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Measures to reduce NO2

NO2 workshop Barcelona, 17-18 June 2010

© M. Deweis

NO2 levels in Austria

Current situation – NO2

� Exceedances 2008: 21 (16 incl. margin of tolerance) out of 150 sites

� Exceedances 2009: 20 (14 incl. MoT) out of 150 sites

� Highest levels: 63µg/m³ in 2009 (72µg/m³ in 2008)

� Areas concerned:� Large cities – close to traffic (Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg)

� Next to highways in alpine valleys (Inn valley, Tauern)

� Sources: local up to 90% traffic; lorries 2/3, (diesel)-cars 1/3

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Trends – NO2

� decline until 2000

� increase close to traffic 2000–2006

� slight decline 2007-2009

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Trend NO2 at selected traffic sites

� Problem: primary NO2 of diesel cars5

Projection of future NO2 levels

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Pas

sen

ger

car

s N

Ox

[g/k

m]

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

HD

V N

Ox

[g/k

m]

Passenger cars gasoline

Passenger cars diesel

HDV

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Pas

sen

ger

car

s N

O2

[g/k

m]

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

HD

V N

O2

[g/k

m]

Passenger cars gasoline

Passenger cars diesel

HDV

NOx NO2

source: S. Hausberger, TU-Graz

NOx and NO2 fleet emission factors in urban traffic

Trend NOx emissions 1990-2008

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� traffic: 51%

� industry: 22%

� residential: 15%

measures in Europe - overview

Types of measures

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� to reduce (traffic) volume (activity)

� to change type of vehicles, installations (emission factors)

� to change emission factors of vehicles, installations

� to re-allocate emissions either spatially or temporally

� to confine emissions

Reduction of traffic volume

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� Congestion charge

� Parking schemes

� Increase of taxes and charges, road pricing

� Sectoral ban (Inn valley motorway)

� Encouragement of public transport, bicycles, walking, ...

� ...

Source: LERKSource: wikipedia

Type of vehicles, machinery

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� Stimulating change of vehicle fleet by:� incentives to foster uptake of new EURO

standards, EEVs (e.g. by differentiating taxes/charges)

� incentives for gas, electric, ... vehicles

� increase of tax on diesel

� Scrappage schemes

� Environmental zones, ban of certain vehicles, machinery

� Encourage/require use of electric machinery instead of gasoline driven

Source: paultan.org

Reduction of emissions at source

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� Traffic� Speed limit for passenger cars

� Remote sensing to detect high emitting vehicles

� Reduction of idling of cars and trucks

� Traffic, off-road, stationary� Selective Catalytic Reduction SCR

(retrofitting, e.g. for ships, locomotives, stationary sources)

� shore-side electricity for ships

� Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) limitations, use of Ground Power Unit

� change of fuel (lower N-content)

� Residential heating� district heating, new installations, Combined Heat and Power Production

CHP, thermal insulation, ...

Re-allocation, confinement of emissions

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� Bypass roads, tunnels

� Night-time ban of HDV (Inntal motorway)

� Ban of through-traffic

� (Higher stacks)

� Noise barriers

interaction with other measures

Synergies and antagonisms

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no-regret measures (in most cases)

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� Energy savings

� Efficiency improvements

� Combined heat and power generation

� Advanced residential combustion

� Reduction in traffic volume

� Speed limits for passenger cars

� Bans

� Shore-side electricity for ships

� ...

� BUT: impact assessment might be needed

Antagonistic measures

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� GHG reduction, increase of NOx� Increased use of biomass, some biofuels (when

w/o changeover)

� (Increased share of Diesel)*

� Carbon capture and storage

� PM reduction, increase of NOx� Diesel particle filter (in some cases; esp. increase

of primary NO2)

� NOx reduction, increase of GHG� SCR, SNCR might lead to small decrease of

efficiency (not for traffic!)

� increased use of natural gas (CH4 �)

* thwarted by increased weight, power of diesel vehicles Source: BMW

Source: http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/research.htm

Synergies

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� In general, synergies with GHG, PM reduction can be expected

� Reduction of costs to achieve environmental targets due to climate & energy package

IIASA 2007, NEC report #5

costs TSAP

costs C&EP

examples of measures

Low emission zones

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� named in 2008/50/EG Annex XV B

� Implemented in:� London

� Lund, Göteborg, Malmö, Stockholm

� 40 cities in Germany

� several Italian cities

� NL, DK

� ...

Sectoral ban (AT)

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� Ban of transport of specific goods by HDV on motorway (waste, rocks, soil, rubble, timber, cork, cars, steel, tiles)

� Piggy-back transport on rail

� Implemented May 2008 / January 2009

� Reduction of ≈200,000 HDV p.a.� Reduction NO2 levels of 1.5%

� Infringement procedure launched

source: Federal Province of Tyrol

Other measures

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� Taxes, charges� Congestion charge in Stockholm, London

� NOx charge for installations in SE, NL, NO

� NOx bubble for airports (CH)

Source: svd.se

Source: svd.se

Speed limits for passenger cars

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� motorways in AT, ES, NL, ...

� reduction e.g. from 130/120 to 100 or 80km/h

� side effects: less noise, GHG, accidents, injuries

� Rotterdam, Inn valley: -3 to -5 µg/m³ NO2

� Enforcement decisive

� Inner-city effect (30km/h) small

source: Air Quality Plans Technical Office. Environment and Housing Department. Autonomous Government of Catalonia

NO2 level dependent speed limit (AT)

� Reason: political and public acceptance

� Reduction v(cars) from 130km/h to 100km/h

� Dependent on dispersion conditions, number and emissions of cars

� Same effect of permanent speed limit during winter, 75% of whole year

� High share of diesel cars � high share for NO2 levels

� Costs: 2–5 Mio. €, if display necessary (permanent speed limit more cost effective)

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Quelle: Ökoscience 2007

Retrofitting

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� SCR retrofitting possible for HDV, buses, off-road

� Has to be customized for each application,in some cases for each bus line

� High reduction of NOx (40-90%) possible

� Costs: � LDV ≈3,500€� HDV ≈ 10,000€

� Retrofitting not feasible for passenger cars

Pilot projects for construction sites (AT)

� charge dependent on EURO standard and transport distance

� transport via rail, ships

� recycling of waste at site

� problem: higher costs of rail transport,public procurement laws, EU law (particle filters)

� guidance documents (similar to Swiss guidance)

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© M. Deweis

impact of projects for construction sites

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� charge dependent on EURO standards, distance� 85 % EURO III (2005–2006)

� -75 % HDV km

� recycling of waste at site� -35 % HDV trips

challenges & summary

challenges in Austria

� Compliance with LVs in 2011 and 2015, time extension NO2

� large gap in some areas � drastic (traffic) measures necessary

� hardly any reduction of NO2 levels (primary NO2 emissions,

diesel-cars, type approval cycle)

� quantification of impact of measures

� political and public acceptance

� exemptions for certain vehicles, installations

� fragmentation of responsibility

� compliance with NEC29

Summary & conclusions

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� (diesel) cars are dominant source for NO2 exceedances

� No single measure will result in compliance in many areas

� In some areas in Europe, even EURO 6/VI will not result in compliance until 2020

� CC measures support AQ, leads to a reduction of costs for AQ, even though some measures do have an antagonistic effect. Impact assessment might be necessary

� Retrofitting not possible for all types of vehicles

Contact & Information

Christian Nagl

+43-1-31304-5866, christian.nagl@umweltbundesamt.at

NO2 workshop Brussels 14-15 April 2010:

http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/ambient/library?l=/events/workshop_14-15_2010&vm=detailed&sb=Title

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Umweltbundesamtwww.umweltbundesamt.at

NO2 WorkshopBarcelona ■ 17-18 June 2010

further information

measures of NEC program 2010traffic

� M.1 – increase of tax on fuels

� M.2 – increase of road pricing for HDV at highways

� M.3 – promoting fuel-efficient driving

� M.4 – support for early uptake of EURO 5/6 standards for passenger cars

� M.5 – traffic control systems

� M.6 – promoting mobility management

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measures of NEC program 2010traffic

� M.7 – improvements rail freight traffic

� M.8 – control of road freight traffic

� M.9 – promoting pedestrian and bicycle traffic

� M.10 – improvements in ship traffic (Danube river)

� M.11 – scrappage scheme

� M.12 – road pricing for HDV dependent on EURO standard

� M.13 – R&D in the transport sector

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measures of NEC program 2010stationary sources

� S.1 promotion use sulphur free oil

� S.2 voluntary agreement with the energy industry

� S.3 voluntary agreement with the cement industry

� S.4 voluntary agreement with the refinery

� S.5 amendment to the combustion regulation

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measures of NEC program 2010domestic heating

� H.1 replacement of solid fuel single stoves

� H.2 solar heating and heat pump

� H.3 replacement of old heating systems

� H.4 improve energy efficiency of buildings

� H.5 reinforced advice and control of solid fuel heating systems

� H.6 replacement of light fuel oil by higher graded oil

� H.7 promoting district heating

� H.8 sulphur free light fuel oil

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