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CIGRE Study Committee 23 (Substations)

Working Group 23-03ESCC Task Force (Effects of short-circuit currents)

The Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currentsin Open Air Substations

(Rigid and Flexible Bus-Bars)

Volume 2:

Data Base of Reference Tests

September 2002


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TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE 3

I . ARRANGEMENTS WITH SINGLE AND BUNDLED SLACK CONDUCTORS 4

CASE 1 5

Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1972cross section: Al 240 mm2 and ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 20 kA (52 kA peak) and 30 kA (78 kA peak)span length: 15 m, 10 m and 7 m

CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 2 AND 3 11

Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1978short-circuit current: 10 kA (26 kA peak) to 40 kA (104 kA peak)span length: 15 m and 4 m

CASE 2 12

cross section: ACSR 120/20 mm2

, ACSR 537/53 mm2

and ACSR 1055/45 mm2

, single conductor

CASE 3 18

cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, two and four sub-conductors

II . ARRANGEMENTS WITH STRAINED CONDUCTORS AND DROPPERS INMIDSPAN 27

CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 4 AND 5 28

Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1997cross section: 537/53 mmshort-circuit: 20 kA (50 kA peak) and 40 kA (100 kA peak)

span length: 40 m

CASE 4 31

CASE 5 42

III . CONDUCTOR PINCH EFFECTS 47

CASE 6 49

Tests performed at sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts-AG (Austria) in 1963cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 4 kA eff to 21,5 kA effspan length: 12 m

CASE 7 52

Tests performed at Lehrstuhl fr Elektrische Energieversorgung (Germany) in 1985cross section: ACSR 340/30 mm2 and ACSR 605/70 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 3,5 kA eff to 11 kA effspan length: 7,6 m

CASE 8 56

Tests performed at VEIKI Laboratories (Hungary) in 1997cross section: CONDOR 455, twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 35 kA eff and 48 kA effspan length: 60 m


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PREFACE

Because of the very high complexity of the mechanical effects in substations caused by short-circuit cur-rents, a great number of short-circuit tests have been conducted by many companies. The aim was to learn about the physical phenomena,

to test installation hardware, to verify the calculation with Finite-Element or Finite-Differences Programs, to develop simplified methods for calculation of forces and stresses.

Test results are the only basis for the evaluation and the use of advanced calculation approaches as wellas simplified methods. On the other hand, calculation methods unhide the effects and relations betweendifferent causes and define new test directions which need to be carried out. The importance of tests hasmore weight due to the nonlinear character of the phenomena. Any extrapolation or generalisation ofpreviously obtained results needs further checking.

Evaluation of the structural response due to the short-circuit dynamic loading is one of the aims of stud-ies. Nowadays there is no particular problem in the case of advanced methods but for simplified methodsdue to the multifrequency character of the systems, the spectrum density techniques are the most suitablefor describing loadings, and transfer functions are the most compatible description for the response of thestructure. Tests results are the only option to obtain practical data to built up acceptable models of trans-fer functions for calculation approaches.

In Volume 2 of [1] a data base with reference tests is published. It consists of 18 different cases of ar-rangements with rigid busbars as well as flexible conductors done in international test laboratories. In thisbrochure, the presentation of tests is continued. Results of tests with flexible conductors are described ineight cases. three cases concerning arrangements with single and bundled slack conductors, two cases concerning strain conductors with droppers in midspan

and three cases where only conductor pinch effects are studied.

Tests have been performed in Forschungsgemeinschaft fr Elektrische Anlagen und StromwirtschaftFGH, Mannheim (Germany), sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts AG, Wien (Austria), Lehrstuhl frElektrische Energieversorgung, Erlangen (Germany), VEIKI Laboratory, Budapest (Hungary).

All reference cases are divided in three parts: bus-bar geometry basic data results

Reference:

[1] CIGRE SC 23-11/IEC TC 73: The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations(Rigid and flexible bus-bars). Volume 2: Data base of reference tests. Paris: CIGRE, 1996.


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4

PART I

Arrangements with single and bundled slack conductors


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1. CASE 1

Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1972cross section: Al 240 mm2 and ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 20 kA (52 kA peak) and 30 kA (78 kA peak)span length: 15 m, 10 m and 7 m

Bus-Bar Geometry

l

ls6

4

3

6

5

1

2a s

a

2

5

4

ik

Figure 1.1: Test set-up

1 bundle conductor under test2 post insulator3 strain gage for measuring the forces at the bottom of the insulator4 strain gage for measuring the forces on the top of the insulator5 spacers (in the figure three)6 flexible connection

l span lengthls centre-line distance between spacersa centre-line distance between main-conductorsas centre-line distance between sub-conductorsk number of spacers


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Aim of the tests is to define conditions foras/ds and ls/as where the sub-conductors clash effectively andthe pinch force Fpi becomes not higher than 1,1 Ft; Ft is the swing-out maximum of a single conductorwith the same cross-section and material properties as both sub-conductors.

Basic data

Conductors:

cross-section diametermass per

unit lengthYoung'smodulus

temperaturecoefficient

A d m' E

mm2 mm kg/m N/mm2 10-6/K

Al 240 242,5 0,670 20,3 55000 23,0

ACSR 537/53 590 1,937 32 69000 19,8

bundle configuration: twin bundle (n = 2)

number of spacers: 0 ... 12

centre-line distance between subconductors: 45 mm ... 100 mm

centre-line distance between main-conductors: a = 4 m

eigenfrequency of the supports: 58 Hz

spring coefficient of both supports: l= 15 m: 730 N/mml= 10 m and 7 m: 630 N/mm

initial static stress: 0,55 ... 3,3 kN/mm2

short-circuit characteristics: = 1,85 ( = 55 ms)

short-circuit duration: Tk= 0,6 s


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Results

Figure 1.2: Oscillogram of short-circuit test with twin-bundle l = 15 m, ACSR 537/53,

as = 60 mm, k= 3

1, 6 Time traces2, 7 Current:Ik= 30 kA; ip = 78,3 kA; tk= 0,6 s3, 5 Insulator stresses: in direction (3) of conductor 6,45 kN; at right angles (5) to con-

ductor 1,45 kN; initial static tensile force 2,65 kN8 Conductor tensile force: 9,5 kN after 0,1 s4, 9 Zero line for curve 3 and for curve 8

The recordings of the tests were stopped a few milliseconds after the end of the short-circuit current flow,therefore no fall of span is recorded.

At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated which actson the top of the insulator and leads to the same dynamic stresses. This equivalent static load is given inthe diagrams below as function of the number of spacers. Parameters are the centre-line distance of thesub-conductors, the short-circuit current and the initial static tensile force.

The tests show, that the tensile force due to pinch effect is not higher than 1,1Ft if one of the conditions

as/ds2,0 and ls/as 50

or

as/ds2,5 and ls/as 70

is fulfilled. In this case, the conductors clash effectively and the pinch force Fpi can be ignored in contrasttoFt.Ft is the swing-out maximum of an equivalent single conductor. With this, the tensile force at thetop of the insulators is not greater than 1,5 Ft. If the conductors do not clash effectively the forces on thetop can be higher; but its impulse length is short.


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0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

F

45 mm; 20 kA; 0,9 ... 1,1 kN65 mm; 20 kA; 0,9 ... 1,0 kN

100 mm; 20 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN45 mm; 30 kA; 1,0 ... 1,2 kN

a)

kN

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

F

60 mm; 30 kA; 2,3 ... 2,6 kN

85 mm; 30 kA; 2,3 ... 2,4 kN

100 mm; 30 kA; 2,5 ... 2,6 kN

b)

k

4

6

8

10

12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

k

F

50 mm; 20 kA; 3,6 ... 3,7 kN

100 mm; 20 kA; 2,7 kN

50 mm; 30 kA; 3,4 ... 3,8 kN

c)

kN

Figure 1.3: Short-circuit tensile force Fas a function of number of spacers kwith 15-m-span

a) Al 240b) ACSR 537/53, medium static tensile forcec) ACSR 537/53, high static tensile force


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0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8

F

50 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN

50 mm; 30 kA; 0,9 kN

85 mm; 30 kA; 0,8 ... 0,9 kN

a)

kN

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8

F

50 mm; 30 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN

50 mm; 30 kA; 1,3 ... 1,4 kN

85 mm; 30 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN

b)

kN

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8k

F

50 mm; 30 kA; 1,7 ... 1,9 kN

50 mm; 30 kA; 1,9 ... 2,1 kN

85 mm; 30 kA; 1,8 ... 2,0 kN

c)

kN

Figure 1.4: Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers kwith 10-m-span

with ACSR 537/53

a) Low static tensile force

b) Medium static tensile forcec) High static tensile force


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0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8

k

F

50 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN

60 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN

85 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 kN

kN

Figure 1.5: Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers k with 7-m-spanwith ACSR 537/53

References:

[1] Mathejczyk, M.; Stein, N.: Kurzschluseilzge enggebndelter Doppelseile in Schaltanlagen. etz-a97(1976), pp 323-328.

[2] Hosemann, G.; Mathejczyk, M.; Stein, N.: Short-circuit forces in single and bundled conductors.Cigre 23-77 (WG 02) 2 IWD, April 1977.


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2. CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 2 AND 3

Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1978short-circuit current: 10 kA (26 kA peak) to 40 kA (104 kA peak)span length: 15 m and 4 m

Bus-Bar Geometry

940 940

4000 4000l

1

ik

2662 1

997

5

2

4 3

6 6

7

Figure 2.1 Test set up

1,2 post insulator3 conductor under test4 device for measuring the tensile forces on the top of the insulator5 strain gage for measuring the forces at the bottom of the insulator6 flexible connection7 short-circuit connection

l span lengtha centre-line distance between main conductors

Basic Data

centre-line distance between main-conductors: a = 4 mcharacteristics of the supports:

support 1 support 2

eigenfrequency spring coefficient eigenfrequency spring coefficient

Hz kN/mm Hz kN/mml= 15 m 30 2,5 30 2,0

l= 4 m 30 2,5 28 1,7

spring coefficients of both supports: l= 15 m: 1,11 kN/mml= 4 m: 1,01 kN/mm

short-circuit characteristics: = 1,84 ( = 55 ms)short-circuit duration: Tk= 0,3 s

Reference:

[1] Stein, N.; Herrmann, B.: Kurzschluseilzge in Schaltanlagen. Elektrizittswirtschaft 78 (1979),

179-186.


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3. CASE 2

cross section: ACSR 120/20 mm2, ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, single conductor

Basic data

Conductors:

cross-sectiondiameter

mass perunit length

Young'smodulus


A d m' E


ACSR 120/20 141,4 20,3 0,670 77000 18,9

ACSR 537/53 590,0 32,0 1,937 69000 19,8

ACSR 1055/45 1100,9 43,18 3,290 60000 18,1

initial static stress in the conductor:l= 15 m ACSR 120/20: 1,4 ... 5,7 N/mm2ACSR 537/53: 1,7 ... 2,5 N/mm2ACSR 1055/45: 1,4 ... 4,4 N/mm2

l= 4 m ACSR 1055/45: 0,1 ... 0,9 N/mm2

short-circuit characteristics: = 1,84 ( = 55 ms)


Results

During the movement of the conductor, several maxima of the short-circuit force can be observed as

shown in figure 2. The first maximum occurs during or at the end of the short-circuit current flow whenthe conductor swings out from its initial static position. The other maxima are some hundred millisecondsafter the end of the short circuit when the conductor rotates or at the end of the fall down.

At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated for themaxima which acts on the top of the insulator. This equivalent static load is given in the Figure 3.2 toFigure 3.5 as function of the ratio :

n

2k0

2gm

a

I

G

Fr

=

=

Parameter is the initial static tensile force Fst. The first maximum belongs to the swing out, the second tothe rotation or fall down.

In Figure 3.6, the short-circuit duration is varied. The equivalent static load as well as the short-circuittensile force acting on the top of the insulator are shown.

The first maximum of the short-circuit tensile force on the top of the insulator is not greater than 150 %of the equivalent static load. The second maximum of the short-circuit tensile force is between 80 % and100 %. In the case of the 4-m-span with ACSR 1055/45, the short-circuit tensile force is much greaterthan the equivalent static force: up to 350 % for the first and up to 250 % for the second maximum.

In a lot of tests, the movement of the conductors is recorded with a high-speed camera. The maximumhorizontal displacement is taken from the films and given in the Figure 3.7 to Figure 3.9.


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Figure 3.1: Stress at the bottom of support and conductor movement in midspan

Conductor ACSR 537/53; span length 15 m; initial static tensile force 1 kN; static sag 0,53 ma) Rotation of span:Ik= 29 kAb) Fall of span:Ik= 22 kA


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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

r

F

0,2 kN0,4 kN0,6 kN

0,8 kN

kN

Figure 3.2: Equivalent static load: ACSR 120/20, l= 15 m

1. Maximum 2. Maximum

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 1 2 3 4 5

r

F

1,0 kN

1,5 kN

kN




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0

4

8

12

16

20

0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8

r

F

1,5 kN2,0 kN3,0 kN4,8 kN

kN



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8

r

F

0,13 kN0,45 kN0,70 kN

1,00 kN

kN




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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Tk

F

kN

s

Figure 3.6: Influence of the short-circuit duration: ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m, Fst = 2 kN,

Ik= 25 kA

1. Maximum: short-circuit tensile force equivalent static load2. Maximum: short-circuit tensile force equivalent static load

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

r

b h

0,2 kN

0,4 kN

0,6 kN

m

Figure 3.7: Maximum horizontal displacement: ACSR 120/20, l= 15 m


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0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0 1 2 3 4 5

r

b h

1,0 kN

1,5 kN

m


0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4 2,8

r

b h

1,5 kN

2,0 kN

3,0 kN

4,8 kN

2,0 kN; 0,1 s

m



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4. CASE 3

cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, two and four sub-conductors

Basic data

Conductors:


mass perunit length

Young'smodulus


A d m' E


ACSR 537/53 590,0 32,0 1,937 69000 19,8

ACSR 1055/45 1100,9 43,18 3,290 60000 18,1

bundle configuration: twin (n = 2) and quadruple (n = 4)


centre-line distance of subconductors: 60 mm and 80 mm

initial static stress in the conductor:l= 15 m ACSR 537/53 n = 2: 1,1 ... 1,7 N/mm2

n = 4: 1,7 ... 2,5 N/mm2ACSR 1055/45 n = 2: 1,4 ... 1,8 N/mm2

n = 4: 1,3 ... 1,8 N/mm2

l= 4 m ACSR 537/53 n = 2: 0,4 N/mm

2

Results

During the movement of the conductor, several maxima of the short-circuit force can be observed asshown in Figure 4.1. The first maximum occurs a few milliseconds after the initiation of the short-circuit,the second one at the end of the short-circuit current flow when the conductor swings out from its initialstatic position. The third maximum is some hundred milliseconds after the end of the short circuit whenthe conductor rotates or at the end of the fall down.


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a)

scales: Z1x = 4,7 kN/div; Z1y = 4,7 kN/div; Z1 = 4,7 kN/div;Z2x = 5,7 kN/div; Z2y = 6,4 kN/div; Z2 = 5,7 kN/div;

b)

scales: Z1x = 11,6 kN/div; Z1y = 11,6 kN/div; Z1 = 12,3 kN/div;Z2x = 5,7 kN/div; Z2y = 6,4 kN/div; Z2 = 6,1 kN/div;

Traces in the oscillograms:ik short-circuit current

Z1x tensile force in the clamp perpendicular to the spanZ1y tensile force in the clamp in the direction of the spanZ1 tensile force in the clampZ2x force at the bottom of the support perpendicular to the spanZ2y force at the bottom of the support in the direction of the spanZ2 force at the bottom of the supportThe static part is suppressed in the oscillograms

Figure 4.1: Oscillogram of the forces and conductor displacements at midspan

ip = 104 kA,Ik= 40 kA; span length 15 ma) Conductor 4ACSR 537/53; k= 3;Fst = 4 kN

b) Conductor 4ACSR 1055/45; k= 3;Fst = 8 kN


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a) b)

Figure 4.2: Oscillogram of the forces and conductor displacements at midspan (continued)

ip = 104 kA,Ik= 40 kA; span length 15 ma) Conductor 4ACSR 537/53; k= 3;Fst = 4 kNb) Conductor 4ACSR 1055/45; k= 3;Fst = 8 kN

The presentation of the results is done in two parts. In the first part, the forces during the movement of themain conductor are shown, i. e. the second and third maxima in the time history, and afterwards the forcesdue to pinch effect in the bundle, which are given by the first maxima.

4.1. MAIN CONDUCTOR EFFECTS

At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated for the

maxima which acts on the top of the insulator. This equivalent static load is given in the Figure 4.3 to 4.7as function of the ratio

n

2k0

2gmn

a

I

G

Fr

=

=

Parameters are the bundle configuration, span length and the initial static tensile force Fst. The secondmaximum (continuous lines) belongs to the swing out, the third (dotted lines) to the rotation or fall down.The lines connect the test results for better reading.Because these maxima are nearly independent of the number of spacers, the results are given for the testswithout spacers (k= 0).

The tests show that the equivalent static load Ff during rotation or fall of the span (third maximum) isalways higher than the loadFt during or at the end of the short-circuit current flow (second maximum), asshown in Figure 4.3 to 4.6, except for the 4-m-span, Figure 4.7.

The second maximum of the short-circuit tensile force in the clamp at the top of the insulator is notgreater than

1,3Ft in the case 2ACSR 537/53, l= 15 m; 1,1Ft in all other cases with l= 15 m; 1,7Ft in the case 2ACSR 537/53, l= 4 m.

The third maximum of the short-circuit tensile force on the top of the insulator is in the range of 0,9Ffand 1,04Ff in the case ofl= 15 m; 0,95Ffand 1,2Ff in the case ofl= 4 m andIkup to 30 kA ; but 1,4Ff forIk= 40 kA.


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In some tests, the movement of the conductors is recorded with a high-speed camera. The maximum hori-zontal displacement is taken from the films and given in Figure 4.8.

0

4

8

12

16

20

0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4

r

F

1,3 kN

1,5 kN2,0 kN

kN

Figure 4.3: Equivalent static load: 2ACSR 537/53, l= 15 m


0

4

8

12

16

20

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2r

F

4,0 kN

5,8 kN

kN




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0

4

8

12

16

20

24

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4

r

F

3,0 kN

4,0 kN

kN



0

4

8

12

16

20

24

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

r

F

5,8 kN

7,9 kN

kN




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0

2

4

6

8

0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4

r

F

0,5 kN

kN



0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4

r

b h

2 x 537/53; 2,0 kN

4 x 537/53; 4,0 kN

2 x 1055/45; 3,0 kN

4 x 1055/45; 7,8 kN

m

Figure 4.8: Maximum horizontal displacement, l= 15 m

4.2. FORCES CAUSED BY PINCH EFFECT IN BUNDLES

The equivalent static loadsFpi caused by pinch effects represented by the first maximum in the time scalehistory are shown in Figure 4.9 to 4.12 as functions of the number of spacers kfor the 15-m-span. Pa-rameters are the bundle configuration, the short-circuit current and the static tensile force. The test resultsare connected by continuous lines for better reading.


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Because the equivalent static load Ft during swing out is lower than the load due to rotation or fall ofspan, the latter one is also given in the figures, connected by dotted lines.

The figures point out: The first maximumFpi can exceed the third maximumFf ifr


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a)

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

0 1 2 3

k

F

kN

b)

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

0 1 2 3

k

F

kN

Figure 4.10: Equivalent static load: 4ACSR 537/53, l= 15 m, as = 60 mm

a) Fst = 4 kN b) Fst = 6 kN 1. Maximum 3. Maximum! 20 kA 30 kA " 40 kA

a)

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 1 2 3

k

F

kN

b)

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 1 2 3k

F

kN




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a)

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 1 2 3

k

F

kN

b)

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 1 2 3

k

kN




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PART II

Arrangements with strained conductors and droppers in midspan


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5. CONFIGURATION FOR CASES 4 AND 5

Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1997a)

b)

Figure 5.1 Test arrangement

a) Span b) Portal N: geometric data and measuring points


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Basic data

cross section: 537/53 mm2

short-circuit current: 20 kA (50 kA peak) and 40 kA (100 kA peak)span length: 40 m

The test arrangement is shown in Figure 5.1, the essential data, force and strain measuring points of thenorthern portal are shown in Figure 5.1 b). Its structural/geometrical parameters as well as the short-circuit parameters are in Table 6.1 for case 4 and Table 7.1 for case 5. Three current paths (in the follow-ing called cases) are tested:case A: span without droppers, reference casecase B: span with droppers; the short-circuit current flows through the whole span, the droppers are

without currentcase C: span with droppers; the short-circuit current flows through half the span and through the drop-

pers to the lower level buses

The support structures, beside their design drawings and construction data, are defined by their essentialstructural properties stiffness and eigenfrequency measured in separate mechanical tests and listed in thefollowing. The mechanical tests show linear elastic characteristics for the supports given in terms of stiff-ness values. The first eigenfrequencies are excited at mid crossarm, i.e. next to the suspension.

For each combination of test parameters as collected in Table 6.1 for case 4 and Table 7.1 for case 5 atleast two identical tests were performed to show the variance of behaviour and effects. For symmetryreasons this gives at least 4 values for forces from 2 tests. The variance is, as can be seen, astonishinglysmall.

Conductor:

cross-section diameter mass perunit length

Young'smodulus


A d m' E


ACSR 537/53 590 32 1,937 69000 19,8

static sag: 0,6 m

short-circuit characteristics: 1,77 ( 55 ms)characteristics of the bus supports:

voltage case height of spring coefficient eigenfrequency

level conductor anchoring support crossarm complete support

M N M N M N

m kN/mm kN/mm Hz Hz Hz Hz

100 kV 4 8,22 1,551 1,229 9,0 8,3 4,6 3,5

400 kV 5 11,22 1,223 1,086 9,5 9,0 4,3 3,0


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Characteristics of the supporting structure at the lower end of the droppers:

spring coefficient eigenfrequency

direction x y x y

kN/mm kN/mm Hz Hz

steel pillar left 1,58 1,59 26,1 26,0

right 1,51 1,50 25,8 26,3

support *) left 0,38 0,37 13,0 13,0

right 0,38 0,37 12,8 13,2

*) complete including measuring device and clamp, total mass of both: 26,7 kg

References:

[1] Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: High Voltage Substation Stranded Conductor Buses with andwithout Droppers Tests and Calculation of Short-Circuit Constraints and Behaviour. 8th Interna-

tional Symposium on Short-Circuit Currents in Power Systems, Brussels, Belgium, 8.-10. October1998, Proceedings pp 115-121

[2] Stein, N.; Miri, A.M.; Meyer, W.: 400 kV Substation Stranded Conductor Buses Tests and Cal-culations of ShortCircuit Constraints and Behaviour, 7th International Conference on Optimiza-tion of Electrical and Electronic Equipment OPTIM 2000, Brasov (Romania), 11.12. May 2000;Proceedings pp 251-257

[3] Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: Tests and Calculation of Short-Circuit Forces and Displacementsin High Voltage Substations with Strained Conductors and Droppers. ETEP 10 (2000) No. 3 , pp131138

[4] Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: High Voltage Substations with Stranded Conductors and Drop-

pers - Tests and Calculations of Short-Circuit Constraints and Behaviour. 9th International Sympo-sium on Short-Circuit Currents in Power Systems, Cracow (Poland), 11.-13. October 2000, Pro-ceedings pp 221-228


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6. CASE 4

Table 6.1: Test parameters

test arrangement 1 2 3 4

span 40 m 1 x ACSR 537/53 a = 2 m

droppers1 x ACSR 537/53

without

3,2

4

3,2

4

3,2

4

3,2

4

1,6

4

3,2

4

dropper length / m 6,045 6,045 5,045 / 6,045current path A B C B

20 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,528,3 0,1/ 0,2/ 0,3/ 0,5/ 1,0 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3

kA

kI

40 s

kt

0,1/ 0,2/ 0,3/ 0,5/ 1,0 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3

test arrangement 5 6 7

span 40 m 1 x ACSR 537/53 a = 2 m


1,6

4

3,2

4

1,6

4 4

1,6

1,6

4 4

1,6

dropper length / m 5,045 5,045 5,045current path C B C

20 0.1 / 0.3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,528,3 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5

kAkI

40skt

0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,3 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5

current path:

A

C

B

Figure 6.1 & Figure 6.2show oscillograms of the forces for variants 6 (current path B) and 5 (currentpath C). For current path variants A, B and C, Figure 6.3 to 6.11 give the measured forces, minimum airclearances and maximum horizontal displacements over the respective values of short-circuit duration.The mean values are connected by straight lines only for better readability.


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32

Results

1

2

3

4

5

6

Figure 6.1: Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case B (variant 6);Ik= 40 kA, tk= 0,305 s

Traces:1 short-circuit current2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor3 force at the bottom of the supporting insulator4 force at the bottom of the steel support structure5 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper

6 time scale


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1

2

3

4

5

Figure 6.2: Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case C (variant 5);Ik= 40 kA, tk= 0,305 s

Traces:

1 short-circuit current2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor3 force at the bottom of the tower (MAFU2)4 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper5 time scale


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34

Figure 6.3: Short-circuit tensile force Ft and drop force Ff

a) Case A b) Case B c) Case C


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35

Figure 6.4: Minimum air clearance dmin

a) Cases A and B b) Case C

Figure 6.5: Maximum horizontal displacement bh



36/64

36

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

FT

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

s

kN

a)

swing outcaused by:

drop

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

T

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

s

kN

b)

0

100

200

300

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

tk

FT

40 kA

28,3 kA20 kA

s

kN

c)

Figure 6.6: Forces FT at the bottom of the support struture N (MAFU1 and MAFU2)



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37

0

2

4

6

8

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Fds 40 kA

28,3 kA

s

kN

Fxy

Fz

a)

20 kAFz

Fxy

Fxy

0

2

4

6

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5tk

Fds

s

kN

Fz

Fxy

b)

20 kA

40 kA

28,3 kAFxy

FxyFz

Figure 6.7: Forces Fds at the top of the supporting structure : Fxy horizontal, Fz vertical

a) Case B b) Case C


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38

0

2

4

6

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

FBs

40 kA

28,3 kA

s

kN

FI

FS

a)

20 kAFS

FI

FS

FI

0

2

4

6

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

Bs

40 kA

28,3 kA

s

kNFI

FS

b)

20 kAFS

FS FI

FI

Figure 6.8: Forces FBs at the bottom of the supporting structure : FI insulator, Fz steel sup-

port structurea) Case B b) Case C


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39

0

10

20

30

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

dt40 kA

28,3 kA

s

kN

20 kA

a)

0

10

20

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5tk

Fdt40 kA

28,3 kA

s

kN

20 kA

b)

Figure 6.9: Forces Fdt in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper

a) Case B b) Case C


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40

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

ddmin

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

s

m

a)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5tk

ddmin

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

s

m

b)

Figure 6.10: Minimum air clearance ddmin of the dropper

a) Case B b) Case C


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41

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

bdh

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

s

m

a)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5tk

bdh

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

s

m

b)

Figure 6.11: Maximum horizontal displacement bdh of the dropper

a) Case B b) Case C


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7. CASE 5

Table 7.1: Test parameters

test arrangement 8 9 10

span 40 m 2 x ACSR 537/53 a = 3 m as = 60 mm


without

3.2

7

3.2

7

3.2

7

3.2

7

dropper length / m 9,145 9,145current path A B C

20 0,5 1,0 0,3 / 1,028,3 0,1/ 0,3/ 0,5 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0kA

kI

40skt

0,1/ 0,3/ 0,5 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5

test arrangement 11 12

span 40 m 2 x ACSR 537/53 a = 3 m as = 60 mm

droppers

1 x ACSR 537/53

5.6

7

5.6

7

5.6

7

5.6

7

dropper length / m 10,545 10,545current path B C

20 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,028,3 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5

kAkI

40skt

0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5

current path:

A

C

B

Figure 7.1 & Figure 7.2 show oscillograms of the forces for 9 variants (current path B) and 10 (currentpath C). For current path variants A, B and C, Figure 7.3 to 7.5 give the measured forces, minimum airclearances and maximum horizontal displacements over the respective values of short-circuit duration.The mean values are connected by straight lines only for better readability.


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43

Results

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Figure 7.1: Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case B (9 variant);Ik= 40 kA, tk= 0,305 s

1 short-circuit current2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor3 force at the bottom of the steel support (MAFU2)4 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper

5 horizontal force at the top of the supporting insula-tor

6 vertical force at the top of the supporting insulator7 force at the bottom of the supporting insulator8 force at the bottom of the steel support structure9 time scale


44/64

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


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45

11

12

13

14

15

16

Figure 7.2: Oscillogram of short-circuit test: case C (10 variant);Ik= 40 kA, tk= 0,305 s

Traces:1,5 short-circuit current2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor3 force at the bottom of the steel support (MAFU3)4 time scale for traces 1 to 36 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper7 force in x-axis at the top of the supporting insulator8 force in y-axis at the top of the supporting insulator9 horizontal force at the top of the supporting insulator10,16 time scale for traces 6 to 1511 force in z-axis at the top of the supporting insulator12 force in x-axis at the bottom of the supporting insulator13 force in y-axis at the bottom of the supporting insulator

14 horizontal force at the bottom of the supporting insulator15 horizontal force at the bottom of the steel support structure


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46

0

10

20

30

40

50

F

40 kA

28,3 kA 20 kA

Ft

Ff

kN

FtFt

FfFf

a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

F

kN

Ff

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

Ft

Ff

FtFf

Ft

b)

0

10

20

30

40

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0tk

F

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

Ft

Ff

s

kN

Ft

Ff

c)

Figure 7.3: Short-circuit tensile force Ft and drop force Ff



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47

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

dmin

40 kA

28,3 kAm

A

AB

a)

20 kA

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0tk

dmin

40 kA28,3 kA

20 kA

s

mb)

Figure 7.4: Minimum air clearance dmin


0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

b h

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

m A

A

A

B

B

B

a)

0,00

0,25

0,50

0,75

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0tk

b h

40 kA

28,3 kA

20 kA

s

m

b)

Figure 7.5: Maximum horizontal displacement bh

a) Case A and B b) Case C


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PART III

Conductor pinch effects


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49

8. CASE 6

Tests performed at sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts-AG (Austria) in 1963cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 4 kA eff to 21,5 kA effspan length: 12 m

Bus-Bar Geometry

P1

P2

as1

i/2

i/2

as

l

ls

D=

2200mm

(D=

3600mm

ifas=800mm)

as

a

s

i i

5

2 2

4

3 3


1 bundle conductor under test

2 wall3 insulator4 strain gage for measuring the forces5 spacers

l span lengthls centre-line distance between spacers

D centre-line distance between return conductorsas centre-line distance between subconductorsk number of spacers


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50

Basic data

Conductors:


mass perunit length

Young'smodulus


A d m' E mm2 mm kg/m N/mm2 10-6/K

ACSR 537/53 590 1,937 32 69000 19,8



centre-line distance between subconductors: 35 mm ... 800 mm

centre-line distance between conductors: see Fig. 1

initial static tensile force: 1,2 ... 1,35 kN

initial static stress: 1,0 ... 1,2 N/mm2

short-circuit characteristics: < 1,5


Reference:

[1] Wagner, E.: Dauer- und Kurzschlubeanspruchung von Bndelleitern in Hochspannungsschaltan-lagen. sterreichische Zeitschrift der Elektrotechnik 18(1965), 18-25.


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51

Results

0

1

2

3

4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

ls

8 kA11,5 kA15 kA21,5 kA

m

kN a s = 35 mm

0

1

2

3

4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

ls

F11,5 kA15 kA21,5 kA

m

kN a s = 45 mm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12ls

F

4 kA8 kA11,5 kA15 kA21,5 kA

kN

m

a s = 60 mm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12ls

F

4 kA8 kA11,5 kA15 kA21,5 kA

m

kN a s = 85 mm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12ls

F

8 kA11,5 kA15 kA21,5 kA

m

kN a s = 200 mm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12ls

F

15 kA21,5 kA

m

kN a s = 800 mm

Figure 8.2: Short-circuit tensile force Fin the bundle as a function of distance between spacers

ls for different sub-conductor distances as


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52

9. CASE 7

Tests performed at Lehrstuhl fr Elektrische Energieversorgung (Germany) in 1985cross section: ACSR 340/30 mm2 and ACSR 605/70 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 3,5 kA eff to 11 kA effspan length: 7,6 m

Test arrangement

a) b)


a) Total view1 tower with bundle; steel frame for fixing the bundle, service frame, height: 10 m2 house with transformer and a reactor as compensator3 control center

b) Close twin bundleACSR 605/70 mm2;Fst = 2 kN;Ik= 10,6 kA; one spacer

The arrangement was built up for measuring only the pinch effect. The tested bundles are in vertical posi-tion to eliminate the influence of changes in sag. The short-circuit current flows through the bundle andback through four conductors situated in the corners of a quadrate. With this the return current does notinduce electromagnetic field inside the quadrate and does not influence the movement of the bundle con-ductors.

The upper clamp is fixed on a steel frame. The tensile forces are measured at the lower clamp. The statictensile force is adjusted using a turnbuckle.


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53

Basic data

Conductors:


mass perunit length

Young'smodulus


A d m' E mm2 mm kg/m N/mm2 10-6/K

ACSR 340/30 369 25 1,174 62000 20,5

ACSR 605/70 680 33 2,22 68000 19,4



centre-line distance between subconductors: 80 mm; 115 mm; 150 mm

initial static tensile force: 0,5 ... 20 kN

initial static stress: 0,4 ... 29 N/mm2

conductor fixation: stiffness: 6 kN/mmfrequency: 87 Hz

short-circuit characteristics: = 1,2 ( = 5,5 ms)


Results

Figure 9.2 gives the oscillograms of the current and the tensile forces. The time scale of the tensile forceshows from its beginning a 100-Hz-component due to the bend between the rotationally symmetric lead-in wires at the lower clamp. This also explains the reduction of the force after initiation of the short-circuit; this had been observed in other tests, too.

Figure 9.2: Oscillograms. ACSR 605/70 mm2; sub-conductor distance as = 115 mm; Fst =1,15kN;

Ik=10,2kA; three spacers

a) current b) tensile force


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54

The measured maximum forcesFare represented in the figures 3 and 4 related on the static tensile forcesF/Fst for the two types of conductors and different short-circuit currents and static tensile forces.

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3k

F

Fst

b)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3k

F

st

c)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

0 1 2 3k

F

Fst

Figure 9.3: Maximum short-circuit tensile force due to pinch effect.

2ACSR 340/80;a) as = 80 mm b) as = 115 mm c) as = 150 mmcurrents: 3,3 kA # 6,6 kA " 7,4 kA ! 9,6 kAstatic tensile forces:

0,6 kN 1,0 kN 2,1 kN 5,2 kN 9,8 kN


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55

a)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3k

F

Fst

b)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 1 2 3k

F

Fst

c)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 1 2 3k

F

Fst

Figure 9.4: Maximum short-circuit tensile force due to pinch effect.

2ACSR 605/70;a) as = 80 mm b) as = 115 mm c) as = 150 mmcurrents: 3,6 kA a,b): # 6,6 kA c): " 7,2 kA ! 10,4 kAstatic tensile forces:

0,5 kN 1,0 kN 2,2 kN 5,1 kN 10,1 kN - - - - - - - - 19,1 kN

References:

[1] Kieling, G.: Kurzschlukrfte bei Zweierbndeln Messungen und analytische Lsung mit demParabelmodell. etzArchiv 10 (1988), 53-60.

[2] Kieling. G.: Die dynamische Kurzschlubeanspruchung von Seilanlagen Analytische und nume-rische Berechnungsverfahren. Dissertation Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg, 1988.


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10. CASE 8Tests performed at VEIKI Laboratories (Hungary) in 1997cross section: CONDOR 455, twin bundle (n = 2)short-circuit current: 35 kA eff and 48 kA effspan length: 60 m

10.1. INTRODUCTIONThis case provides a set of experimental resultscollected at the VEIKI Laboratories in April 97.This is not a exhaustive set but we include inthis report the most representative results allow-ing scientists and researchers to well-understandthe evolution of tension in sub-conductors, com-pressive force in rigid spacers depending onsubspan length, sagging tension, short-circuitduration or intensity, etc

10.2. CONFIGURATION CHARAC-TERISTICS (TWIN HORIZON-

TAL BUNDLE)

Span length 60 m (subspan lengthdetailed case by case)$ Sub conductor type ACSR CONDOR (455mm, = 27.7 mm,1.52 kg/m, UTS 125 kN)$ Spacing 0.457 m$ Current 35 kA (90 kA peak) ,Time constant 33 ms48 kA (122 kA peak)$ Duration 0.17 to 0.2 s, one case

1s.$ Sagging tension 15, 25 or 35 kN$ Tension is given for one subconductor$ All cases one phase fault, return path on the

ground

Figure 10.1 VEIKI test arrangement 60 m

span length spacer at mid-span.

The return path is on the ground.

$ Supporting structure

Stiffness: about 8.5 106

N/mFirst eigen frequency : about 14 Hz

IMPORTANT REMARK

To obtain range of precision, most of the caseshave been tested with two spacers at mid-span(separated by 0.5m), each spacer equipped withtwo full bridges of strain gages. The error onmeasurements expected is about 10-15 %. Itmeans also that the measured value is only halfof the full compression obtained in practicewhen only one spacer is installed. Only the casesV.1 and VI.1 were tested with a single spacer atmid-span, giving directly the full compression

load.

Figure 10.2 Veiki Test arrangement End

span fixations.

Two sub conductors were separately fixed to the

tower

Each set of results includes:

1. Short-circuit wave shape (uncalibrated),

2. Spacer compression on about 1s duration,

3. Sub conductor tension on maximum ob-

servation time,

4. Zoom of spacer compression in the first

200 ms,

5. Zoom of sub conductor tension on the

first 200 ms.


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57

10.3. CASE II.1 1 X 60 M 15 KN

35/90 KA

$ Configuration One subspan 60 m$ Exact tension/subconductor: 13 kN$ Short-circuit level: (rms/peak) 35/90 kA$ Duration: 0.18 s

Saggingtension15kN- 35/90kA

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2

time(s)

Current wave shape (ordinates not valid)

Configuration :

measurement

60m

Saggingtension 15kN - 35/90 kA

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

time(s)

compressiveload(N)

subspanlength 60m

Sagging tension 15 kN - 35/90 kA

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8

time (s)

Tension(kN)

Zoom on spacer compression and tension timeevolution


5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time (s)

Tension(kN)


-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time (s)

compressiveload(N)

subspan length 60 m


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58

10.4. CASE II.5 2 X 30 M 15 KN

35/90 KA

$ Configuration One subspan 30 m$ Exact tension/subconductor: 13 kN$ Short-circuit level: 35/90 kA$ Duration: 0.17s

Saggingtension15 kN- 35/90kA

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2

time(s)

Cu

rrent(uncalibrated)

Configuration :

measurement

30 m

Saggingtension 15kN - 35/90 kA

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

time(s)

Compressiveloads(N)

subspanlength 30m

Sagging tension 15 kN- 35/90 kA

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2

time(s)

Tension(kN)

Zoom on spacer compression and tension timeevolu-

tionSagging tension 15 kN - 35/90

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time (s)

Tension(kN)


-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time (s)

compressiveload(N)

subspan length 60 m


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59

10.5. CASE III.1 1 X 60 M 25 KN

35/90 KA

$ Configuration One subspan 60 m$ Exact tension/subconductor: 25 kN$ Short-circuit level: 35/90 kA$ Duration: 0.16 s

Saggingtension25kN - 35/90 kA

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2

time(s)

Cu

rrent(uncalibrated)

Configuration :

measurement

60m


-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

time(s)

Compressiveloads(N)

subspanlength60m

Saggingtension25 kN- 35/90 kA

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

time(s)

Tension(kN)

Zoom on spacer compression and tension time

evolutionSaggingtension25 kN- 35/90kA

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Tension(kN)

Saggingtension25kN - 35/90kA

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Compressiveloads(N)

subspanlength60 m


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60

10.6. CASE III.5 2 X 30 M 25 KN

35/90 KA



-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Current

(uncalibrated)

Configuration :

measurement

30 m


-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6

time(s)

Compressiveload(N)

subspanlength 30m


20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6

time(s)

Tension(kN)

Zoom on spacer compression and tension timeevolu-tion :


-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Comp

ressiveload(N)

subspanlength30m


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61

10.7. CASE IV.1 1 X 60 M 35 KN

35/90 KA



-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Current(uncalibrated)

Configuration :

measurement

60m


-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

time(s)

C

ompressiveloads(N)

subspanlength60 m


30

32

34

36

38

40

42

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

time(s)

Tension(kN)

Zoom on spacer compression and tension timeevolution


-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Compressiveloads(N

subspanlength60m


30

32

34

36

38

40

42

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Tension(kN)


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62

10.8. CASE IV.5 2 X 30 M 35 KN

35/90 KA



-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time (s)

C

urrent(uncalibrated)

Configuration :

measurement

30 m

Sagging tension35 kN- 30/90kA

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

time(s)

Compressiveloads(N)

subspanl ength 30m

Zoom on spacer compression and tension timeevolu-

tion :


20

25

30

35

40

45

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4time(s)

Tension(kN)


-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Compressiveloads(N)

subspanlength 30m

Saggingtension 35kN - 30/90kA

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Tension(kN)


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63

10.9. CASE V.1 6 X 10M 25 KN

35/90 KA


Saggingtension25 kN- 35/90kA - 6x10m

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

tiem(s)

Current(uncalibrated)

Series1

Configuration :

measurement

10 m

Saggingtension 25 kN - 35/90 kA- 6x10 m

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2

time (s)

Compressiveload(N)

subspan length 10 m Saggingtension25 kN- 35/90 kA- 6x10m

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8

time(s)

Tension(kN)

Zoom on spacer compression and tension timeevolution :

Saggingtension25kN - 35/90kA- 6x10 m

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Tension(kN)

Sagging tension 25 kN - 35/90 kA - 6x10 m

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,2

time(s)

Compressiveload(N)

subspan length 10 m


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cigre vol2

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