meshed


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

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Technical Considerations • Usage case: LPWAN providers all agree

that certain usage cases fit certain LPWAN technologies

• Power, battery, spectrum, datarate, range/coverage requirements

• Duplexing • SigFox is mainly uplink • But ... do you really need the downlink?

• Security • Eaves-dropping • Spoofing • Hacking

• Software upgradeability • Basestations • Nodes (need downlink) • Is this really necessary?

• Capacity • Nodes/gateway • Transmissions/day/gateway • Collisions, dropped packets, retransmits



LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

• Multiple chipset sources

• LoRaWAN: Single source Semtech

• Licensed/Unlicensed spectrum?

• Reliability

• Interference from other unlicensed/class-licensed spectrum users

• Global Roaming

• Needed for international asset tracking (couriers, containers, etc)

• Must be able to automatically support frequencies in different countries

• 4G vs 5G

• 4G

• Larger cell-sizes

• Larger protocol overhead

• More Tx power -> shorter battery life

• 5G

• Opposite of above

• Note: NB-IoT is 4G

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15/22

Ecosystem

• Most IoT systems users want an integrated ‘vertical’ solution • This very important !!!

• Basestations

• Nodes/Sensors

• Platform

• Support

• Local or overseas?

• This can be a deal-breaker!


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A


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16/22

Costs • Capex

• Equipment

• Installation

• Commissioning

• LoRaWAN, Sigfox: Require new network rollout

• NB-IoT: Only software upgrade to existing network

• Opex • Maintenance

• Overheads

• Operations staff or 3’rd party support

• SIMs (NB-IoT)

• Spectrum (NB-IoT)

• Question: DIY or pay someone else?


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A


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Business Considerations

• Is there a clear & profitable business case? • Readiness for Market

• SigFox, LoRaWAN, Neul standards have existed for several years • Sigfox: LPWAN being rolled out in ANZ right now • LoRaWAN: Rollouts only local (not national) in Australia

• Will there ever be a national LoRaWAN network?

• NB-IoT: Due ‘sometime’ 2017 • Will first-to-market dominate in each national market?

• Well-respected standard? • 3GPP is the world-dominant cellular standards body • Produced 2G, 3G, 4G standards • Equipment used world-wide • LTE-M1 & NB-IoT are just software upgrades to existing basestations • Very fast rollout for regional/national networks (due 2017-Q3)

• Longevity of Standard/Technology/Operator • Some utility contracts last for decades • Will the Standard/Technology/Operator be around/supported then?


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A


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18/22

Tips from Taggle

1. Set clear objectives

• What data is to be collected?

• How frequently?

• What volume?

• What will it be used for?

• How will it be analysed?

• How much is it worth to collect the data? (No point spending $10m to ultimately save $100k!)

• Is there a clear business case?

• Does the business case include the tangible as well as intangible benefits and costs?

2. Next, more questions

• Will the LPWAN be self-managed or will it be outsourced?

• If self-managed, do we have the in-house resources already or do we have to hire new expertise? Will the supplier be there to offer support?

• If outsourced, does the LPWAN supplier provide its services to agreed service levels?

• Does the LPWAN supplier also supply the endpoint communication devices or do we need to provide our own?

• If we have to provide our own endpoint devices, where does responsibility for broken communications fall? How will disputes be settled?

3. LPWAN Technology Choice • Is the technology offered commercially proven or is it still in

development phase? • If still in development, what are the risks? • Where else has it been used? • Is the technology appropriate for the data acquisition task? One-way or

two-way comms? High Data rates? Small or large data packets? Long or short range? All of these contribute to the cost of endpoints.

• Do endpoints have features built-in which could be achieved more cost-effectively in the cloud? For large deployments, it’s better to do processing in the cloud to keep the cost of the endpoint to a minimum.

• Need to keep the cost of endpoints to a minimum! Batteries are the most expensive component so everything should be done to reduce the power required.

• What’s the future of the chosen technology? • If using a managed service, is there any flexibility in the technology

available? • What about security? What are the pros and cons of the security

offered by a one-way and two-way systems?

4. Taggle • Australian company • Developed its own LPWA technology • Local support and flexibility for further development • Offers Australia’s most commercially successful LPWA network (>20

water utilities, universities etc) • Data acquisition as a managed service with agreed service levels • Proven data delivery business model • Provides communication endpoints guaranteed to work with Taggle

network • Thorough research & development, particularly in relation to battery

technology, results in devices tried, tested and proven to work under a wide range of Australian conditions

• Takes responsibility for all communications issues as part of its managed service

• Cost effective – why use expensive comms like 3G to collect small amounts of data from very large numbers of endpoints?

• Flexible approach to the future of LPWANs – Taggle is and will continue to add new comms technologies as they are proven and demanded by customers. Current roadmap includes adding LoRa and NB-IoT to Taggle’s Managed Network as a Service.

• Taggle focuses on collecting data allowing its customer to focus on extracting value from the data.


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A


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19/22

1. Usage Case

• LPWAN providers all agree that certain usage cases fit certain LPWAN technologies.

2. Comments on LoRaWAN

• LoRa is a community network & private network where you can select frequency, size of packets, back-end.

• Good when you want to send more than 12 bytes at a time and you want your own private network.

• Not good when connecting 10 of thousands of devices (not even talking millions here) in a specific area and not good if you require nationwide coverage.

• Not good if your are not techie as well (you need to set up your back end, build the network).

• Ideal case could be water quality monitoring in a specific area, smart grid monitoring, smart parking of busy parking spots, research.

• May not be many requirements outside of the above areas for LoRa as NB-IoT will take over the other applications.

2. Comments on Ingenu

• Arrived late

• Interesting technology on paper

• Expensive to implement

• Power hungry for devices

• Hasn’t grown outside a few cities in USA

• WeightlessP same as Ingenu, except starting from Europe

3. NB-IoT • Licensed band • Promoted by Telcos - reassuring for a lot of customers • But Telcos won’t supply SLA. • Ideal when you need to send larger amount of data:

traffic light configuration, alarm panel, near real time gps tracking (every minute). electricity grid (switch between grid & solar battery in near real time)

• Not available realistically before late 2018 • No real ecosystem of solutions before 2018 • Will be very expensive because licensed band &

telcos. • Higher power consumption. • Higher cost of module ( US$7 vs $2.80 for Sigfox) =

higher cost of device too.

4. Sigfox • For the things that don’t have much to say (up to 12bytes

and max 140 messages/day) \ • Low cost • For monitoring unexpensive assets: gps tracking shopping

trolleys, pallets, bottle of gas, cattle... monitoring pest traps, lights, exit signs, temperature of crates, door open/close

• Quite mature technology at this stage • Main advantages : lowest costs of devices & connectivity

and lowest power consumption. • 3 different modules for all international zones but same

footprint on printed-circuit boards • Sigfox technology is simpler to develop than Lora or NB-

IoT • Murata just released joint Sigfox/LoRa chip


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A


Tips from Thinxtra (SigFox)

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1. Network Ownership • Pay per use (carrier model e.g. NB-IoT, Sigfox)?

• Or own the network yourself (eg. LoRaWAN)

• Note: Some international telcos (e.g. KT) already operate LoRa & that may happen also in Australia

2. Data Passage • Consider where your data goes

• Must it pass through some-one else’s network (e.g. Sigfox, other carriers)?

• Or do you have full control (LoRaWAN)?

3. Two-way Data • Uplink only (Sigfox)

• Uplink & Downlink (LoRaWAN)

Tips from Meshed (LoRa)

4. How Much Data?

• Sigfox is max 140 messages per day at 12 bytes each

• LoRaWAN is more

• NB-IoT will be more again

5. Availability of Technology

• Now: LoRaWAN, Sigfox

• 12-18 months: NB-IoT

• Area not well serviced by carriers - use LoRaWAN

• Connectivity in a large number of locations – use now, NB-IoT later

6. Power, Battery Life

• LoRaWAN and Sigfox are very low power/long battery life

• NB-IoT is likely to be higher power/shorter battery life


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A


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Resources: Industry/Interest Groups/Blogs/News • Engineers Australia - Applied IOT Engineering Community:

http://iot.engineersaustralia.org.au/

• Everything IoT: http://www.everythingiot.com.au/

• Internet of Everything: http://www.meetup.com/Internet-of-Everything-Sydney/

• IoT Australia News: http://www.iotaustralia.org.au/

• IoT Hub: http://www.iothub.com.au/

• IoT Sydney: http://www.meetup.com/Internet-of-Things-Sydney/

• IoT Startup Hub (Vodafone, LX Group):

http://www.meetup.com/IoT-Start-up-hub-hosted-by-Vodafone-LX-Group/events/232574665/?fromJoin=232574665

• IoT Hub: http://www.iothub.com.au/

• Utility Magazine: http://www.utilitymagazine.com.au/

• Others


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A



http://www.everythingiot.com.au/

http://www.everythingiot.com.au/

http://www.meetup.com/Internet-of-Everything-Sydney/








http://www.iotaustralia.org.au/

http://www.iothub.com.au/


http://www.meetup.com/Internet-of-Things-Sydney/





























http://www.utilitymagazine.com.au/

http://www.utilitymagazine.com.au/

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Consulting Antenna Design Wireless network RF planning Wireless link design Wireless system deployments Wireless Communications Project management Systems Engineering Electronic Design

Modulations: OFDM/Wi-Fi/3G/4G/LTE/IoT Test/Verification FPGA Firmware & Hardware Microwave/RF Engineering Digital Signal Processing Simulations – Matlab, Simulink Standards Lecturing / Training

Dr Boyd Murray, BEng, MEng, PhD

Director, Principal Consultant Murray Wireless E : [email protected] W: www.murraywireless.com.au M: +61 419 613 791 LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/pub/dr-boyd-murray/1/898/930 A: 9 Bedford Road NORTH EPPING NSW 2121 AUSTRALIA


LPWAN Comparison


Resources Q&A

Questions?

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.murraywireless.com.au/






choosing low power wide area networks (lpwans) for the internet … · 2019-11-03 · t 7 s u &...

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