CHURCH, A POWERFUL INSTITUTION

SOCIAL SCIENCE III

MAIN IDEA

Church and politics clashed Church leaders and political

leaders competed for power and authority.

Amid the weak central governments in feudal Europe, Church remained a powerful institution.▪ CHURCH- shaped the lives of

people from all social classes▪ CHURCH- expanded its political

role

CHURCH EMPERORSVERSUS

The Scope of Church Authority

Ideally, before the crowning of Charlemagne…

GELASIUS I- a pope who introduced the concept on the separation of the church and state.

“There are two powers by which this world is cheifly ruled: The sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of the kings.”

God created 2 symbolic swords

RELIGIOUS SWORD

Held by the pope Pope should bow to

the emperor in political matters

POLITICAL SWORD

Held by the emperors Emperors should bow

to the pope in religious matters

Church Structure (Philippine History)

Church Structure

Church has its own organization

It consisted of different ranks of clergy (religious officials)

POPE- Bishops- Priests

Bishops- settle disputes over Church teachings and religious practices

Priests- people’s main contact with the Church.

RELIGION AS A UNIFYING FORCE

People looked up to the church as a provider of security and religious community to which they could belong.

PROMISE OF SALVATIOIN- an everlasting life. Sacraments and or religious ceremonies paved the way for achieving salvation.

CHURCH’S HARSHEST PUNISHMENTS

EXCOMMUNICATION

Banishment from the Church.

Used by popes to wield power over political rulers.

If a king is excommunicated, all of his vassals will be freed from their duties to him.

INTERDICT

Under the interdict, many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king’s lands.

Belief: without the sacraments, people might be doomed to eternal suffering in hell.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Remember the first emperor of the Roman Empire? Charlemagne. (erratum: Roman Empire not Holy Roman Empire) Crowned by Pope Leo III after winning the

favor of the pope.

Charlemagne’s death led to the creation of the Holy Roman Empire set the stage for future conflicts between emperors and popes.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

Otto the Great- greatly inspired by his “boyhood hero” Charlemagne. Copied Charlemagne in many

aspects (ex. Limited nobles’ strength, sought help from the clergy, invaded Italy on the pope’s behalf.)

He tried to revive Charlemagne’s Roman Empire and made it the Holy Roman Empire (aka Roman Empire of the German Nation), the strongest state in Europe until 1100.

ILL EFFECTS OF THE CREATION OF A HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

RESENTMENT grew from the Italian nobles towards the German rule.

FEAR transpired among the popes over the growing political power that the German emperors held over Italy. Ban of lay investiture (a ceremony in which the

kings and nobles appointed church officials); powerful clergies such as the bishops must not be under the power of any king.

Story of Henry IV, a young German emperor, and Pope Gregory VII.

POPE GREGORY VII

Bishops must not be under the power of kings/ nobles. The church must not be undermined by them.

Ban of lay investiture

With Henry’s vicious reply, Gregory had him excommunicated.

HENRY IV

After meeting with some German bishops he appointed, called Gregory a “false monk, not pope”.

After bishops and princes sided the pope, Henry asked for the pope’s forgiveness. THIS BEGINS A SHOWDOWN IN

CANOSSA.

WHAT HAPPENED IN CANOSSA?

“There, having laid aside all the belongings of royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in wool, he (Henry IV) continued for three days to stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he desist from imploring with many tears the aid and consolation of the apostolic mercy until he had moved all of those who were present there…” – Pope Gregory in Basic Documents in Medieval History

CHURCH REFORMS AND THE CRUSADES

Monastic revival and church reforms were made to restore and expand the power and authority of the church; Began the Age of Faith Church suffered severe problems Priests could barely read prayers Popes were men of questionable morals Bishops cared more about their position

as feudal lords

THREE THINGS REFORMERS WANTED TO CHANGE

FIRST: village priests marrying and having families STOPPED BY POPE LEO IX

SECOND: simony where positions of the Church are sold by bishops STOPPED BY POPE LEO IX

THIRD: lay investiture should be apponted by the Church.

CHURCH REFORMS

Preaching friars- example Francis of Assisi Dominicans (emphasized scholarship) and

Franciscans (treating creatures as if they were their spiritual brothers and sisters)

Religious orders for women Examples: Poor Clares and a Benedictine convent

founded by Hildegard of Bingen, Germany New church architecture

Gothic- thrusting upward as if reaching the heavens. In contrast of the previous Romanesque churches which were heavy and gloomy.

CRUSADES

CRUSADES

Holy War What caused the

launching of the Crusades?

1. Muslims control over the Palestine (the Holy Land) and threaten Constantinople (seat of the Byzantine Empire)

2. Byzantine emperor (Alexius Comnenus) calling the Pope (Urban II) for help

3. Pope wants to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom

4. Pope appeals to Christian knights

5. Knights feel religious zeal (assurance of heaven if died during the Crusades) and want lands, riches (non-eldest male sons), and adventure

6. Italian cities desiring commercial power (merchants financing Crusades to win control key trade routes to India, SE Asia, and China from Muslim traders.

First and second crusades Crusaders were French (mostly), Germans, Englishmen, Scots,

Italians, and Spaniards Ill-prepared for the holy war; no knowledge of the geography,

climate, and culture of the Holy Land. No strategy to capture Jerusalem Jerusalem fell to the Muslim leader Saladin. Muslims were the victors

Third and fourth crusades Led by three powerful European monarchs Philip Augustus of

France, Frederick Barbarossa, and Richard the Lion hearted. Barbarossa drowned, Philip fought with Richard resulting in the

former’s retreat, Richard was the only one left. Richard fought with Saladin which resulted in a truce. Jerusalem

remained under the control of the Muslims. The fourth crusade = looting of Constantinople.

Later Crusades

Children’s crusades Belief that God would give children

Jerusalem. Many died due to cold weather and

starvation. Others were either drowned or sold into

slavery. Spanish crusade

Reconquista and the Inquisition

Effects of the Crusades

Byzantine Empire weakened Pope’s power declined due to the

failure of later Crusades Feudal nobles’ power weakened;

many knights died and lost their fortunes

Italian cities expanded trade and grew rich

Trade grew between Europe and Middle Ages.

TWO POWERFUL FIGURES DURING THE CRUSADES

SALADIN

Most famous Muslim leader of the 11oos

Most devout man Christians called him

honest and brave Captured Jerusalem in

the Second Crusade

Good-looking Charming Brave , graceful, gay

(?), and ruthless Responsible for the

slaughtering of 3,000 Muslim survivors

RICHARD THE LION-HEARTED

History Journal #2

The Crusades left behind good and bad legacies. One of those bad legacies is the feeling of bitterness and hatred as displayed by the intolerance and prejudice of the Christians. There’s still a clear dispute between Christians and Muslims even up to now.

As social scientists, how can we put into rest this so-called religious discrimination?

Assignment

EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES

THE CHURCH

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE

GOVERNMENT

CRUSADES

TRADE AND TOWNS

HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR

EDUCATION

FARMING

Try to answer the following questions.

1. What is the bubonic plague? How did it start? How did this weaken the manorial economy?

2. In what years did Europe’s first universities develop? Why were they created? Who were the usual students in these universities?

3. Why was there a shift of population from farms into towns? What was the relationship of towns to trade?

4. How did the Hundred Years’ War weakened feudal power?

5. Describe the emerging central governments in England and France during the medieval time.

6. How did farming increase population in the Medieval Ages?

SUBMISSION OF HISTORY JOURNALS Cs – Nov 16 Sr – Nov 17 Be, K, Na- Nov 18 Open notes Quiz within the week. Be

prepared.