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Choosing the Right Treatment 2013 MnPIE Recertification Dale S. Sutherland CPS Timberland

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Choosing the Right Treatment. 2013 MnPIE Recertification Dale S. Sutherland CPS Timberland. Managing Sites, Not Just Treating Them. Vegetation Management Seldom a one shot treatment Converting vegetation types over time Usually fighting natural succession On going battle - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Choosing the Right Treatment

Choosing the Right Treatment

2013 MnPIE RecertificationDale S. Sutherland

CPS Timberland

Page 2: Choosing the Right Treatment

Managing Sites, Not Just Treating Them

Vegetation Management– Seldom a one shot treatment– Converting vegetation types over time– Usually fighting natural succession

On going battle– Use all the tools

Know What You Have– Inventory

Know What You Want – Desired Future Condition– Vision

Know How to Get There– IVM Plan– Know your toolbox

Page 3: Choosing the Right Treatment

Vegetation Management Plans

A solid Vegetation Management Plan/Strategy can Eliminate the Need for“Mulligans”

Page 4: Choosing the Right Treatment

Inventory

Inventory SiteNeed to know what you have

– Target SpeciesWhat do you want to control

– Non Target SpeciesWhat species do you want to protect

– Sensitive AreasWetlands/Streams/Lakes etcRare and/or Endangered SpeciesAdjacent Ownership

– Ag fields/gardens– Adjacent vegetation– other

– Soil Type– Other

ID what is important to your site and for your goals/vision

Page 5: Choosing the Right Treatment

Know the SpeciesTarget and Non Target

Plant CharacteristicsKnow how they tick…..You need this info to develop action plan

– Live CycleAnnualBiennialPerennial

– ReproductionSeedRoot/rhizome

– Habitat/Ecosystem needsUse of classification systems (ECS, Habitat Type, Biophysical, Soil type, etc)Helps you predict what is likely to show up following mgmt activities

– Moisture– Light– Etc

Page 6: Choosing the Right Treatment

Desired Future ConditionWhat do you want it to look like?– Native Grass/Prairie– Red Pine Stand– Grassy Powerline R/W

How do you get there?– Here is where the IVM toolbox comes in

MechanicalChemical ( We’ll focus here)BiologicalCultural

– Knowledge about the Plants– Knowledge about your tools

How do they work

Page 7: Choosing the Right Treatment

IVM Toolbox

MechanicalChemicalCulturalBiological

Most treatments will fit in these catagories

Page 8: Choosing the Right Treatment

Herbicide Classifications (Products can fall into multiple categories)

Selective– Controls only certain types of plants

Broadleaf herbicides such as Garlon, Tordon, Escort

Non Selective– Will damage or control most plants

Rodeo, Roundup, Arsenal Rate dependant

Systemic– Translocated throughout the plant

Garlon, Tordon, Arsenal, Escort, Rodeo

Contact– Controls only the portion of the plant that is treated

Krenite

Page 9: Choosing the Right Treatment

Herbicide Classifications(Products can fall into multiple categories)

Pre Emergent (Oust XP, Diuron, Krovar, Evade)– Controls plant growth at germination

Emergent (Most products used in VM and Forestry)– Controls plants after germination

Foliar Systemic (Garlon, Escort, Tordon, Arsenal, Streamline)– Applied to top growth and translocated throughout the

plantSoil active systemic (Tordon, Arsenal, Spike, Perspective)– Absorbed into root system and translocated

throughout the plant.– Pre emergent products are soil active

Page 10: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mode of Action Defined: The entire chain of events from first

contact of the herbicide to the final effect on the plant.

Absorption

Translocation

Site-of-Action

Mechanism-of-Action

Page 11: Choosing the Right Treatment

Why understand herbicide MOA?

• Better understanding of how herbicides perform

• The role surfactants play• Diagnosing herbicide injury• Professionalism• Public relations

Page 12: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mode of Action

For a herbicide to be an effective, it must:

1. Contact the plant surface

2. Remain on the plant surface long enough to be absorbed

3. Reach a cellular site and disrupt a life supporting process or structure

4. Degrade into non-toxic metabolites

Page 13: Choosing the Right Treatment

Absorption or

Mode of EntryMovement of herbicide through

the cuticle or epidermal root tissue into the plant

Page 14: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mode of Entry

Primary means by which herbicide is absorbed into a plant.

Three options:• Foliar active • Soil active• Foliar and soil active

Page 15: Choosing the Right Treatment

Foliar Absorption

Page 16: Choosing the Right Treatment

Foliar Absorption

Page 17: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mode of Entry

Soil active – absorbed by roots• Herbicides applied to soil surface move within top 1

to 4 inches• Herbicides must move in the soil solution, so require

soil water to be activated in soil• May require greater concentrations than foliar

applied herbicides because of the great volume of soil• Individual products affinity to adsorb to soil plays a role• Soil structure is important, texture, organic content, etc

Page 18: Choosing the Right Treatment

Translocation Movement of herbicides from

point of entry to the site of action in the plant

Page 19: Choosing the Right Treatment

• Phloem - living tissue that transports sugars from the site of synthesis or storage to the site of use.

• Xylem - nonliving tissue in a plant that transports water and mineral nutrients from the roots to the shoots.

Translocation

Phloem

Xylem

Page 20: Choosing the Right Treatment

Phloem mobile (Symplastic) herbicides move upward (acropetal) and downward (basipetal) in the plant

Xylem mobile (Apoplastic) herbicides move up in the plant

Contact herbicides

do not move in plant

Systemic herbicides move (translocated)

Page 21: Choosing the Right Treatment

Site-of-ActionLocation in plant where herbicide exerts toxicity at the cellular level

Page 22: Choosing the Right Treatment

Photosynthesis

Amino acid and protein synthesis

Cell division

Growth regulation

Fatty acid synthesis

Page 23: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mechanism of Action Specific biochemical or

biophysical process in plant that is inhibited by the herbicide

Page 24: Choosing the Right Treatment

Herbicides Classified by Their Mechanism of Action

• Photosynthesis• Amino acid and protein synthesis• Cell division• Cell membranes• Pigment synthesis• Growth regulation• Growth inhibition• Fatty acid synthesis

Page 25: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mechanisms of Action

1. Acute toxicity – rapid kill of plant tissue by causing cell rupture, not translocated, non-systemic, contact herbicides (e.g., such as paraquat, diquat, sulfuric acid, and petroleum oils)

2. Chronic toxicity – kills slowly through chronic toxicity, systemic

3. Hormone or growth regulation - disruption of transport systems and interference with nucleic acid metabolism, systemic, affects broadleaves and not grasses (e.g., 2,4-D, triclopyr, picloram, dicamba)

4. Disrupt cell division – inhibits mitosis (e.g., asulam, trifluralin)

Page 26: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mechanisms of Action

5. Inhibit pigment synthesis – disrupts formation of carotinoids and chlorophyll (e.g., oxyflorfen)

6. Inhibit photosynthesis and ATP formation – disrupts electron transport system (e.g., triazines)

7. Inhibit formation of lipid or wax – alters fatty acids and disrupts chloroplasts and mitochondria (e.g., fluazifop, sethoxydim)

8. Inhibit synthesis of amino acids – disrupts acetolactate synthase and production of branched-chain amino acids (e.g, imazapyr, sulfonylureas) or shikimic acid pathway (not found in animals) and production of aromatic amino acids (e.g., glyphosate)

Page 27: Choosing the Right Treatment

Herbicides Commonly Used in Forestry Herbicide Primary mode of action

Chemical name Product name Mode of entry

Type Mechanism

Glyphosate Accord, Roundup Foliage Systemic Amino acid synthesis

Imazapyr Arsenal, Chopper Foliage & soil Systemic Amino acid synthesis

Sulfometuron Oust Foliage & soil Systemic Amino acid synthesis

Triclopyr Garlon 4, Garlon 3a Foliage Systemic Growth regulator

Hexazinone Velpar Foliage & soil Systemic Photosynthetic inhibitor

2, 4-D Weedone, Esteron Foliage Systemic Growth regulator

Metsulfuron Escort, Ally Foliage & soil Systemic Amino acid synthesis

Picloram Tordon Foliage & soil Systemic Growth regulator

Simazine Princep Soil Systemic Photosynthetic inhibitor

Page 28: Choosing the Right Treatment

Mechanisms of Action Why do we need to know Mechanism of Action

Herbicide Resistance– Multiple Modes reduce chance of building

population of resistant plants– Tank mixes

Broadens spectrum of control

Page 29: Choosing the Right Treatment

Chemical PropertiesSoil Persistence– Half life varies by product and impacted by many

factors i.e. soil pH, moisture, temperature, organic content, microbial activity

Mobility– How readily a compound moves from one ecosystem

compartment to another– Factors influencing mobility

Adsorption to soil particles Surface runoffUptake by plants and animalsLeachingVolatilization

Page 30: Choosing the Right Treatment

Persistence How long a chemical remains intact in the environment.

• Measured by half-life or time required for one half of an initial amount to be degraded.

• Herbicides must be persistent in the environment long enough to be absorbed and translocated by plants.

• Soil-active herbicides need to be more persistent than foliar-active herbicides.

• The more persistent a chemical is, the more likely it is to move off site and cause a problem.

• Herbicides registered for ROW and forestry have short to moderate persistence.

Page 31: Choosing the Right Treatment

Half-life of Common Herbicides

Herbicide Half-life in soil

Glyphosate Short (<1 - 4 wks)

Imazapyr Moderate (1 - 5 mo)

Sulfometuron Short (3 - 4 wks)

Triclopyr Short (4 - 8 wks)

Hexazinone Moderate (1 - 6 mo)

2, 4-D Short (1 - 4 wks)

Metsulfuron Short (1 - 6 wks)

Picloram Moderate -

Long (6 - 12 mo)

Simazine Moderate (3 - 12 mo)

Page 32: Choosing the Right Treatment

Water Solubility and Mobility of Common Herbicides

Herbicide Water solubility

Mobility in soil

Glyphosate High Negligible Imazapyr High Low

Sulfometuron Low Low - Moderate

Triclopyr Amine - high Ester - low Low

Hexazinone Mod. - high Moderate

2, 4-D Amine - high Ester - low

Low - Moderate

Metsulfuron Moderate - high

Moderate -High

Picloram High High Simazine Low Low

Page 33: Choosing the Right Treatment

Application MethodsHigh Volume Foliar (Typically > 25 gals/acre)– Most effective when target species densities are high– Allows for canopy penetration– Foliar and soil active products

Run off reaches soil surface

Low Volume Foliar (Typically < 25 gals per acre)– Effective for lower density target species

Use a good surfactant– Some products work well with low volume applications

Rodeo works well with low volumes– Coverage of the growing points on plant– Less run off to soil– Useful when desirable/sensitive plants below canopy

Page 34: Choosing the Right Treatment

Application MethodsCut Stubble– Soil active products

Tordon, Arsenal, Stalker, etc

– Absorbed thru root systemMust move into root zone

– Unfrozen soilTiming can be anytime soil is not frozen

Cut Stump/Basal– Typically oil based carrier– Oil needed to penetrate

bark– Fresh cut stump can use

water based

Page 35: Choosing the Right Treatment

Timing

Brush ControlWoody perennials

– FoliarAt least one growing season on regrowthCritical with root suckering species like AspenActively growingPlants not under stress

Page 36: Choosing the Right Treatment

TimingWeed Control

Know each target species– Annuals

Early in plant life cyclePrevent seed production/release

– Chemical and/or mechanical– Biennials

Year one: thru out yearYear two: early in season, prevent seed productionWill die in year two

– PerennialsCombo of chemical and mechanical often most effectiveNeed to control root system

Page 37: Choosing the Right Treatment

Use Rates

Label Recommendations– Label use rates tend to be broad

Label covers entire U.S.– Use past experience as a guide to local rates

Review past treatments to evaluate use rates– Low end rates will produce less consistent results– Higher rates help make up for inconsistencies in site

and climatic conditions– Don’t overlook the value of adjuvants

Page 38: Choosing the Right Treatment

Tank MixesMechanism of Action– Discussed Earlier– Multiple Mechanisms of action– Especially on tough to control species

Weed Tolerance– Rotate Treatments

Target Species Mix– Use more than one product to broaden spectrum

Ex: Milestone plus Escort (Opensight)

Desired Future Condition– Extended control vs short term control

Ex: Rodeo and Oust XP– Oust XP extends herbaceous control

Page 39: Choosing the Right Treatment

Conclusion

Have a PlanNo “One Best” Treatment– Choose the right tool or combination of

tools/timingMake decisions site by siteKnow your SiteKnow the ToolsKnow the Plants

Page 40: Choosing the Right Treatment

Questions???

Thank you!!!

Dale SutherlandCPS Timberland218-259-3605