CHRONIC DISEASES

An acute illness lasts for a few days and doesn’t have long-term effects. Examples are colds or the flu.

A chronic illness lasts a long time. Examples include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, lung disease and cancer.

CHRONIC VERSUS ACUTE

#1 killer!Major cause of disabilityMyocardial Infarction

1.25 million people have heart attacks each year

Sudden cardiac deathTypes of CVD

Coronary artery disease (CAD) Peripheral artery disease (PAD) Cardiomyopathy Aneurysm Valvular heart disease Pericardial disease Heart failure Arrhythmia Stroke

CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CVD)

SmokingObesityHigh blood pressureHigh cholesterolDiabetesFamily historySedentary lifestylehttp://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=cRsLryQ57R4

RISK FACTORS FOR CVD

Coronary artery disease (CAD): Chest pain from lack of oxygen to the heart

Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Pain in muscles, cramping in legs, cyanosis, poor nail growth

Pericardial disease: Chest pain from fluid buildup around the heart

Heart failure: Swollen feet, legs, and abdomen; chronic fatigue; confusion; difficulty breathing; coughing with sputum

SYMPTOMS OF CVD OR HEART ATTACK

Heart Attack

PLAQUE BUILDUP IN ARTERY

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (HEART

ATTACK)

Two types Type 1 is more common in young

children; the body doesn’t produce insulin.

Type 2 is the most common type; results from insulin resistance.

Risk factors Overweight Lack of exercise Poor diet Diet high in carbohydrate and fat Family history Woman having a child > 9 lb (4 kg) http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=jHRfDTqPzj4

DIABETES

Changing dietExercisingTaking medicine to reduce glucose in the bloodstream

DIABETES TREATMENT

Always tiredCraving extra liquidsFrequent urinationNumbness and tingling in feetAlways hungryUnexplained weight lossBlurred visionSexual dysfunction

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. Prehypertension is 120/80 to 139/89 mmHg.Stage 1 hypertension is 140/90 to 159/99 mmHg. Stage 2 hypertension is 160/100 mmHg and above (Stein

2006).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPxnIh_WTb8&NR=1

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of the body)

Sudden blurred or decreased vision in one or both eyes Sudden inability to move part of the body (paralysis) Sudden dizziness or headache with nausea and vomiting Difficulty speaking or understanding words or simple

sentences Difficulty swallowing Dizziness, loss of balance, or poor coordination Brief loss of consciousness Sudden confusion (WebMD 2006)

WARNING SIGNS OF A STROKE

High blood pressureArterial fibrillationUncontrolled diabetes High total cholesterol (more than 200 mg/dl) Smoking Alcohol (more than one drink per day) Being overweight Existing carotid or coronary artery disease

CONTROLLABLE RISK FACTORS FOR STROKE

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Chronic bronchitis: 8.9 million diagnosedEmphysema:

3.8 million diagnosed Number of deaths: 13,913

Asthma: 15.7 million diagnosed Number of deaths: 3,816

Lung cancer: 107,416 men and 89,271 women diagnosed Number of deaths: 90,139 men and 69,078 women

(CDC 2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dd2jYSTi9NM

LUNG DISEASE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cough Sputum (mucus) production Shortness of breath,

especially with exercise Wheezing (whistling or

squeaky sound while breathing)

Chest tightness

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF COPD

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND EMPHYSEMA

Common types of cancer Lung cancer Prostate cancer Breast cancer Skin cancer

Treatment for cancers Surgical removal of tumor Chemotherapy Radiation

CANCER

Diagnosed in over 170,000 Americans each year.

Symptoms include the following: Shortness of breath Wheezing Chest pain Coughing up blood

Can paralyze the vocal cords.

Invades the esophagus.Overall 5-year survival

rate is 16%.

LUNG CANCER

Many chronic diseases are referred to as lifestyle diseases.Stopping smoking and improving diet and exercise habits

can help prevent many chronic diseases. Vaccines may prevent some chronic illnesses.Spending more health care dollars on prevention could

help.

PREVENTING CHRONIC DISEASES

Chronic diseases contribute 75% of the $2 trillion medical care costs in the United States.

Cardiovascular diseases cost $300 billion in 2001Diabetes costs are $132 billion a year.Smoking costs are more than $75 billion.Costs related to physical inactivity were

$76.6 billion in 2000.

ECONOMIC BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASE

Infectious Diseases

An infectious disease is a disease that can spread easily from one person to another.

WHAT IS AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE?

Method by which a pathogen transmits a disease

Six distinct links Agent Reservoir Portal of exit Mode of transmission Portal of entry New host

CHAIN OF INFECTION

Through contact Easiest way for pathogens to infect someone Three types

Person to person (kissing, sharing straws) Animal to person (petting a dog, scooping cat litter) Mother to unborn child (from placenta to fetus)

Through the air Droplets and particles are airborne methods of transmission. Tuberculosis and influenza are two types of infectious diseases that

have the ability to spread both through droplet and particle transmission.

By common vehicle and vector Insect carriers are often called vectors. Vectors can transmit germs to humans by landing on or biting them. Uncooked meat and unwashed fruits and vegetables are often carriers

for germs, as is unclean, unpurified water.

METHODS OF TRANSMISSION

Indirect contact is another method of transmission of pathogens to humans.

Disease-causing organisms can live on doorknobs, telephones, and computer keyboards.

You can become infected if an infected person has used the equipment before you.

INDIRECT CONTACT

BacteriaVirusesFungiProtozoaParasitic wormsPrions

SIX MAJOR CAUSESOF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Acquire and maintain a strong immune system to avoid diseases. Exercise daily. Eat a well-balanced diet. Get enough sleep. Don’t smoke or use illegal drugs; do limit alcohol

consumption, manage stress, and get vaccines. Practice good hygiene.

Some risk factors can’t be avoided. Heredity Age Environment

CONTROLLABLE AND UNCONTROLLABLE

RISK FACTORS

First line of defense against invading pathogens. Include both physical and chemical barriers.Skin is one of the most important barriers.Mucous membranes, hair, and cilia are other examples of

external physical barriers.Saliva and stomach acid are examples of external chemical

barriers.

EXTERNAL BARRIERS

Component of the immune system that is present from birth.

Fast-response system designed to remove any foreign matter.

Causes inflammation at the site where a pathogen breaches the external defenses of the body.

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

The inflammation causes redness, pain, warmth, or swelling. Helps the body identify bacteria and activates cells to clear

dead cells. Identifies and removes foreign substances in the organs,

tissues, blood, and lymph.

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM (CONTINUED)

Component of the immune system that grows as you are exposed to a variety of disease-causing pathogens.

The two parts are active and passive immunity. Active immunity targets specific foreign particles.

Vaccinations are considered part of the active immune system. Passive immunity is from another source, such as immunity from

the mother passed through the placenta or breast milk.

ACQUIRED IMMUNE SYSTEM

Common cold Influenza (flu)Bacterial meningitisPertussis (whooping cough)TuberculosisMononucleosis (mono)PneumoniaWest Nile virus

COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES

HIV and AIDSHepatitis BSyphilisChlamydiaGonorrheaGenital herpesGenital wartsPelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Make sure your vaccinations are up to date. It’s especially important for college students to receive the

meningitis and HPV vaccinations.

PROTECTION FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES: IMMUNIZATIONS

Wash your hands often with soap and water.Wash for at least 20 seconds.

PROTECTION FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES: HAND WASHING

Practice abstinence, if possible.Use latex condoms.Be in a long-term, mutually monogamous

relationship. Avoid sexual activity with any partner whose

sexual history you don’t know. Limit excessive use of alcohol or other drugs

because such use can impair judgment, which could lead to risky sexual practices.

PROTECTION FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES: SAFE SEX PRACTICES