Church Reform and the Crusades• Period of invasions between Magyars, Muslims, and

Vikings known as “Dark Ages”Age of Faith• Monasteries lead a religious revival– monastery in Cluny,

France was essential to the restoration of original doctrine and the expansion of the Church’s authority

Problems in the Church• Some priests are illiterate; some popes had questionable

morals; some bishops cared more about their social position than their religious influence

• Most issues involved:1. Village priests marrying and having families2. Bishops practice simony3. Continued practice of lay investiture by the king

Reform and Church Organization• Pope Leo and Pope Gregory begin the reformation, and

subsequent popes follow their lead• In the 12th-13th centuries the church is reorganized to

resemble a kingdom, with the pope at its head; pope’s group of advisors is called papal “Curia” (who also interpret Canon Law in the religious court)

• Church begins organized taxing (tithe) and uses proceeds to care for the weak

New Religious Orders• “friars” travel from place to place preaching and spreading

the gospel• Dominics and Franciscans orders of friars• Women play important role in revival by doing many of the

same things as friars, just without traveling

Cathedrals- Cities of God

• Cathedrals were churches in the cities that displayed all the richness that Christianity had to offer

New Style of Church Architecture• Switch from Romanesque to Gothic stained glass

windows, sculptures, and statues• Gothic cathedrals were built all throughout France Notre

Dame in Paris• ***see structural design on page 381

The Crusades• In 1093, Alexius Comnenus asks for help against Muslim Turks

trying to overtake Constantinople • Pope Urban II reads the appeal letter, and issues a “Crusade” to

regain the holy landGoals of the Crusades• Social, political, and religious goals• Pope wanted to unite Christendom and regain Palestine• Kings and the Church saw the Crusades as a way to get rid of

knights, who repeatedly fight each other• Some Crusaders were younger sons who didn’t inherit their

father’s lands, and therefore need land• Merchants make $ from lending their boats to transport

armies, and financing the journeys

1st and 2nd Crusades• Pope assures martyrs that they will receive eternal

salvation• By 1097 three armies of knights go to war• They’re ill-prepared (climate, geography, or culture of

Jerusalem), but are able to capture it in 1099• The conquered lands (Crusader states) were vulnerable to

attack and in 1144 get ransacked by Muslim Turks• The 2nd Crusade was another attempt to regain Palestine,

but was ultimately ineffective in 1187 Saladin had already united Muslim armies and taken over Jerusalem

3rd Crusade• Led by Philip II of France, Frederick I (Barbarossa), and

Richard the Lion-Hearted • Philip II argues with Richard and goes home; Frederick I

drowns on the journey Richard is left to lead the Crusades by himself

• Both were great warriors, and in 1192 they reach a truce stating that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control but that Christians could freely visit the city’s holy places

Crusading Spirit Dwindles• In 1204 the 4th Crusade to regain Jerusalem fails; so do

subsequent Crusades because Crusaders begin fighting for personal wealth rather than religious reasons

Children’s Crusade• In 1212, over 30,000 French kids under eighteen years old

believe that God will “give” them Jerusalem; most die from starvation or colds but others were sold into slavery

• 20,000 German kids march toward Rome where the Pope told them to wait until they were older to begin fighting only around 2,000 survived the return trip

Spanish Crusade• The Reconquista was a movement to rid Spain of the Moors

(Muslims)• In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand capture the last Spanish

Muslim kingdom of Granada.• Isabella and Ferdinand make use of the “Inquisition” to

unify Spain court to suppress heresy; heretics were burned at stake

• In 1492, the monarchs expel all Jews and Muslims from Spain

Effects of the Crusades• Displayed the power of the Church during the medieval

period• Merchants who lived and traded in the Crusader states

expanded trade between Europe and Southeast Asia (spices, fruits, and cloth)

• Later Crusades lessened the power of the pope and the power of feudal nobility while it strengthened the power of kings

• Caused the fall of the Constantinople, which led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire

• Christian intolerance and hatred towards Muslims fueled tensions between the two religions, which carries on to today.

Changes in Medieval Society• Along with Church reform and the Crusades came other

important changes in agriculture, trade, and financeGrowing Food Supply

• Warm climate improved cultivation output• New methods of farming increase outputSwitch to Horsepower• Horse replaces the oxen and is 3X as effective• The axe is introduced to clear fields for farmingThe Three-Field System• Around 800, villages begin organizing their lands into three

fields rather than two; allows usage of 2/3 rather than just ½ leads to population growth

The Guilds• Organization of individuals in the same occupation working to

improve the conditions of its members “union”• Guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working

conditions

Commercial Revolution• Expansion of trade goods and new ways of doing businessFairs and Trade• Cloth was the most common trade item• Trading happened in towns• Local markets contain day to day necessities no longer manor • Trade routes open up, and more foreign goods become

available • Merchants invest in merchandise that they can resale at a

higher price

Business and Banking• As traders move from city to city, the need for exchange

rates and credit becomes important• In order to buy goods from distant places, merchants had

to borrow money• Originally the Church forbids usury, but eventually loosens

up and allows Christians to enter the banking businessSociety Changes• The Commercial Revolution brought many changes to

society, but the main two were:1. What people did to earn a living

2. Where they lived

Urban Life Flourishes• Between 1000-1150 the population grows from 30 to 42

million people• Towns typically housed 1-2 thousand (largest was Paris at

60,000)Trade and Towns Grow Together• As trade grew, towns swelled with people• Some setbacks:1. Streets were narrow, lined with animals and their wastes2. Most people never bathed; their houses lacked fresh air,

light, and clean water3. Serfs fled their manors in search of freedom (residency for

a year and a day)

Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order• Merchants and craftspeople don’t fit into the medieval

feudal social system• Originally, towns were under the control of feudal lords but

as trade expanded the burghers (merchant class) resented this interference in their trade and commerce

• Burghers organized themselves and demanded privileges such as exemption from tolls and right to govern the town

Revival of LearningMuslim Connection• Jewish people translate the Greek works of the

philosophers into Latin so that Christians can understand them Europeans gain a new body of knowledge

• Europeans made advancements in science, philosophy, law, math, etc.

• Christian Europeans also adopted technology in ships, navigation, and weapons

Scholars and the University• New European institution that consisted of “people” and

not a “building”• First arose in Paris, France and Bologna, Italy and later in

Oxford and Salerno, Italy.• Scholars begin writing in vernacular because it applies to

the masses, while most don’t know how to read Latin

Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy• Christians are excited about Greek philosophy and want to

apply it to the Bible • In the mid-1200’s, Thomas Aquinas argued that the most

basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument• Aquinas and his “schoolmen”, scholastics, met to debate

many issues of their time

England and France Develop• After the Carolingian dynasty, Europe consisted of

feudal lands controlled by local lords the decline of this system and movement to towns and villages led to more centralized government and the development of nations

• Earliest in Europe were England and France

England Absorbs Waves of Invaders• Various European invaders occupy what would be named

England. Two of the groups who stayed were the Angles and the Saxons they form Anglo-Saxon culture

Early Invasions• In the 800’s, England was invaded repeatedly by Danish

Vikings. Only Alfred the Great (r. 871-899) suppressed the Viking invasions, and united the kingdom under the name England (land of the Angles)

• In 1016 AD the Danish king Canute conquers England and molds Vikings with Anglo-Saxons

• In 1066 AD, King Edward dies without picking a successor (r. 1042-1066) this led to one last invasion

The Norman Conquest• Invader was William (the Conqueror), the duke of Normandy• Norman Vikings• As King Edward’s cousin, William claimed the English throne

and invaded England with a Norman army• William rivaled Harold Godwinson, who was equally

ambitious• On October 14th, 1066 Normans and Anglo-Saxons fought in

the Battle of Hastings changed the course of England forever

• The Normans win – Harold dies from an arrow through his eye• After victory, William takes land from lords who supports

Harold and redistributes it to supporters of his own; he keeps 1/5th of the land for himself

England’s Evolving Government• Over the next centuries, English kings wanted 2 things:1. Sustain and add to their French lands2. Strengthen their power over the nobles and Church• William’s descendants own land in England and Normandy;

Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine this gives him land in France and makes him a vassal to the French king while also being king of England

Juries and Common Law• Henry rules from 1154-1189 and strengthens the royal court• He sends royal judges to every part of England at least once a

year to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, and punish criminals• Henry also introduces the idea of a “jury”• The rulings of Henry’s court became known as “common law”

The Magna Carta• Henry is succeeded by his son Richard (the Lion-Hearted),

and Richard by younger brother John• John was ineffective militarily (r. 1199-1216) and lost

Normandy and all lands in France to French military commander Philip Augustus confrontation w/ own nobles

• John’s personality was the problem:1. Cruel to his subjects 2. Alienated the Church3. Raised taxes to an all-time high to finance his wars4. Threatened to take away town charters guaranteeing self-

gvmt.

• On June 15th, 1215 John’s subjects forced him to agree to the Magna Carta (Great Charter)

• This document guaranteed certain basic political rights no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and protection under the law.

The Model Parliament• Under the rule of the next English king, Edward I, a parliament

is constructed• In 1295, Edward summoned two burgesses from every borough

and two knights from each county to serve on this legislative group

• Called the “model” parliament because its comprised of nobles and commoners and served later kings in English history

• The knights and burgesses made up the “House of Commons”, and nobles and bishops made up “House of Lords” both served as a check on royal power.

Capetian Dynasty Rules France• After the breakup of Charlemagne’s empire, French counts

and dukes ruled their lands independently under feudalism• After the last Carolingian ruler died, Hugh Capet takes rules

over a small territory, but it includes Paris• Hugh Capet begins the Capetian dynastyFrance Becomes a Separate Kingdom• The Capets were all weak rulers, but their geography

allowed them to control important trade routes throughout Europe which eventually expanded the king’s power and united France

Philip II Expands His Power• Philip II (r. 1180-1223) sought to limit the English kings in

France because of his personal vendettas• Philip II had little success against Henry II or his son Richard;

this changed when John took the throne• Philip II expands the territory of France seized Normandy

from King John in 1204• He tripled the land under his direct control, and for the first

time French kings had more power than his vassals• Like in England, France and Philip II establish a centralized

government

Philip II’s Heirs• Gvmt becomes even stronger under Philip II’s grandson,

Louis IX (r. 1216-1270)• Louis IX was pious and saintly and seen as an ideal king• Louis IX establishes an appeals court, which could overturn

decisions of local courts strengthened the royal court while weakening feudal ties

• In 1302, Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) was involved in a quarrel with the pope b/c the pope refused to allow priests to pay tax to the king

• Philip IV disputes the right of the pope to control church affairs in his kingdom

• To gain support in this quarrel, Philip IV holds a meeting and invites commoners to ensure support

Estates General• A societal structure that consists of 1. 1st Estate- Church Leaders2. 2nd Estate- great lords3. 3rd Estate- commoners, wealthy landholders, & merchants• The Estates General helped establish royal authority over

nobility• Never becomes independent and limits king’s power like

Parliament• 3rd Estate would eventually overthrow the monarchy in the

French Revolution in 1789

Beginnings of Democracy• England and France (w/ help of Parliament and Estates

General) begin to establish democratic principals • Rested on the ability to set up a centralized government to

control a vast amount of land• Creation of common law and court systems were a step

towards increased centralized power• Including commoners in decision-making was also

influential in building democratic ideas

Hundred Years War & the Plague• Toward the end of the 13th century, the Church was beginning

to fall apart, and the Medieval way of life was falling apart

A Church DividedPope and King Collide• 1300- Pope Boniface VIII tries to flex papal muscle on the

king. King Philip IV of France fires back by asserting power on bishops, and Pope Boniface writes an official document declaring kings must always obey the pope.

• King Philip IV imprisons Boniface VII the Church rescued him, but he died a month later

• Never again would a pope be able to force monarchs to obey them

Avignon and the Great Schism• In 1305, Philip IV convinces the College of Cardinals to

choose an archbishop to the papacy. • Clement V is elected, and moves from Rome to Avignon

(where the papacy remained for 69 yrs)• The move hurt the papacy, and the C.o.C. selected Pope

Urban VI to make mobs who wanted a Roman pope happy• Urban VI was arrogant and wanted reforms, which led to the

C.o.C. electing Clement VII a few months later 2 popes!• Urban VI lived in Rome, while Clement VII lived in Avignon.

Both excommunicated each other, and created the Great Schism

• The Council of Constance appoints a new pope (3), but the Holy Roman Emperor insists they all resign. In 1417, he appoints Martin V to a vastly deteriorated papacy

Scholars Challenge Church Authority• John Wycliffe challenges papacy by arguing that Jesus Christ

is the head of the church, not the pope• Hated the materialism of the clergy, and argued the Bible

should by the guidance people seek instead of confession• Jan Hus, a student of Wycliffe’s writing, argued the Bible

was higher than the pope excommunicated in 1412 and burned at the stake in 1415

Bubonic Plague Strikes• Bubonic plague kills 1/3rd the population throughout Asia, North

Africa, and Europe

Origins and Impact• Began in Asia, and traveled to Europe through trade• Produced purplish-black spots on skin• Killed approx. 25 million Europeans alone, millions others

Effects of the Plague• Town pop. Fell• Trade declined, prices rose• Serfs left manor in search of better wages• Peasant revolts in response to higher wages• Jews blamed for the plague • Church lost credibility when prayers didn’t cure the plague

• *** the plague disrupted medieval society, and the Hundred Years War would complete that disruption

Hundred Years War• France and England fight in France • Edward III takes over French throne after Capetian kings die

and causes war between (1337-1453)• Both sides gained ground, but from 1421 to 1453 the

French drove the English out of France• This war brought a change in the style of warfareLongbow Changes Warfare• Used in 3 battles: Crecy, Poitiers, and Agnicourt• Battle of Crecy witnessed the French knights getting

slaughtered by English longbowmen. English repeated this style of warfare ten years later at Poitiers, and 60 years later at Agnicourt English win with longbow!

Joan of Arc• In 1420, the French and English sign a treaty saying Henry V

(English) would take the French throne after Charles VI.• In 1429, a French teenage peasant girl feels moved by God

to rescue France from English rulers• On May 7, 1429 Joan leads the French army into battle near

Orleans and is successful• In later battles, the English capture Joan and even though

Charles VII owed his throne to Joan, he did nothing to help her.

• In 1431 she was burned at the stake

Impact of Hundred Years War1. Feeling nationalism emerged in France and Englandppl

felt they were fighting for their king and for their country rather than for a feudal lord

2. Power and prestige of French monarch increased3. English suffer from a “War of the Roses”• End of the war marked the end of the medieval period• “twin pillars” crumbled chivalry died on the battlefields of

Crecy, Poitiers, and Agnicourt; the Church died because of the Great Schism, discredit from the plague, and scandalous display of wealth from the clergy