chromosome studies in jute plant (corchorus olitorius) · names of corchorus olitorius in english...

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~ 1 ~ European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience 2014; 2 (1): 01-03 ISSN: 2321-9122 www.biosciencejournals.com EJBB 2014; 2 (1): 01-03 Received: 30-6-2014 Accepted: 15-7-2014 Olawuyi P.O. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State Nigeria. Falusi O.A. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State Nigeria. Oluwajobi A.O Department of Biology, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Azeez R.A. Department of Biology, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Titus S.D. Department of Biology, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Akomolafe, J. F. National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA) Headquarter, Abuja, Nigeria Mayaki H. National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA) Headquarter, Abuja, Nigeria Correspondence Olawuyi P.O. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State Nigeria. Chromosome studies in jute plant (Corchorus olitorius) Olawuyi P.O., Falusi O.A., Oluwajobi A.O, Azeez R.A. Titus S.D., Akomolafe J. F., Mayaki H. Abstract Jute plant (Corchorus olitorius) is an important vegetable crop in Nigeria. This study was carried out to examine the chromosome behaviour in order to give an insight to the breeding behaviour and evolution within Corchorus olitorius. The seeds were obtained from the National Institute of Horticulture, (NIHORT) Ibadan and the root tips were studied using standard cytogenetic techniques. Results showed 2n =14 as the diploid number. However, many of the cells showed chromosome clumping which were more prevalent at metaphase stage. There were also similarities among the chromosomes in terms of morphology. While chromosome clumping is an indication that Corchorus olitorius is cytological unstable and the specie is evolving, the similarity in chromosome morphology suggest that they have a common ancestory. This information is important for the improvement of the crop in Nigeria. Keywords: Corchorus olitorius, chromosome clumping, cytogenetic techniques and IITA. 1. Introduction Corchorus is a genus of about 40-100 species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The plants are usually annual herbs, reaching a height of 4m, un-branched or with side branches and is an erect woody herb, usually 0.5-1.2m high but may reach up to 2.5 m in cultivation and growing as tall 4m (14Ft).The leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, with an acuminate tip and a finely serrated or lobed margin. The flowers are small (2-3 cm diameter) and yellow, with five petals; the fruit is a many-seeded capsule. It thrives almost anywhere, and can be grown year-round The common names of Corchorus olitorius in English are jute plant and bush okra Jew's Mallow, Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African SorrelIn many West Africa Countries, the crop is referred to names similar to keren - keren krin - krin, crain crain or kelen kelen. Some Nigerian names for the crop include ewedu in Yoruba, ahuara in Igbo, malafiya and ayoyo in Hausa (Akoroda, 2008). Nigeria has a great potential for the production of Corchorus olitorius for domestic and export market and due to nutritional value and economic importance. The yield of the crop is still critically low as compared to other vegetable crops. Increased production of the crop is hampered by several factors such as lack of improved varieties and low fertilization rate (Akpabio 2000). The demand for Corchorus olitorius and its products is growing both at the national and international levels. This indicates the need to enhance the productivity of this crop by developing high yielding genotypes, which depend on variability its component traits in the populations. But unfortunately, there has been little research efforts on the crop therefore this research is designed to look at the chromosome sties in jute plant (Corchorus olitorius). The study aims to show the chromosome basis for the variations observed in Corchorus olitorius through a study of their mitotic phases with a view to showing their genetics and relationship to other species of this genus. 2. Methodology and Materials The study was carried out at Biological Sciences Laboratory Federal University of Technology, Minna Niger State. 2.1 Seed Collection and Planting One kilogram of Jute plant (Corchorus olitorius) was collected from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan. Fifty seeds of jute were used for the mitotic studies. The jute seeds were stored in thick paper envelop and well labelled. They were kept in refrigenerator to prevent them from losing their viability.

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European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience 2014; 2 (1): 01-03 ISSN: 2321-9122 www.biosciencejournals.com EJBB 2014; 2 (1): 01-03 Received: 30-6-2014 Accepted: 15-7-2014 Olawuyi P.O. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State Nigeria. Falusi O.A. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State Nigeria. Oluwajobi A.O Department of Biology, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Azeez R.A. Department of Biology, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Titus S.D. Department of Biology, Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. Akomolafe, J. F. National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA) Headquarter, Abuja, Nigeria Mayaki H. National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA) Headquarter, Abuja, Nigeria Correspondence Olawuyi P.O. Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State Nigeria.

Chromosome studies in jute plant (Corchorus olitorius) Olawuyi P.O., Falusi O.A., Oluwajobi A.O, Azeez R.A. Titus S.D., Akomolafe J. F., Mayaki H. Abstract Jute plant (Corchorus olitorius) is an important vegetable crop in Nigeria. This study was carried out to examine the chromosome behaviour in order to give an insight to the breeding behaviour and evolution within Corchorus olitorius. The seeds were obtained from the National Institute of Horticulture, (NIHORT) Ibadan and the root tips were studied using standard cytogenetic techniques. Results showed 2n =14 as the diploid number. However, many of the cells showed chromosome clumping which were more prevalent at metaphase stage. There were also similarities among the chromosomes in terms of morphology. While chromosome clumping is an indication that Corchorus olitorius is cytological unstable and the specie is evolving, the similarity in chromosome morphology suggest that they have a common ancestory. This information is important for the improvement of the crop in Nigeria. Keywords: Corchorus olitorius, chromosome clumping, cytogenetic techniques and IITA. 1. Introduction Corchorus is a genus of about 40-100 species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The plants are usually annual herbs, reaching a height of 4m, un-branched or with side branches and is an erect woody herb, usually 0.5-1.2m high but may reach up to 2.5 m in cultivation and growing as tall 4m (14Ft).The leaves are alternate, simple, lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, with an acuminate tip and a finely serrated or lobed margin. The flowers are small (2-3 cm diameter) and yellow, with five petals; the fruit is a many-seeded capsule. It thrives almost anywhere, and can be grown year-round The common names of Corchorus olitorius in English are jute plant and bush okra Jew's Mallow, Bangla Tossa Jute (India), Bush Okra, Jew´s Mallow, Jew´s-Mallow, Jute, Long-Fruited Jute, Nalita Jute, Nalta Jute, Red Jute, Tossa Jute, West African SorrelIn many West Africa Countries, the crop is referred to names similar to keren - keren krin - krin, crain crain or kelen kelen. Some Nigerian names for the crop include ewedu in Yoruba, ahuara in Igbo, malafiya and ayoyo in Hausa (Akoroda, 2008). Nigeria has a great potential for the production of Corchorus olitorius for domestic and export market and due to nutritional value and economic importance. The yield of the crop is still critically low as compared to other vegetable crops. Increased production of the crop is hampered by several factors such as lack of improved varieties and low fertilization rate (Akpabio 2000). The demand for Corchorus olitorius and its products is growing both at the national and international levels. This indicates the need to enhance the productivity of this crop by developing high yielding genotypes, which depend on variability its component traits in the populations. But unfortunately, there has been little research efforts on the crop therefore this research is designed to look at the chromosome sties in jute plant (Corchorus olitorius). The study aims to show the chromosome basis for the variations observed in Corchorus olitorius through a study of their mitotic phases with a view to showing their genetics and relationship to other species of this genus. 2. Methodology and Materials The study was carried out at Biological Sciences Laboratory Federal University of Technology, Minna Niger State. 2.1 Seed Collection and Planting One kilogram of Jute plant (Corchorus olitorius) was collected from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan. Fifty seeds of jute were used for the mitotic studies. The jute seeds were stored in thick paper envelop and well labelled. They were kept in refrigenerator to prevent them from losing their viability.

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2.2 Preparation of Reagents Acetic orcein stain: 1g of orcein powder was dissolved into 45ml of hot glacial acetic acid. It was allowed to cool and 55ml of distilled water was added to it. 70% Alcohol: 100ml of 70% alcohol was prepared by adding 70ml ethanol into 30ml of distilled water.15% HCL: Fixative: 1 part glacial acetic acid and 3 parts ethanol (V/V) was used. This was prepared by adding 30ml of glacial acetic acid into 90ml of ethanol (Aliyu et al., 2007). 2.3 Cytological Studies The harvested root tips was pre-treated with 1, 4-paradichlorobenzene for three hours after which it was fixed in 1 part glacial acetic acid and 3 parts ethanol (V/V) for 24hrs. The roots that were not required immediately for slide preparation were stored in 70% ethanol in a refrigerator. The root tip was hydrolyzed in 15% hydrochloric acid for 15minutes at 600C. The root tip was carefully removed, rinsed with water and then transferred into the microscope slide, on the microscope slide, the root tips was squashed in acetic orcein stain (Falusi et al., 2003). The preparation was covered with cover slip and allowed to dry a little, after which it was viewed under the microscope. Also, the digital camera pictures of various stages of division for all the stages were taken (Grubben et al., 2004) 3. Results and Discussion Cytological examinations showed cells of Corchorus olitorius that were actively dividing (plate 1) and a diploid chromosome number of 2n= 14 was observed. This observation agrees with the findings of Morakinyo and Falusi (1998), who reported 2n=

14 for Corchorus olitorius. Normal chromosome was observed at anaphase in cells of Corchorus olitorius (plate 2) which similar with work of Falusi 2005 who reported that chromosomes with normal anaphase division observed in Habiscus sabdariffa. However, clumping of chromosomes was observed at metaphase (plate 3) and mitotic chromosome observed at telophase stage( Plate 4) .The clumping was mostly prevalent in Corchorus olitorius, Falusi (2003) observed that the meiotic element of have a high tendency to cluster together as evidence at metaphase similar to chromosome clumping occur in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Clumping and other regularities are expected to lead deficiencies and duplication. These findings are in close agreement with the earlier reports of Akpabio (2000) in crotalaria and similar situation was reported in crotalaria specie by Akpabio (1990). The occurrence of chromosome clumping has always been associated with sterility; degeneration and instability of the genetic system in plants are forms mutation which are fundamental sources of heritable variation. These could lead to evolution (Falusi et al., 2005). It is an indication that there is a store of genetic variability in the varieties which could be exploited for improvement purposes among Corchorus olitorius. 4. Conclusion The cytological examinations showed wide variation in chromosome stages of Corchorus olitorius. Clumping could lead to instability of the genetic system, environmental factors and evolution.

Plate 1: showing cells that are actively dividing Plate 2: showing normal mitotic chromosome at anaphase stage

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Plate 3: showing chromosome clumping at

metaphase stage Plate 4: showing mitotic chromosome at telophase stage

5. References

1. Akoroda MO. Cultivation of Jute (Corchorus olitorius) for edible leaf in Nigeria 2008.

2. Akpabio, KE. Chromosomal interconnections and metaphase I clumping in meiosis of four species of Crotalaria L. Nigeria Journal of Botany1990 3(1)191-195.

3. Akpabio KE. Chromosomal interconnections and metaphase I clumping in meiosis of four species of Crotalaria L. Nigeria Journal of Botany 2000; 3(1):191 -195.

4. Aliyu OM, Awopetu JA. Chromosome studies in jute plant (Corchorus olitorius). African Journal of Biotechnology 2007; 6(2):131-136.

5. Falusi OA. Cytogenetics of C. annuum and C. frutescence L. Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology of Environment 2003; 2(5):1-7.

6. Falusi OA. Germplasm collection of peppers (Capsicum spp.) in Nigeria. Resources Crop 2007; 8(3):765 768.

7. Falusi OA, Salako EA, Falusi FM. Preliminary survey of the chromosome number of the accessions of Sasame indicumin Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Applied Sciences (Maiden Edition) 2007; 31-35.

8. Grubben GJH, Tahir ELIM. Corchorus olitorius L. In: Grubben, GJH. & Denton, OA. (Editors). PROTA 2: Vegetables/Légumes. [CD-Rom]. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands. Heiser, CB. Jute plant (Corchorus olitorius) in evolution of crop plant. London and New York, 2004, 265 - 267.

9. Idowu AO. Growth and yield of hot pepper (Corchorus olitorius) as influenced by bed width and within row spacing. Department of horticulture, college of plant science and crop protection, university of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, 2011.

10. Kat, M. (2002). Jute plant in profile. Ethnobotany and Ecotravel. Available at, http:/www.Sacredearth.com. Retrieved on 22 March, 2013.