chương 1- giới thiệu và khái niệm căn bản
TRANSCRIPT
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An ton qu trnh
nh gi kt qu hc tp
Bi tp nhm
(bo co & thuyt trnh nhm): 20%
Bi tp c nhn(bi tp thc hin trn lp hoc v nh) : 20%
Kim tra cui k : 60%
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Ti liu tham kho
Daniel A. Crowl; Joseph F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals andApplications, 2nd edition, Prentince Hall PTR, 2002. (TEXTBOOK)
Roy E. Sanders, Chemical Process Safety: Learning from Case Histories,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
Dow's Chemical Exposure Index Guide, New York: American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, 1994.
Dow's Fire and Explosion Index Hazard Classification Guide, 7th ed., New York:
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1994.
Frank P. Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2d ed., London:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996
Cc khi nim cn bn
- An ton qu trnh
- Ri ro v mc chp nhn ri ro-
Cc ch s thng k v an ton v ngha- An ton t tnh (inherent safety) v cc
nguyn tc an ton t tnh
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An ton qu trnh
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 5
Antonqutrnh
An ton qu trnh
HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 6
Antonqutrnh
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An ton qu trnh
Mc tiu
Bo v :
Con ngi
Ti sn
Cng ng
HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 7
Antonqutrnh
An ton qu trnh
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 8
Antonqutrnh
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HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 9
nh ngha v an ton qu trnh
C cu cht ch qun l s tch hp vo cc qutrnh ca cc h thng vn hnh c tnh him nguycao bng cch ng dng cc nguyn tc thit k ,k thut v thao tc vn hnh tt.
Ngn nga v kim sot cc phn vic c timnng pht sinh ra s c vi cc cht c hi hocnng lng nguy him ( chy , n).
Cc s c ny c th to ra cc tc ng c hi,chy, n v sau cng l tn hi sc khe nghimtrng, thit hi ti sn, nh tr sn xut v tc ngsu n mi trng.
(BP, da theo Centre for Chemical Process Safety, AIChE)
An ton qu trnh
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 10
Ant
onqutrnh S tn ti v phn vinh :
Tn hi gy thng tt cho nhn vin Thit hi ti sn ca nh my Tn hi thng tt v thit hi ti sn ca cng ng Mt thu nhp Mt s bo him an ton etc
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i vi nh u t
Nhn thc c s quan trng thc hin : Qui nh an ton
M s
Tiu chun
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 11
Phi bit rng cc iu trn khng c vi phm trongvic thit k v vn hnh
Antonqutrnh
An ton qu trnh
Cc qu trnh gn y : phc tp p sut cao hn Ha cht nhiu hn phn ng, v ha hc k
lCc quy trnh phc tp hn i hi cng ngh anton phc tp hnAn ton v sn xut c coi l bnh ngAn ton pht trin thnh mt ngnh khoa hctrong bao gm rt nhiu l thuyt v thchnh k thut cao v phc tp
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An ton qui trnh & nh my
Antonquitrnh&nhmy
Ha cht v i sng > 1000 chng loi ha cht mi hng nm Phc v trong nhiu nghnh ngh khc nhau : hu c,v c,
dt nhum, sn, thuc tr su, ch phm c bitetc Ri ro tng cao cng vi s pht trin ny. Ngoi s tin ch v c li cho i sng, ha cht cng c cc
tnh cht v nguy c ring. (chy , n, c hi hoc n
mnetc) Chu k vng i ca s nguy him v tin ch ca ha cht
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 13TS Nguyn Qu
BN phi c trch nhim ng gp s an ton
CHNG TRNH AN TON
i hi mt h thng ghi li nhng g cn phi c thc hin lm nhng g cn phi c thc hin ghi li cc cng vic c thc hin
Mt THI tch ccs t nguyn lm mt s cng vic bc bo.
Am hiu CC YU T CN BNtrong vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh an ton qu trnh ha hc .
Hc hi t nhng KINH NGHIM ca lch sThng hiu lch s ca cc trng hp tai nn xy ra trong qu khTham vn ng nghip v kinh nghim v li khuyn
An ton cn phi c THI GIAN hc tp, lm vic, ghi chp, chia s kinh nghim v tp hun
hoc c o to
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H THNGQUN L AN
TON
Con ngi v tisn Phng n
Qun l an ton quitrnh
An ton qui trnh & nh my
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 15TS Nguyn Qu
Antonquitrnh&nhmy
13. S tham giaca nhn vin
An ton qui trnh & nh my
Qun l an
ton quitrnh
1-Thng tin v anton qui trnh
2- Phn tch
him nguy caqui trnh
3- Quy trnh vnhnh 4- Tp hun &
o to
5- Kim sotnh thu
6- Thm tratrc khi
ng
7- Tng thchthit b
8- Cng vicbt thng
9- Qun l sthay i
10- iu tra s c
11- K hochkhn cp &
ng cu
12- Thm nh
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 16TS Nguyn Qu
Antonq
uitrnh&nhmy
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An ton qui trnh & nh my
Antonquitrnh&nhmy
-Mi quan h gia an ton qui trnhsn xut v dy chuyn thit b
-H s k thut v an ton, an ton lin
quan n vt liu s dng
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 17TS Nguyn Qu
qui trnh = nh hng ln nhau Thit b Ha cht
Qui trnh Vn hnh
An ton qui trnh & nh my
HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM 18TS Nguyn Qu
Antonq
uitrnh&nhmy
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Mi quan h gia an ton qui trnh snxut v dy chuyn thit b
Antonquitrnh&nhmy
HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM 19TS Nguyn Qu
H s k thut v an ton, an ton linquan n vt liu s dng
Antonq
uitrnh&nhmy
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 20TS Nguyn Qu
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H s k thut v an ton, an ton linquan n vt liu s dng
Antonquitrnh&nhmy
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 21TS Nguyn Qu
H s k thut v an ton, an ton linquan n vt liu s dng
Antonq
uitrnh&nhmy
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 22TS Nguyn Qu
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Lch s v an ton qui trnh
1066 ti Anh, William The Conqueror ra ch th phi dp tt vlp ph cc ng la trc khi rt qun
1566 Ti Manchester ta n ra sc lnh rng cc bao ng cis dng cho cc l bnh m phi c lu gi vi mt khongcch an ton v pht ai rm ngoi ng hoc t latrong phng m khng c ng khi
Sau , lut phng chy vo th k 17th v 18th l bin phpc lp ra sau cc s c ha hon , nh l trn chy ln cathnh ph Lun n (1666)
Cuc cch mng cng nghip v s bng pht v cng nghipha- du i hi hnh lang php l bo m an ton tich lm v cng chng
(Theo ti liu ca BP)
HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 23
Antonqutrnh
AN TONi hi mt h thng
ghi li nhng g cn phi c thc hin lm nhng g cn phi c thc hin ghi li cc cng vic c thc hin
Mt THI tch ccs t nguyn lm mt s cng vic bc bo.
Am hiu CC YU T CN BNtrong vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh an ton qu trnh ha hc .
Hc hi t nhng KINH NGHIM ca lch sThng hiu lch s ca cc trng hp tai nn xy ra trong qu khTham vn ng nghip v kinh nghim v li khuyn
An ton cn phi c THI GIAN hc tp, lm vic, ghi chp, chia s kinh nghim v tp hun hocc o to
BN phi c trch nhim ng gp s an ton
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An ton qu trnh ?
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 25
Antonqutrnh 3 lnh vc quan trng :
Cng ngh
C s, thit b, nh my
Con ngi
Nh mySn xut
An ton qu trnh ?
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 26
Ant
onqutrnh
Qui
trnh
An ton
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qui trnh ?
Qui trnh x l kh thi SO2
HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 27
Antonqutrnh
qui trnh ?
Qui trnh x l kh thi SO2
SO2 + CaO + 1/2 H2O => CaSO3. 1/2 H2OCaSO3 + 1/2 O2 + 2H2O => CaSO4.2H2O
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 28
Ant
onqutrnh
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qui trnh ?
Qui trnh x l kh thi SO2SO2 + CaO + 1/2 H2O => CaSO3. 1/2 H2O
CaSO3 + 1/2 O2 + 2H2O => CaSO4.2H2O
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 29
Antonqutrnh
Phn ng
1
Phn ng
2
SO2
CaO
H2O
CaSO4.2H2O
H2OO2
CaSO4.2H2O
Kh sch
qui trnh ?
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 30
Ant
onqutrnh
Phn ng1
Phn ng2
SO2
CaO
H2O
CaSO4.2H2O
H2OO2
CaSO4.2H2O
Kh sch
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qui trnh ?
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 31
Antonqutrnh
qui trnh ?
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 32
Ant
onqutrnh
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Sc in
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 33
Ng/t
Ct / nghin
Nhit
Chcnngvn hnh
Ting n
Phng x
Ha cht
Safety
Antonqutrnh
Ri ro v mc chp nhn ri ro
HIM NGUY RI RO
HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 34TS Nguyn Qu
Antonq
uitrnh&nhmy
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Cc ch s thng k v an tonv ngha
T l mc OSHA,
T l tai nn gy t vong (FAR), v
t l t vong, hoc trng hp t vong ivi mi ngi trong nm
THNG K TAI NN & MT MT
bin php quan trng cho s hiu qu ca cc chng trnhan ton.xc nh mt qu trnh c an ton hay khng hay s hiu
qu ca mt th tc v an ton ang lm vicnhng thng k ny cn phi c s dng mt cch cnthn.Cc s liu thng k ch l con s trung bnh v KHNG phnnh c tim nng cho tng qu trnh n l
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AN TON LAO NG V QUN L Y T(OSHA)
T l nh theo OSHA da trn c s ca 100 nm cng laong.
Mt nm ngi lao ng lm vic 2000 gi (50 tun lm victrong nm x 40 gi / tun). ( 2000 gi cng/nm)
Do , da trn 200.000 gi cng ( 100 nm), s nguy himvi ngi lao ng c nh nh sau:
T l nh theo OSHA (da vo cc thng tch vbnh tt) = S ngi b thng v bnh tt x200.000 / Tng s gi lm vic ca tt c nhn vintrong thi gian .
AN TON LAO NG V QUN L Y T(OSHA) p theo
Mt t l tnh ton khc c th c da trn ngy cnglao ng b mt thay v chn thng v bnh tt h ly
T l OSHA (datrn lng ngy
cng lao ng b
mt)
S lng ngycng b mt X200.000
Tng s gi cngca tt c cc laong trong thigian
=_______________
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FAR (Fatal Accident Rate)T l tai nn gy t vong
FAR c s dng ch yu ca ngnh cng nghip ha hcAnh
FAR c nh theo bo co s t vong da trn 1000 nhnvin lm vic ton b cuc i ca h
Cc nhn vin c cho l lm vic tng cng 50 nm.
Do , FAR da trn 108 gi cng.
Phng trnh kt qu l
FAR =_______________S lng t vong x 108
Tng gi cng catt c nhn vin lmvic trong thi giany
T l t vong
T l t vong trn mi ngi mi nm H thng ny l c lp vi s gi lm vic thc t Bo co ch s t vong d kin trn mi ngi mi nm
T l t vong = _______________
S lng t vongtrong nm
Tng s lngngi ng k
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SO SNH CC S THNG K
OSHA v FAR ph thuc vo sgi tinhs ton.
Mt s t l FAR c th cchuyn i sang t l t vong(hoc ngc li) nu s gi tnhton c bit.
T l OSHA khng th chuyn ic sang t l FAR hoc t l tvong v t l OSHA bao gmthng tin chn thng v tvong.
Accident Facts, 1985 ed. (Chicago; National Safely Council.1985), p. 30.
In fury Facts. 1999 ed (Chicago: National Safety Council.1999), p. 66,
JFiank P. Lees. Loss Prevention in the Process Industries(London: Buttcrworths. 1986), p. 177 *Ptank P. Lees. LassPrevention In the Process Industries, 2d ed. (London:Butterwortls.1996). p. 2/9. kh
Cng nghip T l OSHA (cc trnghp bao gm c cc ngykhng lm vic v s lngt vong)
FAR
(t vong)
Ha cht v ccnghnh lin quan
0.49 035 4.0 12
Luyn kim 1.54. 1-28 8.0
M than 2.22 0,26 40 73
Xy dng 3-88 0,6 67 5.0
Git m 5.27 0.96
Tt c cc nghnhsn xut
1.68 1.2
`
TH D 1
Th d 1-1: Mt qu trnh c bo co c t l FAR l 2. Nucng nhn lm vic theo ca 8 gi mi ngy v 300 ngy trongnm, bn hy nh xc sut t vong cho mi ngi trongnm.
Kt qu
T l t vong cho mi ngi trong nm =(8gi/ngy) x (300ngy/nm) x (2 t vong/108 gi)=4.8x10-5
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RI RO CHP NHN C
Khng th loi b hon ton nguy c.
Mi qu trnh ha hc c mt s ri ro nht nh
giai on thit k cn phi quyt nh xem ri ro no l cth "chp nhn c"
Cc k s phi thc hin mi n lc gim thiu ri rotrong hon cnh kinh t ca qu trnh
Nguyn nhn t vong SL t vong nm 1998
Giao thng xe c
Cng cng khng phi ngh nghip 38,900
Ngh nghip 2,100
ti nh 200
cng 41,200 (43,5%)
Ngh nghip
Khng do giao thng 3,000
Giao thng 2,100
cng 5,100 (5.4%)
Ti nh ( khng phi l do nghnghip)
Khng do giao thng 28.200
Miao thng 200
Cng 28,400 (30.0%)
Cng cng 20,000
Cng 20,000 (21.1%)
Tng cng t vong do tai nn 92200
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BN CHT CA QUY TRNH TAI NN
Hu ht cc tai nn u theo mt trnh t ba bc:
khi ng (trng hp bt u xy ra tai nn),
lan truyn (mt hoc nhiu s kin duy tr hoc lanrng tai nn), v
chm dt (mt hoc nhiu s kin dng chn tainn hoc gim thiu phm vi).
bc hiu ng mong mun Qui trnh
Khi ng gim bt Tip t v lin kt
Tr ha
Chng n in
Lan can v bo v
quy trnh bo tr
Giy php lm vic nng ( hot work)
Yu t con ngi thit k
qu trnh thit k
Nhn thc v c tnh nguy him ca ha cht
Lan truyn gim bt Chuyn giao vt liu khn cp
Gim kho vt liu d chy
B tr khong cch gia cc thit b v nh xng
Vt liu xy dng khng chy
Lp t van kim tra v van ngt khn cp
Chm dt Tng ln Thit b v quy trnh cha chy
h thng gim bt
h thng phun sng/nc
Lp t van kim tra v van ngt khn cp
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BA LOI HNH TAI NN
Loi hnh tai nn Xc sut xy ra Kh nng t vong Tim nng gy thithi kinh t
Chy Cao Thp Trung bnh
N Trung bnh Trung bnh Cao
Phng x Th p Cao Thp
An ton t tnh (inherent safety)v cc nguyn tc an ton t tnh
An ton t tnh cp n ha hc v vt l ngn chn tai nn Cc phng cch chnh thit k tng cng an ton t tnh hn Tng cng
Gim s lng vt liu nguy him s dng cng mt lc
v d bng cch s dng l nh hn Thay th
Thay th mt vt liu khc t nguy him hn v d lm sch bng nc hoc cht ty ra ch khng phi dng
dung mi d chy Gim bt
Gim cng ca mt hiu ng,
v d c mt cht lng lnh thay v ca mt cht kh p sut cao,
hoc s dng cc vt liu c nng pha long thay v m c
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Hn ch tc dng
Thit k v lp t thit b khi tnh trng ti t nht xy ra cng chc th gy t nguy him,
v d khi thit b b r r th cng ch chy/ri vo mt ni an ton n gin ha / Li dung sai
Lp t h thng ng ng gn gng v d ln theo trc quan
Bng iu khin c thit k d hiu
Nh my phi c thit k d dng bo tr, bo dng
An ton t tnh (inherent safety)v cc nguyn tc an ton t tnh
An ton qu trnh
Antonq
utrnh&nhmy
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Human ErrorLi v hnh vi con ngi
Quyt nh hoc hnh vi khng phhp hoc khng mong mun ca conngi c tim nng gim thiu hiu
qu an ton hoc hiu sut
Li v hnh vi con ngi
Yu t con ngi Con ngi v h thng gy ra
li Hc hi t tai nn nh v nguyn nhn ca h
thng Thng tin v chuyn giao ca Cc nn tng l thuyt v k
nng thc c a ra nhgi v gim li ca con ngi.
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Li v hnh vi con ngi
Yu t con ngi
Cc sai lm v hnh vi sai phm
truyn t thng tin v giao ca
xc nh s lng li do nhn t
Li v hnh vi con ngi
Li do con ngi hay l li do thit k?
Thiu thng minh hay thiu thng tin?
Thiu kh nng hay thiu hng dn?
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Cc dng li do con ngi
Hot ng
Khng
ch ch
Chch
Ri ch
Sai st
Li
Khng ch i vo ch cm
B stThay i
Ln xn / khng thch hp
QunB qua
Mt v trQun
Qui trnh sai
Vt qui nh Vi phmPh hoi
56
Li v hnh vi con ngi
Cc hnh vi gy li khng c xu
do:
Thiu kinh nghim
Tp hun khng y
Nm bt khng chnhxc
Cc tnh hung khc Nhn vin l yu t quan
trng quyt nh mi hotng ca thit b
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Trng thi tm l
Trng thi tm l cth gy ra :
Stress
Sao lng
Mt mi
Lm sao gim li do con ngigy ra?
Chn nhn vin c khnng ph hp
Tp hun
Nng cao cht lngthit b, qu trnh vnhnh v mi trng lmvic
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3
H s an ton ca h thng
K thut/Cng ngh
Mitrng
Conngi
STRESS c coi nh l yu tchnh gy ra li do con ngi
Stress vt l:
Nhit , thi gian, Mong i, v..v
Stress sinh l:
Ng khng iu , au m, vv.. Stress tm l:
Lo s, Tht vng, p lc x hi/ kinh t, vv..
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3
Li do pht m/ ngn ng
Kh khn nhn nghe c m thanh (ni): Cht lng m thanh u vo ( pht m)
m iu ( ging ni tng vng), ngi nc ngoi (khng phi bn a)
Tt pht m: ni lp, ni sai, /mm/, /um/
Thng thng t l li khong : 10-30%
H thng thng tin hin nay cha c kh nngphc hi li ny
Li do con ngi gy ra:
-90% tai nn giao thng
-86% Tai nn trn cht c hi vo nm 1986
-80-90% Tai nn ca cc nh my ha cht
-80% tai nn ti cc gin khoan du trongnhng thp nin va qua
-88% tai nn cng nghip
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3
Li do con ngi gy ra:.
-Ocean Ranger, Newfoundland, 1982. Tu phcv gin khoan Ocean drilling platform b lt,ton b thy th b cht
-Hinton, Alberta 1986, Tai nn ng st -23cht , 71 b thng, tn tht $35 triu , cxc nh li do con ngi.
64
Khng ph hp
Nguy him
Li do con ngi gy ra ?
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3
OSHA Office of Training and Education 65
Yu t con ngiChng trnh an ton
v sc khe
66
Li im ca hiu qu chng trnhan ton v sc khe
Gim thng tt v bnh nghnghip
Nng cao tinh thn v kh nng snxut
Gim chi ph bi thng tai nn laong
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3
67
Cc yu t chnh
An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng, v chngtrnh y t c hiu qu bao gm bn yu t sauy:
S cam kt ca qun l v s tham gia ca
nhn vin
Phn tch ch lm vic
Phng nga v kim soat mi nguy
Tp hun an ton
68
S cam kt ca qun l v stham gia ca nhn vin
S cam kt ca qun l to ra ng lcv ngun lc ( ti chnh v con ngi)
S tham gia ca nhn vin to ra mitrng pht trin , tin b v an ton
v sc khe cng nhn
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3
69
Chnh sch v mc tiu
Tnh trng r rng v an ton ch lm v chnh schsc khe
Xy dng v thng tin r rng v mc tiu v itng cho chng trnh an ton v sc khe
Li cun s tham gia ca lnh o cp cao vochng trnh
70
S tham gia ca nhn vin
Khuyn khch nhn vin tham gia chngtrnh v quyt nh n an ton v sc kheca h
Truyn t trch nhim cho tt c mi kha
cnh ca chng trnh
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71
Trch nhim
B phn chu trch nhim v chng trnh anton v sc khe phi c c quyn hn vphng tin
Qun l, gim st v nhn vin phi c t chc p ng trch nhim ca mnh
Hng nm chng trnh hot ng phi c xemxt nh gi, xc nh cc thiu st, v sa i
khi cn thit
72
Phn tch ni lm vic
Kim tra ni lm vic v xcnh:
-- Mi nguy ang c
-- Khi thay i iu kin v cchvn hnh th c th to ra minguy
Qun l phi ch ng phn tchcng vic v ni lm vic lng trc v ngn nga sy ras bt li
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Quan st thng th
Tin hnh iu tra c bn ton din van ton v sc khe
Phn tch mi nguy ca cng vic
Ai c th gip c:
-- Chng trnh t vn OSHA
-- Cng ty bo him
-- Cc nh t vn