CHNG II: THNG MI QUC T

CC HC THUYT C BN V THNG MI QUC TVi mi l thuyt, yu cu cc bn cn nm vng nhng im sau:

- Nhng ni dung c bn: li ch ca thng mi quc t (ngun gc ca li nhun v cc nhn t quyt nh li th trong ngoi thng...), cc quc gia tham gia vo thng mi quc t nh th no, vai tr ca Nh nc.

- Nhng gi thuyt, nu v d v m hnh

- Nhn xt u v nhc im, gn vi bi cnh ra i ca l thuyt

- Vn dng nhng l thuyt ny lin h vo thc t hin nay, chng hn khi cc bn c mt bi bo phn tch, chng ta c th nhn xt quan im ca tc gi l chu nh hng ca l thuyt no?

1. Ch ngha trng thng (th k XVI)

Nhc li nhng ni dung c bn

Hon cnh ra i

Ch ngha Trng thng c hnh thnh Chu u vo th k XVI v pht trin n gia th k 18 (thi k tin TBCN). Cc hc gi tiu biu

Ngi Php: Jean Bordin, Melon, Jully, Colbert (B trng Ti chnh Php trong sut 22 nm)

Ngi Anh: Thomax Mun, James Stewart, Josias Chhild...

Nhng ni dung chnh

- cao vai tr ca tin t, coi tin t l tiu chun c bn ca ca ci. Nh nc no cng nhiu tin th cng giu c.

CNTT coi ca ci l phng tin quan trng tuyt i ginh ly quyn lc, quyn lc l tch ly ca ci. Ca ci v quyn lc c cng c tt nht bng cch tng XK, tch ly kim loi qu. Trong bi cnh chu u t th k XV-XVIII, vng v bc c s dng vi t cch l tin t v to nn ca ci ca cc quc gia phong kin chu u. Vng bc c vai tr rt quan trng trong cc cuc chin tranh, m bo tr lng cho qun i, tr n cho cc nc trong lin minh. Ch mt s t nc c m vng bc (khai thc thuc a Ty Ban Nha), v vy cc nc cn li ra sc tng lng vng bc kim loi qu ca mnh bng nhiu con ng nh: thng mi, VD: Anh quc vi cng ty ng n, thm ch c cp bin v bun bn ch en.

- H c bit coi trng cc hot ng thng mi, m trc ht l ngoi thng. CNTT cho rng ch c hot ng Ngoi thng mi l ngun gc thc s ca ca ci v n lm tng thm khi lng tin t. Theo CNTT, khi tham gia vo thng mi quc t, mun c nhiu tin th phi thc hin xut siu, phi t c thng d mu dch, nht l vi cc nc thuc a:

Cc chnh sch p dng

+ Chnh sch vi thuc a:

Cc nc t bn gi c quyn thng mi trn th trng cc nc thuc a v ngn cn cc nc thuc a sn xut.

Cc nc thuc a xut khu nguyn liu th vi gi thp v nhp khu cc sn phm c gi tr cao hn.

+ t c thng d mu dch bng cch:

Tng s lng hng ho xut khu,

Xut khu hng ho c gi tr cao u tin hn hng ho c gi tr thp. Th k XVI chng kin s khuyn khch xut khu len Anh. n th k XVII, Thomas Mun, lm vic cho Cng ty ng n, cho rng nn khuyn khch xut khu cc sn phm ch bin v chng to ra gi tr cao, cm xut khu hng s ch.

CNTT khng khuyn khch xut khu nguyn liu m s dng nguyn liu sn xut trong nc ri em xut khu thnh phm.

Nhp khu: u tin nhp khu nguyn liu so vi thnh phm. Hn ch hoc cm nhp khu thnh phm, nht l hng xa x. NK vng v bc c ch trng

Khuyn khch ch hng bng tu ca nc mnh, v va bn c hng m cn c c nhng mn li khc nh cc vn ti, ph bo him.

Bun bn c thc hin bi cc cng ty c quyn ca Nh nc, hn ch hu ht hot ng nhp khu v nhiu hot ng xut khu c tr cp.

-V li nhun trong thng mi: H cho rng li nhun trong thng mi l kt qu ca vic trao i khng ngang gi, l s la gt.

Trong thng mi quc t, quc gia ny giu ln l nh s ngho i ca cc quc gia khc. Thng d ca nc ny ngha l thm ht ca mt nc khc.

-CNTT cao vai tr ca Nh nc trong vic iu tit nn kinh t. Mun y mnh xut khu, thc hin xut siu th Nh nc phi dng cc bin php khuyn khch xut khu, h tr v mt ti chnh, tr gi, b gi cho nh xut khu. Mun hn ch nhp khu th nh nc phi p dng cc bin php bo h mu dch. (Colbert l B trng Ti chnh Php trong sut 22 nm, di thi ng Chnh ph Php can thip su sc vo nn kinh t, p dng cc chnh sch khuyn khch XK v hn ch NK v thnh cng trong vic bin Php thnh mt nc cng nghip ln chu u).

Cc u im ca CNTT:

Ln u tin trong lch s, cc hin tng kinh t c gii thch bng nhng l lun. Trc , t tng kinh t ch yu c gii thch bng tn gio, kinh nghim...

cao vai tr ca thng mi, c bit l thng mi quc t. Quan im ny c th c coi l mt cuc cch mng v nhn thc t tro lu t tng phong kin thi k coi trng t cung t cp. nhn thc vai tr ca Nh nc vi t cch l ch th ch o trong quan h kinh t quc t v cc cng c chnh sch pht trin kinh t. Nhc im:

Quan nim cha ng v ngun gc ca s giu c: Giu l phi c nhiu tin bc, mun c nhiu tin th phi xut khu nhiu hn nhp khu.

Quan nim cha ng v li nhun trong thng mi: li nhun l kt qu ca s la gt v trao i khng ngang gi,

Cha nu ln bn cht bn trong ca hin tng kinh t: quc gia ny giu ln nh quc gia khc ngho i, mt nc c thng d thng mi th nc kia phi thm ht. CNTT khng gii quyt nhng vn nh c cu TMQT xc nh nh th no, chuyn mn ha sn xut v trao i c th mang li li ch g.

2. L thuyt v li th tuyt i ca Adam Smith

Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, bc sang na cui ca th k XVIII, ch ngha trng thng dn mt i v tr ca mnh. Trong tc phm Ngun gc v s giu c ca cc dn tc, Adam Smith (1723-1790), nh kinh t hc c in ngi Scotland, ngi c coi l cha ca kinh t hc, ph phn nhng hn ch ca CNTT v nu ln nhng quan im mi ca mnh v thng mi quc t. Thng mi c bit l ngoi thng c vai tr rt ln i vi s pht trin kinh t ca cc nc.

Ngun gc ca s giu c khng phi l do ngoi thng m l do sn xut cng nghip.

Adam Smith cho rng thng mi to iu kin cho pht trin kinh t nhng khng phi l ngun gc ca s giu c. S giu c ca mt quc gia ph thuc vo s sn c ca hng ha dch v hn l vng.

Thng mi quc t gia cc quc gia l trn c s t nguyn v cc bn cng c li. S trao i phi l ngang gi.

Khc vi CNTT cho rng li nhun l do lng gt v trao i khng ngang gi, theo A. Smith, trao i phi ngang gi. Nu mt bn thy h ri vo th bt li, h s khng tham gia vo thng mi quc t.

A. Smith ph phn s phi l ca l thuyt trng thng v chng minh rng mu dch s gip c hai bn gia tng gia sn, qua vic thc thi mt nguyn tc c bn l nguyn tc phn cng.

C s mu dch gia cc quc gia l cn c vo li th tuyt i ca cc nc.

Khi nim li th tuyt i

Li th tuyt i ca mt quc gia v mt sn phm ngha l quc gia sn xut ra sn phm vi cc chi ph thp hn cc nc khc.

V d: Du Arp Saudi v g Canaa hu nh l li th tuyt i, nhng nhng v d v li th tuyt i l rt t. Tng t Brazin cng c th coi l c li th tuyt i trong sn xut c ph, tc l cng mt lng u vo (t ai, phn bn, nc ti, v.v..) v cng mt gi lao ng, Brazin sn xut c nhiu c ph hn cc nc khc. Hin nay, Brazil sn xut khong 1/3 c ph th gii, hn na c ph ca h c cht lng cao hn c ngi tiu th M a dng, bi vy sn xut c ph Brazil c nh hng rt rng ln. Chng hn nh hin tng sng gi ma ng nn 1994 lm gim 45% sn lng v thu hoch 1995-1996. u tin l gi c thay i bi cc nh sn xut, ch bin (rang), nhng nh u c lm gi c ln cao nht trong 10 nm qua. Sau , ba nh sn xut c ph ln nht ca M: Procter & Gamble, Kraft, Nestl tng gi bn l 45%.

Vi tng mt hng, mt quc gia c th sn xut hiu qu hn so vi cc quc gia khc. Quc gia ch nn chuyn mn ho vo SX mt hng v trao i vi nhng nc khc c nhng mt hng cn li (sn xut km hiu qu hn) phc v cho nhu cu trong nc. Nh vy, cc ngun lc quc gia s chuyn dch vo nhng ngnh c hiu qu.

Trong tc phm ca mnh, A. Smith bng a v cc quc gia vi cc h gia nh. Cu chm ngn ca nhng ngi ch gia nh khn ngoan l: khng bao gi c gng t sn xut ra mt hng no m chi ph sn xut ln hn gi phi tr mua mt hng . Mt ngi th may khng bao gi t ng giy cho mnh m mua chng ca hiu ng giyCch thc hin khn ngoan ca mi gia nh l g, mt quc gia hng mnh c nn mnh b thiu thn khng? Nu mt nc khc c th cung cp cho chng ta mt loi hng ho r hn so vi ta t sn xut th tt hn l mua chng tiu dng bng s tin m chng ta thu c khi bn mt phn sn phm trong nc m chng ta c li th sn xut.

Ngun gc ca li th tuyt i:

+ Li th t nhin: ti nguyn, iu kin kh hu, t ai.

iu kin t nhin c th ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic sn xut c hiu qu rt nhiu sn phm nh nng sn (c ph, ch, cao su, da, la go, v.v..) v cc loi khong sn (kim cng, du m, qung nhm, v.v..)

+ Li th do n lc: k thut v s lnh ngh.

Sn xut cc thnh phm: nng sn ch bin, sn phm ch to phn ln ph thuc vo li th do n lc thng l k thut ch bin v k nng sn xut.

Chuyn mn ha v m hnh li th tuyt i

A. Smith a ra quan im v chuyn mn ha :

Chng ta gi thit trng hp ca hai nc Iraq v Vit Nam

NcDu m (thng)

do mt n v ngun lc sn xut raGo (tn)

do mt n v ngun lc sn xut ra

Iraq102

Vit Nam63

Nh vy, Iraq c li th trong sn xut du cn Vit Nam c li th trong sn xut go. (Trong trng hp ny, li th bt ngun t iu kin t nhin ca hai nc. n v ngun lc, c th trong l thuyt ca A.Smith chnh l gi cng lao ng)

Gi nh mi nc c hai n v ngun lc: phn b cho sn xut du m 1 n v ngun lc, t: 1 n v ngun lc. Nu nh by gi chuyn mt n v ngun lc ca Iraq t sn xut go sang sn xut du v 1 n v ngun lc ca Vit Nam t sn xut du sang sn xut go th kt qu s nh sau:

NcDu m (thng)

sn xut ra tng (gim)Go (tn)

sn xut ra tng (gim)

Iraq10(2)

Vit Nam(6)3

Tng41

Qu trnh chuyn mn ha s lm tng thm sn lng du ln 4 thng v go thm 1 tn. Trong trng hp ny, Iraq phi nhp khu go t Vit Nam cn Vit Nam th nhp khu du m t Iraq.

Cc gi nh ca l thuyt li th tuyt i:

Khi nghin cu cc m hnh kinh t, cc bn cn nh rng chng lun lun gn lin vi nhng gi nh. Nhng gi nh ny mc ch nhm n gin ha vic nghin cu, gip chng ta tp trung vo nhng ni dung ct li.

Cc gi nh trong l thuyt ny l:

Ch c 2 nn kinh t tham gia sn xut hng ha

Hng ha do cc nc khc nhau sn xut ng nht vi nhau v c tnh v cht lng (du ca Vit Nam v Iraq l ging nhau, go cng c cht lng tng ng)

Khng tnh n chi ph vn ti

Chi ph l khng i cho d quy m sn xut tng

Cc yu t sn xut (vn, lao ng, cng ngh, t ai) cc nc l ging nhau.

D dng di chuyn cc ngun lc t sn xut mt hng ny sang mt hng khc. Vit Nam c th chuyn mt b phn ngun lc t sn xut du sang chuyn mn ha vo mt hng go v Iraq cng tng t.

Khng c s hin din ca hng ro thu quan.

Tri thc l hon ho (trnh cng ngh l nh nhau).

Hn ch ca l thuyt:

L thuyt trn khng gii thch c hin tng trao i thng mi vn din ra vi nhng nc c li th hn hn cc nc khc mi sn phm, hoc nhng nc khng c li th tuyt i v tt c cc sn phm. L lun ca ng khng thnh cng trong vic dp tt ni lo lng m mt s ngi nu ra thm ch trc khi ng vit cun S giu c ca cc quc gia. Nu chng ta khng c li th tuyt i th sao? Nu nhng ngi nc ngoi gii hn chng ta trong sn xut tt c cc mt hng th sao? Liu h c mun trao i khng? V nu c, liu chng ta c nn trao i khng? Ni lo lng lun tn ti trong tm tr nhng ngi Anh cng thi vi A.Smith, h lo s ngi c sn xut mi mt hng hiu qu hn h. Trong th gii ngy nay, ni lo ny vn cn tn ti. Sau chin tranh th gii ln th hai, nhiu nc nhn thy h khng th cnh tranh vi s sn xut hiu qu trong mi lnh vc ca ngi M v t hi lm th no c th thu c li nhun t t do thng mi. Ngy nay mt vi ngi M li c mt ni lo tri ngc: c phi ngi Nht c hiu qu cao hn trong sn xut mi mt hng khi tham gia vo thng mi quc t v liu M c b tn hi bi thng mi khng? Cu hi tng xng vi cu tr li. Chng ta chuyn sang hc thuyt tip theo, hc thuyt u tin gii p mt cch y v a ra mt nguyn tc c bn ca thng mi quc t.

3. L thuyt v li th so snh ca David Ricardo

S ra i v pht trin ca l thuyt li th so snh:

tr li cho nhng hn ch trn trong l thuyt v li th tuyt i ca Adam Smith, chng ta s tm hiu l thuyt v li th so snh ca David Ricardo (Anh, 1772-1823). D. Ricardo chng minh c thng mi quc t c th mang li li ch cho cc bn tham gia, ngay c khi mt bn c u th sn xut r hn bn kia trong tt c cc mt hng. iu quan trng y khng phi l chi ph sn xut tuyt i, m l chi ph c hi sn xut mt hng ny tnh bng mt hng kia. tng ny ln u tin c cp n bi Robert Torrens (Anh, 1780-1864) vo nm 1815 trong bi vit v thng mi v ng An Essay on the External Corn Trade. ng kt lun rng Anh c li khi sn xut cc mt hng khc i ly ng t Ba Lan, cho d Anh c th sn xut ng r hn Ba Lan. Tuy nhin, l thuyt li th so snh tht s c gn lin vi tn tui ca D. Ricardo khi c ng pht trin trong tc phm ni ting Nhng nguyn l kinh t chnh tr v thu (1817).

3.1. Nguyn tc li th so snh

- Mi nc u c th c li ch khi tham gia vo TMQT.

Khi mi nc c li th tuyt i so vi nc khc v mt loi hng ho, li ch ca ngoi thng l r rng. Nhng iu g s xy ra nu mt nc c th sn xut c hiu qu hn nc kia trong hu ht cc mt hng? Hoc nhng nc khng c li th tuyt i no th thng mi gia nhng nc ny c din ra hay khng?

Theo Ricardo mi nc u c li khi tham gia vo thng mi quc t. Vi cch gii thch nh vy, l thuyt li th so snh ku gi t do ho thng mi, xo b Chnh sch bo h mu dch.

- Nguyn nhn xut hin li ch trong thng mi quc t:

+ Cc nc bun bn vi nhau v h khc nhau.

Vit nam khc vi Iraq, thng qua bun bn cc nc s b sung cho nhau. Gi s nh chng ta thc hin chng trnh i du ly lng thc vi Iraq. l do Iraq khc chng ta im l h khng c li th trong vic trng trt.

+ Cc nc bun bn vi nhau t c li th nh quy m sn xut.

Mi nc khi chuyn mn ho vo mt s loi hng th nc c th sn xut quy m ln hn v do c hiu qu hn l trong trng hp nc sn xut tt c mi th.

+ Li ch trong thng mi quc t bt ngun t li th so snh.

Nhng nc c li th tuyt i hon ton hn trc khc, hoc b km li th tuyt i hn so vi nc khc trong vic sn xut mi sn phm, th vn c li khi tham gia vo phn cng lao ng quc t. Bi v mi nc c mt li th so snh nht nh v mt s mt hng v km li th so snh v mt s mt hng.

- Mi nc u c li th so snh trong sn xut mt mt hng no (v km li th so snh trong mt hng khc)

Mt quc gia c li th so snh khi quc gia c kh nng sn xut mt hng ho vi mc chi ph c hi thp hn so vi cc quc gia khc.

Chi ph c hi ca vic sn xut ra mt hng ho l s lng hng ho khc m chng ta phi hy sinh khi chng ta s dng ngun lc sn xut thm mt n v hng ho .

Cc bn cn c bit ch n t quan trng trong khi nim ny, l so snh. Cn phn bit s khc nhau gia li th so snh v li th tuyt i, li th tuyt i dng ch cho trng hp mt quc gia c th sn xut ra mt hng ho vi lng yu t u vo t hn. Li th so snh (hay li th tng i) gii thch ti sao mt nc c li th tuyt i hon ton hn hn cc nc khc, hoc b km li th tuyt i so vi cc nc khc v mi sn phm th vn c th tham gia vo thng mi quc t.

V d:

n v sn phm1h lao ng M to ra1h lao ng Trung Quc to raTng cng

Qun o (b)201535

My tnh (chic)213

Vy chi ph c hi sn xut qun o chnh l s my tnh phi t b sn xut 1b qun o

Trung Quc: 1/15 (chic) - M: 2/20 (chic)

Trung Quc c chi ph c hi thp hn. Vy Trung Quc c li th so snh trong sn xut qun o. Tng t chi ph c hi sn xut my tnh chnh l s b qun o phi t b sn xut 1 chic my tnh:

Trung Quc: 15 (b) - M: 20:2=10 (b) => M c chi ph c hi thp hn.

Vy M c li th so snh trong sn xut t. M s xut khu t v nhp khu qun o ca Trung Quc.

Ch : Nu u bi cho theo chiu ngc li, chng hn:

n v sn phmS gi lao ng s dng M S gi lao ng s dng Trung Quc

Qun o (b)14

My tnh (chic)528

Mun bit nc no nn chuyn mn ha vo sn phm g, ta tnh t s:

1/5 >4/28

L gii cng thc ny bng cch chuyn i sang bng theo nng sut lao ng tnh chi ph c hi bng trn.

n v sn phm1h lao ng M to ra1h lao ng Trung Quc to ra

Qun o (b)11/4

My tnh (chic)1/51/28

Chi ph c hi sn xut qun o M - s my tnh phi t b sn xut 1b qun o: (1/5):1=1/5

Chi ph c hi sn xut qun o Trung Quc: (1/28): (1/4)= 4/28

CP c hi SX qun o ca Trung Quc nh hn: 4/28 < 1/5 (ging cng thc trn) do Trung Quc nn chuyn mn ho vo SX qun o.

Trng hp ny M s XK my tnh v nhp khu qun o ca Trung Quc. Nu M XK 01 my tnh sang Trung Quc s c th nhp khu c 07 b qun o. Trong khi 01 my tnh M ch tng ng vi 05 b qun o.

i Trung Quc trong nc 7 b qun o th tng ng vi 1 chic my tnh, nhng nu chuyn mn ho SX qun o ri XK sang M v i ly my tnh th ch cn bn 5 b qun o l i mt chic my tnh, nh vy di ra 2 b qun o => Trung Quc cng c li.

3.2. M hnh David Ricardo

lm r hn vai tr ca li th so snh i vi chiu hng ngoi thng ca mi quc gia cng nh li ch m quc gia nhn c khi tham gia vo ngoi thng, chng ta s nghin cu m hnh l thuyt sau y, vn dng cc kin thc v kinh t hc vi m m cc bn bit.

3.2.1. Nn kinh t quc gia vi mt yu t sn xut

Trc khi tm hiu thng mi gia hai nc, chng ta s lm quen vi m hnh nn kinh t ca mt quc gia t cung t cp vi mt yu t sn xut.

- Cc gi nh:

Nn kinh t t cung t cp ch c mt yu t sn xut l lao ng (L labour) v cnh tranh hon ho

Ch c hai sn phm trong nn kinh t: qun o v my tnh

Trnh cng ngh c th hin bng nng sut lao ng (s gi cng lao ng cn thit sn xut ra mt chic my tnh hoc mt b qun o)

- Xc nh ng gii hn kh nng sn xut:

Ta c:

aLA :s gi cng lao ng sn xut ra mt b qun o

QA : tng sn lng qun o nn kinh t sn xut

aLM: l s gi cng lao ng sn xut ra mt chic my tnh

QM: tng sn lng my tnh nn kinh t sn xut

Nng lc sn xut quc gia b gii hn bi ngun lc lao ng L tng s gi cng lao ng, th hin bi bt ng thc sau: Hnh 2.1. ng gii hn kh nng sn xut ca mt nc

ng gii hn kh nng sn xut cho bit vi mi mc sn lng qun o nht nh, c th sn xut ti a c bao nhiu chic my tnh v ngc li.

Chi ph c hi sn xut qun o theo my tnh

sn xut 1 b qun o, cn s dng aLA gi cng lao ng

Mi gi cng lao ng ng l ra c dng sn xut c s my tnh l 1/ aLM chic. => aLA gi cng lao ng ng l sn xut c aLA/ aLM chic my tnh

aLA/ aLM chnh l chi ph c hi sn xut qun o tnh theo my tnh.

- Gi tng i v cung hng ha:

+ ng gii hn kh nng sn xut cho bit cc phng n sn xut cc mc sn lng c th l bao nhiu.

+ xc nh mc sn lng thc s m nn kinh t sn xut cn xem xt gi tng i ca hai loi hng ha c sn xut. Gi tng i l gi ca mt hng ny c tnh bng gi ca mt hng kia.

+ PA : gi qun o, PM: gi my tnh.

V gi thit l nn kinh t ch c mt yu t sn xut nn khng c li nhun, tin lng theo gi ca ngi cng nhn bng gi tr hng ha m anh ta to ra trong mt gi.

Ngi cng nhn cn aLA gi lao ng to ra 1 n v qun o gi tr PA => Tin lng theo gi ca ngi cng nhn trong ngnh sn xut qun o l PA/ aLA

Tng t, tin lng theo gi ca ngi cng nhn trong ngnh my tnh l PM/ aLM

Nu tin lng ca ngnh sn xut qun o ln hn ngnh my tnh, ngha l:

PA/aLA > PM/aLM PA/ PM > aLA/aLM

Trong :

PA/ PM : gi tng i

aLA/aLM: cc bn cn nh con s ny ni ln iu g khng, chnh l chi ph c hi ca vic sn xut qun o theo my tnh.

V mi ngi u mun lm trong ngnh c lng cao hn, nn nu PA/ PM > aLA/aLM, nn kinh t s chuyn mn ha vo vic sn xut qun o. Nu PA/ PM < aLA/aLM, nn kinh t s chuyn mn ha vo sn xut my tnh. Nu ng thc xy ra, c hai hng ha u c sn xut. (1)

Khi khng c hot ng thng mi quc t, quc gia trn s phi sn xut c hai loi hng ha phc v cho nhu cu ca mnh. Nhng iu ny ch din ra nu gi tng i v chi ph c hi ca hng ha l bng nhau. Nh vy, khi khng c ngoi thng, gi tng i ca hng ha bng chi ph lao ng tng i ca hng ha .

3.2.2. Thng mi quc t trong mt nn kinh t c mt yu t sn xut.

By gi chng ta s t nn kinh t c mt yu t sn xut trn tham gia vo ngoi thng.

a. Cc gi nh:

Hai quc gia (Home v Foreign)

Nn kinh t ch c mt yu t sn xut l lao ng (L labour) v cnh tranh hon ho

Ch c hai sn phm trong nn kinh t: qun o v my tnh

Trnh cng ngh c th hin bng nng sut lao ng (s gi cng lao ng cn thit sn xut ra mt chic my tnh hoc mt b qun o)

Lao ng khng di chuyn t nc ny sang nc kia, nhng hon ton di chuyn d dng gia cc ngnh trong phm vi mt nc

Ta c cc yu t aLA, aLM, QA, QM ln lt l s gi cng lao ng sn xut ra mt n v qun o, my tnh v sn lng ca hai hng ha trn quc gia Home

Tng ng, ta c cc yu t quc gia Foreign

Hnh 2.2. ng gii hn kh nng sn xut ca 2 nc Home v Foreign

SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

Quc gia Home c li th tuyt i v sn xut qun o nu

Quc gia Home c li th so snh v sn xut qun o nu (2)

(thi gian lao ng cn thit sn xut qun o tnh theo thi gian lao ng my tnh nc Home < nc Foreign)

Hay (3)

(thi gian lao ng cn thit sn xut qun o nc Home tnh theo thi gian lao ng cn thit sn xut qun o nc Foreign < thi gian lao ng cn thit sn xut my tnh nc Home tnh theo thi gian lao ng cn thit sn xut my tnh nc Foreign).

b. Xc nh gi tng i khi c hot ng thng mi:

Nh trn phn tch, khi khng c thng mi, gi hng ha s c xc nh bi chi ph lao ng trong nc. Khi xut hin thng mi quc t, s c nhng nhn t khc tc ng n gi. Nu nc Foreign, gi tng i ca qun o t hn my tnh, thng nhn s vn chuyn qun o t nc Home n Foreign bn v chuyn my tnh t Foreign v nc Home. Hot ng ny s ch ngng li khi Home xut khu qun o v Foreign xut khu my tnh cn bng mc gi tng i. Vy iu g quyt nh mc gi tng i ?Trong mn kinh t hc vi m, cc bn bit xc nh gi t hai ng cung v cu. Khi nghin cu li th so snh, cn ch l chng ta khng th tch ra nghin cu cc th trng cc hng ha ra c lp m b qua s tng tc gia chng. Home xut khu qun o l nhp khu my tnh, Foreign xut khu my tnh l nhp khu qun o. V vy, theo di c hai th trng ny, chng ta cn xem xt my tnh v qun o trn phng din cung v cu tng i , ngha l s lng qun o cung cp (hoc c nhu cu mua) chia cho s lng my tnh c cung cp (hoc c nhu cu mua). ng cu tng i c tn gi l RD, ng cung tng i l RS.

Hnh 2.3. ng cung v cu tng i ca th gii

Mt iu p vo mt ta l ng RS c hnh bc thang nh di. Ti sao?Chng ta s i ln lt phn tch i dn theo s bin i ca gi tng i trn trc tung.

(i) Khi PA/ PM < aLA/aLM: Khng c cung v qun o. Ti sao li nh vy? Khi Home s chuyn mn ha vo sn xut my tnh (tin lng trong ngnh ny cao hn so vi ngnh qun o, theo (1) phn 3.2.1). Vi Foreign, do ta gi nh trong (2), nn bc cu ta c . Tng t nh Home, Foreign cng s chuyn mn ha vo sn xut my tnh.

Nh vy, khi PA/ PM < aLA/aLM, khng c cung th gii v qun o.

(ii). Khi PA/ PM = aLA/aLM, theo (1) phn 3.2.1. mc gi tng i ny, ngi cng nhn Home d lm trong ngnh qun o hay my tnh u c thu nhp l nh nhau. Home c th cung ng bt k s kt hp no ca sn lng hai hng ha, dn n ng cung tng i RS on ny nm ngang.

(iii). Khi , nh vy Home s chuyn mn ha vo sn xut qun o, Foreign s chuyn mn sn xut my tnh.

Vi ngun lc L, Home sn xut c lng: L/aLA n v qun o

Vi ngun lc L*, Foreign sn xut c lng: L*/a*LM n v my tnh.

Do , vi mi mc gi tng i trong khong , th cung tng i ca qun o bng (L/aLA ) / (L*/a*LM ). ng RS on ny do c dng thng ng.

(iv) Khi , tng t nh trng hp (ii), nc Foreign, tin lng ca hai ngnh l nh nhau, do ng cung tng i on ny nm ngang. (v). Khi , theo (1), c Home v Foreign s chuyn mn ha vo sn xut qun o. Cung v my tnh bng khng, do cung tng i ca qun o so vi my tnh l khng xc nh.

V pha ng cu tng i RD, dc ca ng ny th hin nh hng thay th. Khi mc gi qun o tng ln, ngi tiu dng c xu hng t mua qun o hn v nhiu my tnh ln, do cu tng i v qun o gim xung.

Gi cn bng tng i s c xc nh bng giao im gia ng cung tng i RS v cu tng i RD.

im (1): Home chuyn mn vo sn xut qun o, Foreign chuyn mn sn xut my tnh

im (2): Nu ng cu li l RD, vy th gi tng i ca qun o bng chi ph c hi ca vic sn xut qun o Home. Home khng cn thit phi chuyn mn ha vo hng ha no c. Thc t, Home s sn xut c hai loi hng ha. Nh ta thy trn hnh v, Q nh hn mc sn lng trong trng hp (iii), khi Home chuyn mn ha sn xut qun o hon ton.

Nh vy Home sn xut c hai hng ha v Foreign sn xut my tnh.

Tm li, mi nc s chuyn mn ha sn xut sn phm c chi ph lao ng tng i t hn.

c. Li ch ca thng mi

C hai nc khi chuyn mn ha u thu c li ch. C th minh ha li ch ny bng 2 cch.

Cch 1: Chng ta th coi thng mi nh l mt phng thc sn xut gin tip. Home c th sn xut my tnh trc tip, nhng vic thc hin trao i vi Foreign cho php sn xut my tnh bng cch sn xut qun o ri em i ly my tnh. Trc tip: mt gi lao ng to ra 1/aLM my tnh Gin tip: 1h lao ng to ra 1/aLA qun o, m mi b qun o nu em trao i ly my tnh c gi tng i PA/PM chic my tnh => 1h lao ng to ra (1/aLA) * (PA/PM) my tnh

Cch gin tip ny hiu qu hn cch lm trc tip khi

(1/aLA) * (PA/PM) > 1/aLM PA/PM > aLA/aLM (*)

Theo m hnh mc b., c hai nc u chuyn mn ha, (*) phi xy ra. Do , Home c th sn xut my tnh hiu qu hn bng cch lm gin tip l chuyn mn ha vo sn xut qun o ri em trao i. Vi Foreign, cng tng t nh vy, c th sn xut qun o kinh t hn bng cch sn xut my tnh v em i ly qun o. Cch 2: xem ng gii hn kh nng tiu dng

Khi khng c thng mi, ng gii hn kh nng tiu dng s trng vi ng gii hn kh nng sn xut (PPF v PPF*). Khi c thng mi, mi nc c th c nhng la chn kt hp qun o v my tnh khc nhau. ng gii hn kh nng tiu dng ca Home v Foreign u c m rng. Hnh 2.4. Thng mi m rng kh nng tiu dng

Nc Home SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

Nc Foreign:

SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

3.2.3. Hn ch ca hc thuyt

- Cc phn tch ca David Ricardo ch ch n cung sn xut sn phm m mnh c li th tng i, khng ch n cu tiu dng.

- Cc phn tch ca David Ricardo cha tnh n chi ph vn ti, bo him, thu quan v cc hng ro bo h mu dch.

- Gi tng i trong trao i theo l thuyt li th so snh ca David Ricardo ch da vo u vo l lao ng. Thc t gi tng i c cu thnh bi nhiu yu t: Vn, lao ng, cng ngh,

- Cha tnh n yu t chi ph SX gim dn theo quy m v nng sut lao ng tng dn theo quy m.

- Cha tnh n vng i sn phm, th hiu tiu dng.

4. Hc thuyt Hecksher - Ohlin

Gii thiu

Trong l thuyt ca mnh, David Ricardo gi thit ch c mt yu t sn xut duy nht l lao ng, li th so snh tn ti l do s khc nhau v nng sut lao ng gia cc quc gia. Mt cu hi t nhin c t ra, l ti sao li c s khc nhau v nng sut lao ng gia cc quc gia. c th l do s khc nhau v cng ngh, cc ngun lc khc... Hai nh kinh t hc Thy in l Eli Heckscher (1879-1952) v Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) a ra li gii thch da vo s khc bit v ngun lc gia cc quc gia (Nht nhiu vn, Vit Nam nhiu lao ng) v s khc nhau trong t l cc yu t sn xut c s dng sn xut ra cc hng ha (sn xut my tnh cn nhiu vn, sn xut qun o cn nhiu lao ng) nh l ngun gc duy nht ca li th so snh. Hc thuyt ny sau c cc nh kinh t hc khc nh Paul Samuelson, Jaroslav Vanek tip tc pht trin, v cn c gi l hc thuyt v t l cc yu t sn xut (factors proportion). 4.1. Ni dung c bn ca hc thuyt

Trong mt nn kinh t m ca, mi nc tin n chuyn mn ha ngnh sn xut m cho php s dng nhiu yu t sn xut i vi nc l thun li nht.

Trao i quc t l s trao i cc yu t d tha ly cc yu t khan him.Cc nc chuyn mn ha sn xut nhng sn phm cn nhiu yu t d tha ca nc mnh xut khu v nhp khu nhng sn phm m sn xut ra n i hi nhiu yu t khan him.

C th, cc yu t ca cc sn xut chng ta thng ni n l g? C 4 yu t c bn l: vn (capital), lao ng (labour), cng ngh (technology), t ai (land). Nhng yu t ny khng phn b u cc quc gia. Chng hn cc nc pht trin c th coi l d tha (hiu theo ngha tng i) v vn v cng ngh, trong khi cc nc ang pht trin li c nhiu lao ng.

Hc thuyt H-O gip ta hiu ti sao Trung Quc mau chng tr thnh cng xng ca th gii v cc sn phm nh dt may, giy dp, chi,... chim lnh th trng trn ton cu. l v nhng sn phm ny cn n nhiu lao ng, m t nc ny hn 1,3 t dn ny th c rt di do vi chi ph nhn cng ht sc cnh tranh. Trong khi , mt nc lng ging nh Nht Bn, sau chin tranh th gii II cng pht trin rt mnh ngnh dt may xut khu sang M, EU... nhng hin nay li khng pht trin ngnh ny na. Li th v lao ng ca Nht qua thi gian gi khng cn, thay vo Nht Bn tp trung vo nhng ngnh sn xut t, in t v cc cng ngh mi khc, nhng ngnh ny cn n nhiu vn v cng ngh, l nhng yu t sn xut m Nht Bn sn c. Trong nhm cc nc pht trin, Nht v Ty u khan him v t ai v ti nguyn thin nhin, trong khi Canaa li c qu t lm sn, khong sn phong ph, v vy khng ngc nhin khi nc ny c nhng mt hng xut khu ch lc c hm lng ti nguyn thin nhin cao nh ha du, kim loi, sn phm g v giy. Tng t, Australia, NewZealand, Argentina li xut khu nhiu sn phm tht, la m, len d... trong khi Vit Nam li xut khu go, c ph do yu t iu kin t nhin khc nhau. nh lut Xu hng cn bng v thu nhp ca cc yu t sn xut:

Khi cc nc t do ha thng mi, khng c nc no chuyn mn ha hon ton th thu nhp ca cc yu t sn xut gia cc nc c xu hng cn bng nhau. MVit Nam

SX t tng => nhu cu vn tng => tha vn c gii quyt =>li sut tngSX t gim=> cu v vn gim => gim tnh trng thiu vn => li sut gim

Cn bng li sut

SX qun o gim => cu L gim => lng gimSX qun o tng => cu L tng => lng tng

Cn bng lng

TMQT lm tng thu nhp thc t ca cc yu t d tha v gim thu nhp thc t ca cc yu t khan him

4.2. M hnh

a. M hnh nn kinh t c 2 yu t sn xut.

Cc gi nh

Gi s c 2 mt hng vi (c) (tnh bng mt) v thc phm (f - tnh bng calo). sn xut ra hai sn phm ny cn n 2 u vo l lao ng - L (gi cng) v t ai - T (ha). Chng ta c nhng k hiu sau:

aTC: s ha t c s dng sn xut mt mt vi

aLC: s gi cng lao ng sn xut mt mt vi

aTC: s ha t c s dng sn xut mt calorie thc phm

aLC: s gi cng lao ng sn xut mt calorie thc phm.

L: s gi lao ng

T: s cung t

Ngun lc ca nn kinh t l hu hn, ngha l qu t v s gi cng b gii hn. Nh sn xut c th c nhiu phng n s dng ngun lc khc nhau sn xut sn phm. Chng hn, nu b thm nhiu gi cng hn trn mt ha t (lm c, bn phn, lm t... k hn) th ha t c th mang li nhiu sn lng thc phm hn. Nh vy, ngi ch trang tri c th chn phng n dng t t i, nhiu lao ng ln hoc ngc li, ngha l c nhng s la chn kt hp cc yu t sn xut khc nhau. (iu ny khc vi m hnh D. Ricardo, trong ch c mt ngun lc, yu cu u vo sn xut mt n v sn phm l c nh). Hnh 2.5. u vo cho sn xut thc phm

Thc t, vic kt hp s dng cc ngun lc nh th no s ph thuc vo gi tng i ca t ai v lao ng. Nu gi t cao v gi nhn cng thp, ngi nng dn s chn dng t t i v dng nhiu lao ng ln, ngc li nu gi t r v gi lao ng t, anh ta s tit kim lao ng v dng nhiu t. Chng ta k hiu:

w: Gi nhn cng/gi lao ng (wages)

r: Gi thu mt ha t (rent)

T l gi tng i ca cc yu t sn xut ny w/r s quyt nh s la chn cc ngun lc ca ngi nng dn, cng nh ngi sn xut vi. Mi quan h gia gi tng i w/r v t l t/lao ng c th hin hnh sau (ng FF biu hin mi quan h ny vi mt hng thc phm, v CC biu hin cho mt hng vi). Hnh 2.6. Gi c u vo v la chn ngun lc

Chng ta thy ng CC nm bn tri FF, ngha l mt mc gi tng i w/r nht nh, sn xut thc phm s c t l s dng t/lao ng nhiu hn sn xut vi. TF/LF > TC/ LCVD: Nu sn xut thc phm dng 80 lao ng v 200 ha t, trong khi sn xut vi dng 20 lao ng v 20 ha t, th ta ni sn xut thc phm l s dng nhiu t (thm dng t ai - land intensive).

Sn xut vi s s dng nhiu lao ng (thm dng lao ng - labour intensive). thm dng nh vy ph thuc vo t l dng t so vi lao ng, ch khng ph thuc vo t l t ai/ sn lng u ra hoc lao ng/sn lng. Mt sn phm khng th thm dng c hai yu t sn xut. Chi ph yu t u vo v gi c hng haGi thit nn kinh t ny sn xut c hai mt hng vi v thc phm (thc t tham gia vo thng mi quc t, mt nc c th chuyn mn ha hon ton, nhng ta tm thi b qua kh nng ny). Cnh tranh gia cc nh sn xut trong mi khu vc s khin gi hng ha bng chi ph sn xut. Chi ph sn xut ph thuc vo gi ca cc yu t sn xut: Nu gi thu t cao hn, cc yu t khc khng i th gi ca sn phm s dng nhiu t s cao hn. Tc ng ca gi u vo ln chi ph sn xut mt hng ha ph thuc vo vic sn xut hng ha cn bao nhiu yu t u vo ny. Nu sn xut vi cn rt t t, th d gi thu t c ln cao, n cng khng tc ng nhiu n gi vi, tuy nhin li c th y gi thc phm ln rt nhiu. Ta kt lun c quan h t l thun gia t l tin lng/tin t w/r v t l gi vi/gi thc phm (gi tng i ca vi tnh bng thc phm)(Hnh 2.7. Gi u vo v gi hng ha)Do chi ph yu t u vo ph thuc vo tnh sn c ca u vo (T/L), mt nn kinh t s c xu hng sn xut cc sn phm s dng nhiu yu t u vo m nn kinh t d tha.

Kt hp 2 s trn c th thy khi Pc/PF tng, t l TC/LC v TF/LF cng tng, nh hnh v bn:

Hnh 2.8. Gi hng ha v cc la chn ngun lc

PC/PF tng lm t l s dng t ai/lao ng tng ln trong c sn xut thc phm v sn xut vi. Nh vy sn phm cn bin ca t ai s thp i, sn phm cn bin ca lao ng s tng ln v tin lng thc t ca ngi lao ng s tng, trong khi ch t s c thu nhp gim. Nh vy gi c thay i cng tc ng n thu nhp ca ngi s hu cc yu t sn xut. u vo v sn lng

Chng ta bit gi tng i ca vi quyt nh t l w/r v theo l t l s dng t ai/lao ng. Mt nn kinh t cn phi khai thc trit cc ngun lc sn xut ca mnh. Chnh iu ny quyt nh s phn b cc ngun lc gia ngnh v sn lng ca nn kinh t. tm hiu xem cc ngun lc c phn b nh th no, chng ta s s dng s :

Chiu ngang ca hnh ch nht di y th hin tng cung lao ng ca nn kinh t, chiu cao l th hin tng cung t ai. Vic phn b cc ngun lc gia hai ngnh c th hin bng mt im nht nh trong hnh, v d im 1. Lao ng v t ai c s dng trong sn xut vi biu th bng khong cch chiu ngang v chiu dc t im ny ti gc OC. Nh vy OCLC l lao ng s dng cho sn xut vi, OCTC l t ai cho sn xut vi. Tng t, ta c cc u vo cho sn xut thc phm OFLF v OFTF (o t gc trn OF n im 1).

Hnh 2.9. Phn b cc ngun lc

im 1, im phn b cc ngun lc c xc nh nh th no? T hnh 2.8, chng ta bit rng mt cc mc gi hng ha xc nh, c th tnh c t l gia t ai v lao ng trong sn xut vi, TC/LC. K mt ng t gc OC c dc bng t l TC/LC, im 1 phi nm trn ng OCC ny. Tng t, t l lao ng/t ai bit l dc ca ng OFF, v im 1 cng phi thuc ng ny (ng OFF c dc ln hn OCC v t l t ai/lao ng trong sn xut thc phm ln hn trong sx vi). im 1 l giao im 2 ng ny.

Vi mc gi v cung cc yu t u vo cho, nh vy c th xc nh c s ngun lc phn b cho tng ngnh, t xc nh sn lng. Vy khi cung u vo thay i, sn lng s chu tc ng nh th no?

Hnh 2.10. Sn lng thay i khi cung t ai tng ln

Khi cung v t ai tng ln (chiu cao hnh ch nht cao ln), trong khi gi hng ha v cung lao ng vn gi nguyn, s u vo phn b cho sx thc phm s khng cn o t khong cch OF ban u (by gi k hiu l O1F) m s o t im O2F. Chng ta thay ng O1FF1 c bng ng O2FF2. im phn b cc ngun lc nh vy t 1 s chuyn v im 2. So snh im 2 vi im 1, ta thy s lao ng v t ai dnh cho sn xut vi b gim i so vi trc ( L2C < L1C, T2C < L1C), v nh vy sn lng vi b gim. Nhng ngun lc khng cn dnh cho sn xut vi na s di chuyn sang ngnh sn xut thc phm. Sn lng thc phm tng, v tng nhiu hn mc tng ca cung t ai (v d nu ngun cung t tng 10%, th sn lng thc phm c th tng 15-20%).

minh ha iu ny, c th li s dng ng gii hn kh nng sn xut.

Trong hnh 2.11, ng TT1 biu th ng gii hn kh nng sn xut trc khi cung t ai tng. Sn lng ca nn kinh t im 1, l im ti dc ca ng gii hn kh nng sn xut bng - PC/PF (gi tng i ca vi). Q1C v Q1F tng ng l sn lng vi v thc phm.

Khi cung t ai tng, ng gii hn kh nng sn xut dch chuyn rng ra, tuy nhin hng v pha thc phm m rng nhiu hn. mc gi tng i khng i, sn lng s dch chuyn t im 1 sang im 2. So snh vi trc chng ta c sn lng vi gim Q2C < Q1C v sn lng thc phm tng Q2F > Q1F.Hnh 2.1. Cc ngun lc u vo v ng gii hn kh nng sn xut.

Nh vy, khi cung t tng, ng gii hn kh nng sn xut s m rng nhiu hn v pha sn xut thc phm, khi cung lao ng tng, s m rng nhiu hn v pha sn xut vi. Nh vy, mt nn kinh t c t l t ai/lao ng cao s tng i hiu qu hn trong sn xut thc phm so vi mt nn kinh t c t l t ai/lao ng thp. Tm li, mt nn kinh t s c xu hng hiu qu hn trong sn xut nhng mt hng s dng nhiu cc yu t sn xut m nc ny c nhiu (mt cch tng i). b. Thng mi quc t gia hai nn kinh t 2 yu t u vo

Cc gi nh:

C 2 nn kinh t Home (H) v Foreign (F). Hai nc ny c:

Ngi tiu dng cng s thch, khu v (nh vy, vi cng mc gi tng i, cu tng i v sn phm l ging nhau) Cng cng ngh s dng (cng mt lng t ai, lao ng sn xut mt lng sn phm nh nhau).

Khc bit duy nht l t l ngun lc. Gi s nc H c nhiu lao ng hn, nc F c nhiu t ai hn: L/T > L*/ T*. Ch : khi nim d tha ngun lc y mang tnh tng i ch khng phi s tuyt i. VD: nu M c 80 triu lao ng v 200 triu mu t, trong khi Anh c 20 triu lao ng v 20 triu mu t, th nc Anh l nc c nhiu lao ng, v M l nc c nhiu t ai. Ni cch khc, lao ng l ngun lc khan him nc F v t ai l yu t khan him H.

Khi cha c thng mi

T phn tch mc u vo v sn lng, c th thy cng mc gi tng i, Home, do d tha tng i v lao ng, s c t l sn xut vi/thc phm ln hn Foreign (cung tng i v vi ln hn). ng cung tng i ca Home v vi RS do nm bn phi ng cung RS* ca Foreign. Cu tng i ta gi thit l nh nhau. Nh vy im cn bng cung cu ca Home s l 1, ca Foreign l 3. Gi tng i ca vi Home thp hn gi tng i Foreign. Khi thng mi din raGi tng i ca vi Home v Foreign s hi t li v mt im, tc l tng ln Home, gim xung Foreign v gp nhau im gia l 2 chng hn. nc H, gi tng i ca vi tng ln, dn n sn xut vi tng v cu v vi gim mt cch tng i (so vi thc phm), v vy H tr thnh nc xut khu vi v nhp khu thc phm. Ngc li nc F, gi vi gim tng i khin nc ny tr thnh nc nhp khu vi v xut khu thc phm. Kt lun: Cc nc c xu hng xut khu nhng sn phm s dng nhiu nhng yu t sn xut d thatng i nc mnh.

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

ng gii hn kh nng sn xut

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

ng gii hn kh nng sn xut

Home

EMBED Equation.3

ng gii hn kh nng sn xut

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

Foreign

1

3

2

RD

RD

RD

Cung tng i

Cu tng i

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

EMBED Equation.3

Sn lng qun o tng i tnh theo my tnh

EMBED Equation.3

Q

RS

200

My tnh

Qun o

300

B

150

100

D

300

PPF

CPF

400

400

My tnh

Qun o

200

200

100

A

B

160

F

300

PPF

CPF

Kt hp cc ngun lc sn xut mt calorie thc phm

S t (ha) aTF sx mt calorie thc phm

S lao ng (h) aLF sx mt calorie thc phm

CC

FF

Wage-rental

ratio, w/r

Land-labor

ratio, T/L

Gi tng i ca vi, PC/PF

T l tin lng/thu t, w/r

SS

LF

TF

LC

TC

Lao ng s dng cho sx thc phm

Lao ng sd cho sx vi

OF

Tng dn

Tng dn

Tng dn

Tmg dn

t sd sx vi

t ai sd cho sx thc phm

1

F

C

OC

C

L2F

L2C

T1F

T1C

F1

L1F

L1C

T2F

T2C

1

Lao ng trong sn xut thc phm

L cho sx vi

Tng dn

Tng dn

Tng dn

Tng dn

t ai cho sx vi

t ai cho sx thc phm

F2

O1F

O2F

2

OC

TT1

TT2

Thc phm, QF

Vi, QC

dc = -PC/PF

dc = -PC/PF

2

Q2F

Q2C

1

Q1F

Q1C

Relative price

of cloth, PC/PF

Relative quality

of cloth, QC + Q*C

QF + Q*F

RD

RS

RS*

1

2

3

Hnh 2.11: Thng mi dn n gi tng i hi t v mt im)

Ngun ting Anh: - HYPERLINK "http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html" http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html

Trong tc phm ca mnh, D. Ricardo a ra minh ho ni ting ca Ricardo v li ch t thng mi khi trao i vi ca Anh vi ru ca B o Nha. Ricardo gi nh rng B o Nha sn xut c ru v vi u tt hn, nhng c bit l ru, dn n vic chuyn mn ha vo ru B o Nha v vo vi Anh. Chng ta s chuyn sang v d v vi v my tnh VN v M gn hn vi thc t hin nay.

PAGE 6

_1193823872.unknown

_1193913769.unknown

_1193914088.unknown

_1193914384.unknown

_1193914731.unknown

_1193913999.unknown

_1193912611.unknown

_1193913744.unknown

_1193912632.unknown

_1193824657.unknown

_1193827410.unknown

_1193824638.unknown

_1193822511.unknown

_1193823262.unknown

_1193823656.unknown

_1193823213.unknown

_1193823243.unknown

_1193817995.unknown

_1193819468.unknown

_1193817077.unknown

_1193812546.unknown

_1193812636.unknown

_1193812841.unknown

_1193812319.unknown

_1193812230.unknown