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1 Meiosis and Chromosomal Inheritance Chromosomes Karyotype – all chromosomes in an organism Homologous chromosomes – specific chromosome pair Gametesex cell, Ex: sperm and egg Somatic cellsall cells except for gametes General Life Cycle Haploid- cell has 1 copy of each chromosome (n) What type of cells would have this? Diploid- cell has 2 copies of each chromosome (2n) What type of cells would have this? What does the (n) signify? Mitosis vs. Meiosis Goals of Meiosis Produce a cell that has half of the genetic material as somatic cells Reduction Division – random separation of homologous chromosomes Increase variation in those sex cells produced Segregation of Sister Chromatids – random separation of sister chromatids Independent Assortment Crossing over Meiosis Stages

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Meiosis and Chromosomal Inheritance  

Chromosomes• Karyotype – all 

chromosomes in an organism

• Homologous chromosomes – specific chromosome pair 

• Gamete‐ sex cell, 

Ex: sperm and egg

• Somatic cells‐ all cells except for gametes

General Life Cycle

• Haploid- cell has 1 copy of each chromosome (n)

• What type of cells would have this?

• Diploid- cell has 2 copies of each chromosome (2n)

• What type of cells would have this?

• What does the (n) signify?

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Goals of Meiosis

• Produce a cell that has half of the genetic material as somatic cells

– Reduction Division – random separation of homologous chromosomes

• Increase variation in those sex cells produced

– Segregation of Sister Chromatids – random separation of sister chromatids 

– Independent Assortment

– Crossing over

Meiosis Stages

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Meiosis I

Book uses bivalents I use tetrads (usually makes more sense to my students)

Meiosis II

Meiosis – General Process 

• Goal of Meiosis is to produce a cell that has half of the genetic material as somatic cells and to increase variation in those sex cells produced

• Reduction Division – random separation of homologous chromosomes

• Segregation of Sister Chromatids – random separation of sister chromatids 

When Meiosis Goes Wrong

What is the difference between these karyotypes?

Nondisjunction• The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.

Normal: Nondisjunction:

The results

• If the abnormal gametes is fertilized the results

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For the Test

• You don’t need to know specifics about each disease.  

• You will need to know what can happen when Meiosis does not occur correctly

Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21

• 1 in 900 live births

• Distinctive physical appearance

• Development: slow growth, developmental delays

• Health Impact;  40% have heart defects, Prone to respiratory infection, High leukemia rate.

Trisomy of chromosome 18: Edwards Syndrome (47, XX +18  or 47 XY +18)

•mental retardation •small head, small eyes, small lower jaw •congenital heart defects (90% of individuals) •Infants have a 5% chance of surviving•Occur in 1:8000 live births

This baby only lived 5 days

Trisomy 13: Patau syndrome• Occurs 1 in 6, 000 live births• Congenital heart defects• Mental retardation, severe • Seizures • Small head  and eyes  • Scalp defects (absent skin) • Cleft lip and/or palate • Eyes close set ‐‐ eyes may actually fuse together into one • Iris defects • Ear Abnormalities• Extra digits (polydactyly) • Hernias• Skeletal (limb) abnormalities 

Monosomy• The zygote is lacking a chromosome

• Organisms lacking one or more chromosomes rarely survive

Turner Syndrome

• Female (45 total chromosomes, 1 sex chromosome (X))

• Only monosomy that is not lethal

• Don’t develop normal at time  of puberty, underdeveloped breasts, rudimentary ovaries

• Infertile

• Treatment with hormone supplements can help these women lead normal lives

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Klinefelter Syndrome

• Male (XXY)

• May have some learning difficulties 

• Affected male may not develop normally at puberty

• In severe cases: rudimentary testes & prostate gland, sparse facial and pubic hair, long arms and legs, breast development may occur

• Infertility

Super Male Syndrome:  XYY

• frequency is approximately 1 of 1000 males

• often are more physically active 

• tendency to a delayed mental maturation

• an increased tendency for learning‐problems in school, this means a need for early and adequate stimulation.

XXX syndrome (Trisomy X)

• 1 in 1,000 females 

• Fertile

• Most are normal

• May have mild retardation

Goals of Meiosis

• Produce a cell that has half of the genetic material as somatic cells

– Reduction Division – random separation of homologous chromosomes

• Increase variation in those sex cells produced

– Segregation of Sister Chromatids – random separation of sister chromatids 

– Independent Assortment

– Crossing over

Structures of Chromosomes

• Locus – location of a gene on a chromosome

Types of Chromosomes Autosomes = chromosomes 1‐22

Sex chromosomes = X and/or Y XX = female

XY = male

Even though these chromosomes determine sex, only one gene on the Y chromosome actually determines sex

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Law of Independent Assortment• Chromosomes randomly distributed during meiosis 

• Genes on different chromosomes inherited independently

Genetic Linkage

• Genes on same chromosome inherited together

• Law of Independent Assortment is increasing variation with the idea that a chromosome is a complete “package” which is true

• However we can take apart that package too!

Example: Fruit Flies

• Genetic cross of fruit flies with known genotypes

• Expected 1:1:1:1 ratio

• Observed 5:5:1:1 ratio

• Parental phenotypes more common than non‐parental phenotypes

Cross‐over

• Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes

• Gametes possess unique combination of alleles 

Result: 4 different types of gametes

Example: Mendel’s Peas

• Flower color and seed color genes both located on chromosome 1 

• Distance between loci great enough that genes assort independently

• In other words they don’t seem to be linked because so much crossing over occurs

Flower Color

Seed Color

Example: Fruit Flies• From this data, do you think that these genes are located closer or further apart on the chromosome? Explain.

G

W

G

W

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Variation 

• Independent assortment of chromosomes– 8,388,608 possible 

combinations with 23 different chromosomes

• Cross‐over– think about crossing over in 

combination with the independent assortment of chromosomes… 8,388,608 combinations becomes infinitesimal!

• Fertilization‐ which sperm makes it!

Chromosomal Abnormalities

• Changes in chromosome number or structure

– Deletions

– Inversions

– Translocations

– Duplications 

Example: Cri du chat

• Deletion of part of chromosome 5

• Name based on the infant’s cry, which is high-pitched and sounds like a cat

Why Sex?