chpter 7.ppt

8/10/2019 Chpter 7.ppt

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Moderators of the Stress

Experience


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Outline s

Introduction.

Stress & Illness.

Coping with Stress.

Social Support.

Coping Outcomes.

Management of Stress.


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Introduction

Los Angeles earthquake ( Jan. 1994).

[ The response of 4 different families].

Stress is moderated by individual andcircumstantial factors.

Stress Moderators: are the factors that modify;

1. The way of stress experience, and2. The effects of stress.


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Stress & Illness

Stress has effects on at least 4 systems of the body: To the extent that

stress affects these

pathways, illness may result.(4) The Neuro-

peptide

system

(3) The pituitary-

adrenocortical

system

(2) The Immunesystem

(1)The sympathetic-

adrenomedullary

system

STRESS


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Stress & Illness-cont.

Factors influencing illness development:

(1) Initial Vulnerability.

(2) Health Behavior.


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Coping with Stress

People respond very differently to stress.

Coping is influenced by:

(1) Primary Appraisal: is the event harmful,threatening, or challenging?

(2) Secondary Appraisal: what are my copingresources and how adequate are they?.


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Coping with Stress-cont.

Coping: is the process of managingdemands that are appraised as taxing or

exceeding the resources of the person.


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Coping with Stress-cont.

Selection of coping efforts is guided by;

1) Internal Resources:

[A] personality factors, and[B] preferred coping style.

2) External Resources:including time, money,social support,etc.


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(1)Internal Resources

[A] Personality & Coping:

Personalities that exacerbate stress & its relation to

illness:

(1) Negative Affectivity.

(2) Pessimistic Explanatory Style.


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[A] Personality & Coping-cont. :

Personalities that enhance the ability to cope with

stress effectively:

(1) Hardiness.

(2) Optimism.

(3) Psychological Control


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[B] Preferred Coping Style:

Consists of predisposition to cope with stressful

situations in a particular way.

Coping Styles are more specific than Personality

Traits.


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[B] Preferred Coping Style-cont. :

(1) Avoidant Vs. Confrontation Style:

Neither style is more effective in managing stress.

Avoidant Style Confrontation Style

Effective for short-term

threats, e.g. a visit to the

dentist.

Effective for long-term

threats, e.g. a job stress.

Mostly in people with ext.

resources.


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(2)Disclosure Style:

Examples of Disclosure:

(1) Talking with others about the stressful event.

(2) Writing about the stressful event.


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In the absence of Disclosure:

Traumatic EventInhibition of thoughts,

emotions, behaviors

Physiological Activity.


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Disclosure;

(1) Allows to gain information about the event,

(2) Elicits +ve reinforcement, and

(3) Elicits emotional support from others.


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Coping and External Resources

1.Time, 4.Children, 7.Standard of living,

2.Money, 5.Family & Friends,8.Presence of

+ve life events,

3.Decent job, 6.Education,9.Absence of

other life stressors.

External Resources include:

Individuals with greater resources cope with stressful events

better.


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Social Support

Definition: information from others that one is

loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and

part of a network of communication & mutual

obligations from community contacts.


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Social Support-cont.

Takes several forms:

(1) Appraisal Support,

(2) Tangible Assistance,

(3) Informational Support,

(4) Emotional Support.


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Social Support-cont.

Effects of Social Support:

(1) Reduces the Psychological Distress,

(2) Reduces Physiological & Neuro-endocrineresponses,

(3) Lowers the likelihood of illness.


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Coping Outcomes

Coping efforts center on 5 main tasks;

(1) Reducing harmful environmental conditions,

(2) Enhancing the adjustment process,(3) Tolerating & adjusting tove events,

(4) Maintaining a +ve self-image,

(5) Maintaining a +ve emotional equilibrium &continuing satisfying relations with others.


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Coping Outcomes-cont.

Properties of a successful coping:

(1) Reducing physiological indicators of arousal,

(2) Enable the person to return to pre-stressactivities, and

(3) Free the individual from psychological distress.


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Management of Stress

For those who need aid in developing their

coping skills.

i.e. for people who suffer from or are at risk for

illness that are aggravated by stress.


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Management of Stress-cont.

Basic techniques of Stress Management:

(1)Identify sources of stress in life,

(2)Develop coping skills to deal with stressors,

(3)Practice employing stress management skills &monitor their effectiveness.

chpter 7.ppt

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