1.-21. sorularda, cmlede bo braklan yere uygun den kelime yada ifadeyi bulunuz.

Acetic acid is used as a foodand flavouring material, and also in the manufacture of white lead.

preservativeB) decayC) absorption

D) solutionE) process

Atoms are of electrons and a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

joinedB) linkedC) composed

D) keptE) completed

Visibility depends upon the concentration of water or dust particles in the air.

rapidlyB) obstinatelyC) instantly

D) suitablyE) chiefly

This magazine is designed to help satellite equipment buyers make more purchasing decisions and keep ahead of new developments.

representativeB) obscureC) foreseen

D) informedE) indifferent

Science requires the testing of its ideas or theories to see if its predictions are by experiment.

made upB) borne outC) closed in

D) put offE) sorted out

The subject of the statistics isthe calculation of the forces acting on and within structures that are in equilibrium.

taken care ofB) turned upC) kept off

D) given rise toE) concerned with

Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Becquerel, who noticed that salts containing uranium radiations.

got offB) held upC) sent off

D) came up with E) turned away

many diverse animal forms exist exceptions can be found to almost any definition of an animal.

So / asB) As / asC) Whether / so

D) So / thatE) Neither / nor

Productsdiverse rubber, tobacco, coffee, chocolate and aromatic oils for perfumes come from flowering plants.

as /asB) too / thanC) both / and

D) either / orE) not only / but also

Heat is transferred from objectby conduction, convection and radiation.

either / to otherB) each / from the rest

C) any / with anotherD) some / through others

E) one / to another

Pile foundations are costly and normally economic only commercial structures on valuable sites.

in the manner ofB) in the case of

C) in place ofD) in fulfilment of

E) in accordance with

The South African government has committed a further sum of money to the Southern African Large Telescope (SLT), enables the construction of this giant telescope to commence next year.

A) which

B) thus

C) by which

D) whose

E) for whom

The writers of this article seem to assume that nuclear plants conform with safety requirementsthe fact that violations are constantly being reported.

in caseB) althoughC) against

D) concerningE) despite

Some scientists us that the thermal blanket around the globe the average temperature of the earth to rise.

were warning / has caused

have been warning / was causing

have warned / may cause

had warned / caused

warn / will have caused

A theory only when a hypothesisby consistent results from many observations or experiment.

may have been developed / was being supported

can be developed / has been supported

will be developed / was supported

has been developed / had been supported

had been developed / might have been supported

If transport costs into consideration at the outset, the plant far from its present site!

will have taken / are being built

were taken / had been built

have been taken / have been built

were being taken / will be built

had been taken / would have been built

The first laser in 1960 by Maiman almost half a century after the publication in 1916 of Einsteins theory of radiation which the possibility of laser operation.

has been demonstrated / had shown

had been demonstrated / showed

was demonstrated / showed

demonstrates / was shown

was being demonstrated / shows The advent of nuclear power the trend to use water-power on a large scale, and hydroelectric installations in all industrial countries with power potential.

has not halted / are being built

did not halt / are built

would not halt / will be built

will not halt / were being built

had not halted / would be built

Researchers disagree whether a large ocean ever existed on Mars, but one thing is certain: Martian geology is turning to be strange and complex.

A) of / round

B) in / over

C) for / up

D) on / out

E) about / in

Species become endangered and even extincta variety of reasons, many of which are related human activities.

A) within / of

B) for / to

C) with / for

D) in / with

E) over / through

The advance of the steel industry has been marked

a progressive increase in the size and complexity of the plant used and a fall labour costs.

off / through B) with / fromC) up / with

D) by / inE) in / of

22.-31. sorularda, verilen cmleyi uygun ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

In many industrial processes, human operators can be replaced by control systems .

which can be used, for instance, to monitor and control pressure, temperature and motor speed

that the error sensor is a basic component

that they have the ability to control physical variables

by whom the difference between the actual and desired value can be reduced to zero

which had been capable of fulfilling a number of functions

The old system of flood irrigation has fallen into disrepute _.

unless short canals could have enabled the compartments to be filled in an orderly fashion

though the flood waters has been controlled to cover so much land

as the height of the flood was variable so was the area flooded

after several weeks the water would be drained back into the river

because it only produces one crop a year

Insect-eating plants have devices .

from which stickiness an insect can never make its escape

so that they are able to live in most parts of the world but chiefly in warm regions

if their prey is to be enticed into a trap

which enable them to catch insects and digest them with the aid of enzymes

of which the pitcher plant that produces pepsin is an example

For a small planet, the Earth is extremely heavy .

whether the liquid iron creates a powerful magnetic field

that two-thirds of it are covered with ocean

since its iron core is very large

that the atmosphere screens the suns radiation

if the atmosphere were not rich with oxygen Helium, the lightest of the inert gases, was discovered in 1868 .

until its importance was recognised in scientific research at low temperature

as liquid helium has many remarkable qualities which are only imperfectly understood

when spectrographic investigations disclosed an unknown yellow line in the chromospheres of the sun

before studies into atomic structure would be realised

tough two of its stable isotopes exist as liquids right down to the absolute zero

As soon as slender steel column began to replace massive piers in building construction.

inflammable materials would not be used again in high-rise buildings

a new school of architecture could never have developed without the challenge of these and other new building materials

this new group of promising architects had as yet attracted very little attention

new conceptions of both the practical and aesthetic use of space came into being

their ideas indicated a rejection of machine production

, where the gas is ionize and, in consequence, electrically conducting.

In 1924, direct measurements of the height and density of the ionosphere were first made in Britain

The ionization is almost entirely produced by ultra- violet light and X-radiation

The ionization density had already increased to maximum at a height of around 150 miles

In 1880, the existence of a conducting layer in the high atmosphere had not been postulated

The ionosphere is the upper region of the earths atmosphere

, we cannot infer from this that extraterrestrial civilisations do not exist.

Though researches have made no positive detections of extraterrestrial signals

Until radio transmissions from other civilisations were picked up

Since a number of sophisticated searches are presently underway at the Radio Astronomy Observatory

Whenever the possibility of extraterrestrial civilisations comes to the fore

After they began to search for extraterrestrial civilisations by means of radio astronomy

Until science develops ways of predicting natural disasters earlier and more accurately,.

prevention, unfortunately, usually eludes us

flooding regularly takes a heavy toll of human life

modern technology cannot shield us from the destructive force of a hurricane

they will continue to cause untold suffering throughout the world

the lethal release of natural carbon dioxide is entirely preventable

when heat resistant materials are required.

Engineers often use ceramics

There are two main types of metal; ferrous and non- ferrous

With the addition of chromium, the steels ability to resist corrosion was increased

Both bronze and brass have been used ornamentally

Cutting tools are made from high-speed steels

32.-36. sorularda, verilen ngilizce cmlenin Trke dengini bulunuz.

Asteroids are relatively small objects, which move in orbits mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Asteroitler, yrngeleri genellikle Mars ve Jpiterin yrngeleri arasna sacak kadar kk olan nesnelerdir.

Asteroitler, genellikle Mars ve Jpiterin yrngeleri arasnda yer alan yrngelerde hareket eden nispeten kk nesnelerdir.

Olduka kk nesneler olan asteroitler, ounlukla Mars ve Jpiter arasndaki yrngelerde hareket ederler.

Nispeten kk nesneler olan asteroitlerin ounun yrngesi Mars ve Jpiterin yrngeleri arasndadr.

Srekli olarak Mars ve Jpiterin yrngeleri arasndaki bolukta hareket eden asteroitler, aslnda son derece kk nesnelerdir.

One of the important consequences of the theory of relativity is that time is no longer regarded as an absolute quantity.

Grecelik kuram, zamann artk mutlak bir nicelik olarak kabul edilmemesi gerektiini kesin olarak gstermektedir.

Grecelik kuramnn en nemli iddias, zamann tartmasz bir nicelik olma zelliini kaybetmesidir.

Grecelik kuramnn nemli sonularndan biri, zamann artk mutlak bir nicelik olarak grlmemesidir.

Zamann artk mutlak niceliklerden biri olarak kabul edilmemesi grecelik kuramyla ortaya kan nemli gelimeler arasndadr.

Grecelik kuramnn nemli sonular, zamann tartmasz bir nicelik saylmamasn gerektirmektedir.

Acid rain can mark fruit and leaves, and adversely affect soil, but its main effect is on the ecosystems especially in regions with thin soils and granite rocks.

Asit yamuru meyve ve yapraklarda leke yapabilir ve topraa ok zarar verebilir, ancak asl etkisi, ince toprak ve granit kayalardan oluan blgelerin ekosistemleri zerinde gzlemlenebilir.

Meyve ve yapraklarda leke yapan asit yamuru, asl etkisini toprakta, zellikle de ince toprak ve granit kaya tabakalar ile kapl blgelerin ekosistemleri zerinde gsterir.

Toprakta nemli tahribat yapan ve meyvelerle yapraklar zerinde leke brakan asit yamuru, zellikle, ince toprak ve granit kayalarla kapl blgelerin ekosistemlerini etkiler.

Asl etkisini ince toprakl ve granit kayal blgelerin ekosistemleri zerinde gsteren asit yamuru, meyve ve yapraklarda leke yapmakla kalmaz, toprakta da byk tahribata yol aar.

Asit yamuru meyve ve yapraklarda leke yapabilir ve topra olumsuz olarak etkileyebilir, ancak asl etkisi, zellikle ince toprakl ve granit kayal blgelerdeki ekosistemler zerindedir.

The diagnostic use of ultrasound in medicine is a complicated and very interesting application of physical principles.

Fizik ilkelerinin olduka karmak ve ok ilgin bir uygulamas olan ltrason, tpta tan amacyla kullanlmaktadr.

ltrasonun tpta tan iin kullanm, fizik ilkelerinin karmak ve ok ilgin bir uygulamasdr.

Tpta tan amacyla kullanlan ltrason, karmak fizik ilkelerinin olduka ilgin bir uygulamasdr.

Karmak fizik ilkelerinin tptaki ilgin uygulamalarndan biri de tan iin kullanlan ltrasondur.

Olduka karmak ve son derece ilgin fizik ilkelerini uygulayan ltrason, tpta tehis arac olarak kullanlr. Many plants, particularly those in arid regions, possess storage roots adapted to store water.

Birok bitki zellikle de kurak blgelerdekiler, su depolamaya uyum salam depo kklere sahiptir.

zellikle kurak blgelerde bulunan pek ok bitkinin, su depolamaya uygun kkleri vardr.

Su depolamaya uygun kklere sahip olan bitkilerin ou kurak blgelerde bulunur.

Kurak blgelerdeki bitkilerin ou, su depolamaya uyum salam yaplara, zellikle de depo kklere sahiptir.

Birok bitkinin, zellikle de kurak blgedekilerin kkleri, ayn zamanda birer su deposu grevi grebilir.

- 41. sorularda, verilen Trke cmlenin anlamna en yakn ngilizce cmleyi bulunuz.

Birinci Dnya Savann sonlarna doru, bombardman uaklar daha ihtisaslam duruma gelmekteydi ve hafif ve ar olmak zere iki alt snfa ayrlmt.

The subclasses, heavy and light, were only introduced for bombing aircraft towards the end of World War I when they had become more specialized.

As World War I was drawing to a close, bombing aircraft had become so specialized that they had to be divided into two new subclasses, heavy and light.

Bombing aircraft had become so much more specialized by the end of World War I that two new subclasses were recognized, light and heavy.

Towards the end of World War I, bombing aircraft were becoming more specialized and were divided into two subclasses, light and heavy.

As bombing aircraft were becoming more specialized towards the end of World War I, they had to be divided into two subclasses, heavy and light.

Ku davrannn en byleyici yanlarndan biri, pek ok trn yapt yllk gtr.

Bird behaviour is quite fascinating, especially the annual migration of many of the species.

One of the most fascinating aspects of bird behaviour is the annual migration made by many species.

The annual migration of many species of birds is just ore of the fascinating aspects of their behaviour.

Many species of birds have fascinating behaviour patterns, particularly as regards annual migration.

In relation to their annual migration, the behaviour patterns of many bird species are quite fascinating.

Snger ok hcreli olmasna karn, hcreleri birbirine gevek bir ekilde baldr ve belirgin doku oluturmaz.

The cells of the multicellular sponge are so loosely connected that they do not form definite tissues.

The sponge is obviously multicellular, but the cells are clearly too loosely connected to form tissues.

Although the sponge is multicellular, its cells are loosely connected and do not form specific tissues.

Because the cells of the multicellular sponge are loosely connected, they do not form specific tissues.

The tissues of the multicellular sponge definitely evolve from the loosely connected cells.

Hava tamacl, temelde ulusal itibar, ticaret ve savunma nedenleriyle, ilk gnlerinden beri hkmetler iin yakn ilgi konusu olmutur.

Since its earliest days, air transport has been a matter of close concern to governments, primarily for reasons of national prestige trade and defence.

Right from the beginning, governments have recognized the importance of air transport largely for reasons of national prestige, trade and defence.

Even at the start, air transport has been closely supported by governments as it affects a country's prestige, trade and defence.

Governments were immediately aware of the importance of air transport largely on account of its affect on a country's prestige trade and security.

It is primarily because air transport can affect a country's prestige, trade and security that governments everywhere have started to treat it seriously. l topra, bitki rtsnn seyrek oluunun bir sonucu olarak organik madde bakmndan fakirdir; fakat buna kan, ou kez mineral bakmndan zengindir.

The lack of humus in desert soil, which is the result of the meagre vegetation, is offset by the rich mineral deposits.

Desert soil is poor in organic material because there is little vegetation, but there is usually an abundance of minerals.

Owing to the lack of vegetation, desert soil has virtually no humus, but it does have vast mineral deposits.

As a result of sparse vegetation, desert soil is poor in organic material but, nevertheless, it is often rich in minerals.

Though desert soil has rich mineral deposits, the meagre vegetation means it is completely lacking in organic material.

42.-46. sorularda karlkl konumann bo braklan ksmnda sylenmi olabilecek sz bulunuz.

Mark:

The new developments in advertising techniques are really very interesting.

Peter:

- ----

Mark:

Well, here's one of the big petrol companies flaunting its commitment to environmental considerations.

Peter:

Yes, that certainly is a new approach.

Give me an example.

I make a point of never believing an advertisement.

The techniques may have changed, but have the aims?

The aim of every advertisement is to deceive!

Perhaps. But how much are they costing us?

Chris:

You know I'd love to spend a holiday in the Arctic.

Brian:

- ---

Chris:

No, certainly not I'd go in the summer season. And I'm sure there would be lots to see.

Brian:

True. But I prefer to see it all on the TV.

Actually. I would, too. If only to see the flora.

Whatever for? Just to be doing something different?

So would I. We see the polar bears and the seals on TV, but it would be marvellous to see them in reality.

Well, yes if it weren't for the cold!

I couldn't afford it, And I'll be surprised if you can

James:

What do you know about the uses of hydrogen peroxide?

Gary:

Its a bleach, isn't it? And rather a harsh one at that.

James:

- ---

Gary:

Oh! I certainly didn't know all that!

That's right. It is incompatible with most common metals and so is usually stored in aluminium containers.

But it has a great many other uses. Would you like me to list them all for you?

Some say the Germans used it in the jet propulsion unit of the M.E. 163 plane.

Strengths higher than 90% are obtained by refrigeration techniques.

Yes. But it has a lot more uses. For instance, it's used in anti-shrink treatments in textiles and as a germicide in cosmetic preparations. Peter:

I can't understand why aluminium is so important in industry. It's so light.

Robert:

But that's one of its great advantages.

Peter:

- ---

Robert:

It's resistant to corrosion by, among other things, chemicals and foodstuffs.

What are some of its uses?

But why is it an advantage?

But is it strong enough?

Really? What's another?

Costwise, is it economical?

Mrs Fenton:

The sewing machine needs oiling. Will any oil do?

Mr Fenton:

No. Any oil will not do.

Mrs Fenton:

- ---

Mr Fenton:

You are quite wrong. The selection of the correct lubricant is extremely important and depends on many factors.

I used the baby's oil last time, too.

Well, youd better do the job yourself.

People are always talking about them, but do they do any good?

So what oil will do?

But why not? Surely oil is oil!

DS FEN (ARALIK) 2001

47.-51. sorularda, parada bo braklan yere uygun den ifadeyi bulunuz.

The object of the air traffic control officers is to achieve the highest densities in all parts of the controlled air space that is consistent with safety and the elimination of collision risk . The amounts of the separation are partly dependent upon the means available for determining accurately the position and course of the various aircraft.

For purposes of air traffic control, air space is divided and then subdivided

Military aviation originally held itself outside any air traffic control but for a long time now this has not been practicable

They, therefore. direct the captains of aircraft so as to maintain adequate vertical and horizontal separation between aircraft

As these are within controlled air space a pilot intending to fly along them must file a flight plan.

The flight progress strip" gives an indication of what is happening to any aircraft in the area

The Wankel engine has many advantages over the reciprocating piston engine. Fewer moving parts are necessary because it produces a rotary movement without using a connecting rod and a crankshaft.

. In addition, it has no valves and it is smaller and lighter than conventional engines of the same power.

Though there are advantages, there are also disadvantages

Because of this rotary, movement it has no vibration

A fresh charge is then induced into the cylinder

The Wankel piston is triangular with curved sides

Fuel enters the cylinder through the inlet port Thermal insulation is concerned with the problem of reducing the transfer of heat from one place to another and depends upon the thermal resistance of the insulating medium. . However, this is not very satisfactory in an ordinary air space because radiation is also involved in the transfer of heat

Since air is a very poor conductor, an air gap, narrow enough to minimize convection, may be used for insulation

Thermal conductivity is a term that is only strictly applicable to homogeneous materials

In general, the lighter the material per unit volume, the greater its insulating value per unit thickness

The vertical air spaces used in insulating buildings are actually only about one third as thick

The optimum thickness must also be chosen to avoid condensation of moisture inside the walls

Germination is the initiation of growth in a newly formed plant-structure, or the resumption of growth after a period of rest, as in fungus and bacterial spores, but exemplified most vividly in seeds. . Growth is stopped and respiration is extremely slow.

At germination, development is resumed and

there is a spectacular acceleration of function.

The essential point about germination is the sudden change from a resting state to one of intense activity

The development of the new plant starts at fertilization

Before full physiological activity can be resumed, the dehydrated tissues must become fully turgid with water

As the embryo swells it ruptures the seed coat

In the resting condition, the life processes are slowed down to a minimum

Improved efficiency of the use of fuel is a theme to which more attention has been given as the cost of fuel has increased. . The processing of raw fuel into the form in which it is to be used is another.

The efficient and economical use of fuels is indeed one of the chief aspects of the work of the fuel technologist

Each type of fuel and each process naturally has its own problems

There is a staff to advise on methods of increasing the efficiency of the use of fuel in industry

It is well known that the probable resources of coal are very extensive

Fuel technology is now a recognized and even an essential profession

52.-56. sorularda, cmleler srasyla okunduunda, anlam btnln bozan cmleyi bulunuz.

(I) Industrialization came late to Italy. (II) Most of the industry is in the north along the Po Valley and particularly around Turin, Genoa and Milan. (Ill) This was partly due to political reasons and partly to the lack of basic raw materials. (IV) It was the availability of hydroelectric power and a labour force capable of acquiring the necessary skills, which together brought about the rapid development in the 20th century. (V) Indeed, the industrial progress in Italy during the 1950s has been described as miraculous

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

(I) The simplest type of engine classification is doubtless by reference to the kind of fuel used. (II) Nevertheless, reciprocating engines may be divided more fundamentally into those running on the Otto cycle (spark ignition) and those running on Akrody's and Diesel's cycles (compression ignition). (Ill) The former are usually used for small scale power generation. (IV) The latter, which burn heavy oil are of two types, slow speed for ships and high speed for motor vehicles. (V) Subsequently, improvements in engine design appeared at an amazing speed.

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

(I) The industrial revolution should be seen as a still continuing process. (II) It has now, however, taken a new turn. (Ill) It used to be concerned largely with the making of machines to replace human labour. (IV) The underlying mathematical theory for the handling of information is information theory. (V) The emphasis now is on developing machines and instruments to take over certain mental tasks, in particular, the handling of all forms of data.

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

(I) Most of our knowledge regarding the structure of the earth has been from the study of rocks. (II) Nevertheless, the deeper parts of the earth's crust have a higher temperature than the surface. (Ill) Surface rocks have been studied as have those which can be reached in mines and through borings.

(IV) Recent techniques have made it possible to carry bore-holes down to depths of several miles. (V) In

general, however, these borings only reveal rocks

comparable in age and character to those found at the surface of the ground.

A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

(I) It is hard to imagine a better means of preservation than entombment in amber (II) Indeed, amber or hardened tree resin has preserved organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals for millions of years. (Ill) It is clear that spiders, for instance, had their fair share of specialized enemies then as now. (IV) It surpassed even the finest grain sediments in its ability to retain details. (V) Deposits are found round the world, but amber from Hispaniola is especially fossil-rich.

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

57.-59. sorular, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

The Royal Society is the national academy of science for Great Britain and Northern Ireland but, unlike other national academies, is and always has been independent of state control; it is not maintained by grants from public funds and manages its own affairs. Since its foundation, however, kings, statesmen and government departments have regularly sought its advice on scientific matters; it has never hesitated to assist governments when convinced that the national interest called for scientific action. Within ten years of its foundation the society, at the invitation of Charles II and his ministers, grappled with problems of national food supply, arboriculture, naval architecture and navigation. Throughout the 18th century it worked with the admiralty on what was then called the problem of the longitude in the solution of which are associated the names of the astronomers Edmond Halley and Nevil Maskelyne, the chronometer maker John Harrison and the navigator James Cook. It found a cure for jail-fever and advised on the protection of ships of war against lightning; it organized a geodetic survey of the British Isles and appointed scientific personnel to several Arctic and Antarctic expedition.

According to the passage the Royal Society, though it is a national academy, .

is not dependent on the state for funds and so is free to act independently

is only partly financed by grants from public funds

has never worked directly for kings or government departments

is mainly concerned with navigation and indeed all naval matters

has often refused to act for the government in an advisory capacity It is clear from the passage that, as in the case of "the problem of longitude", the Royal Society .

was obliged to advise the admiralty on procedures for the tests it was making

can command specific knowledge from a variety of fields to assist in the solution of multidisciplinary problems

often failed to come up with a solution to a specific problem

would only accept short-term commissions as it felt that long-term ones threatened its independence

avoided, whenever it was at all possible to do so involvement in schemes of national importance

We understand from the passage that a great many of the activities of the Royal Society .

are money-making schemes so that it can maintain its independence

are purely theoretical and have no practical application

are actually forced upon it by king or parliament though the members themselves do not like to admit this

are truly national in character, being designed to benefit the people whether directly or indirectly

amount to nothing more than recommending suitable people for specific situations

- 62. sorulan, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

The first flight by a power driven manned aeroplane took place in 1903 and its subsequent development as a military weapon was so rapid that all the belligerents entered World War I totally unprepared to defend themselves against it. The first bombing raids, however, compelled the consideration of anti-aircraft measures, and Britain, in particular, attacked by Zeppelin airships and Gotha aircraft was forced to develop a range of specialized anti-aircraft equipment which came to include guns, searchlights, sound-locators and predictors, giving it a qualitative ascendancy in this field retained until the end of World War II. Indeed the first night attack on London caused such public consternation that its gun defences had to be doubled within forty-eight hours and, though they hit few planes, their presence was of great psychological value.

We understand from the passage that the development of aircraft as a weapon of war was so rapid that at the start of World War I .

most cities had already been equipped with searchlights

anti-aircraft procedures had already been formulated

no country had prepared itself to combat an air attack

Britain had enough specialized anti-aircraft equipment to see her through to the end of the war

it was only in Germany that measures had been taken to combat air attacks It's clear from the passage that one reason why Britain grew so competent in anti-aircraft tactics was

.

the fact that, prior to the war, she already had the ascendancy in this field

the absolute necessity of defending herself from bombing raids

because scientists realized that they had to keep ahead in this field or the country's moral would drop

that a great deal of research into predictors had already been carried out

that the noise made by the German Zeppelins was easy to recognize and locate

The passage emphasizes that, after the first night attack on London, .

enemy aircraft were continually being shot down

the moral of the people there remained high

the value of manned aircraft in time of war was finally admitted

the city's defence system was increased twofold within a couple of days

it became increasingly difficult for enemy bombers to reach their targets

63.- 65. sorular, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

Scientists can now speed up the process of genetic change through biotechnology. Farmers need no longer wait patiently for breeding to yield improved crops and animals, nor must they even respect natural lines of reproduction among species. Laboratory scientists can now select desirable traits from any of a number of species and insert those traits into the genetic material of crops and animals. Among the new products of biotechnology are tomatoes that stay fresh much longer than the usual ones and so promise less waste and higher profits. Normally, tomatoes produce a protein that softens them after they have been picked. Scientists introduce into a tomato plant a gene that is a mirror image of the one that codes for the "softening" enzyme. This gene fastens itself to the RNA of the native gene and blocks its action. A vine-ripe tomato with this special gene rots more slowly than a normal tomato, allowing growers to harvest at the most flavourful and nutritious red stage. The tomatoes will still last much longer during shipping and marketing than regular tomatoes harvested when green.

As the passage points out, genetic change is not a new phenomenon, but .

formerly it was only achieved by careful breeding and was a long, slow process

it has only recently been applied to plants

farmers have only just started to take an interest in it

its advantages have only just become obvious to farmers

the success-rate of inserting a desired trait is not very high We understand from the passage that biotechnology has produced a tomato that stays fresh and firm much longer than the normal tomato, .

and can be left on the vine almost indefinitely

but is far more expensive to produce

because the "softening" enzyme of the normal tomato has been removed by genetic engineering

especially if it is harvested when it is green

by introducing a special gene that prevent the "softening" enzyme from functioning

One of the important advantages of the genetically engineered tomatoes as described in the passage Is that .

they contain a larger proportion of protein than the usual tomato

they are far more nutritious than the normal ones even when picked at the green stage

they can be picked when ripe and at their tastiest, and won't spoil in transport

the gene used to prevent rotting is perfectly stable

their appearance is far more attractive than that of other tomatoes

66 - 68. sorular, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

To obtain power from the sun's rays is to use nuclear power developed at no expense in a laboratory 93 million miles away, for the radiant energy of the sun is maintained by nuclear transformation of chemical elements occurring in the sun's interior at temperatures of many million degrees, and at pressures of many million atmospheres. The resources of solar power are enormous. If 100 per cent efficiency could be secured in the transformation of radiant solar energy into mechanical work, a horsepower per square yard of ground surface would be available under cloudless skies. The expense of collecting solar energy still prevents its competition with the usual power sources .Yet, unless the vague promise of safe thermonuclear power from oceans becomes realized, solar power must supply the enormous and growing requirements of posterity within two centuries. Because the ground sources (coal, oil and uranium) as they near exhaustion will become more costly than solar power.

The writer of the passage regards the sun .

as both the largest and the cheapest source of power

as an inefficient source of energy as cloud prevents it from being effective

as offering little more in the way of energy for the future than thermonuclear power

as a far distant laboratory that produces nuclear power

as a source of power too vast and dangerous to be tampered with or used According to the passage, solar energy is not presently used on a large scale .

since it could constitute a threat to the environment

as even on cloudless days it cannot be made to yield a great deal of power

even though it can be harnessed with 100 per cent efficiency

since the harnessing of thermonuclear power from the oceans is felt to be more profitable

because the expense of harnessing it is not economically viable

The passage contains a warning that .

such ground sources of energy as coal and oil will be used up by the next generation

solar energy could prove dangerous as it is a form of nuclear energy

future ages may have no option but the sun's rays to meet their energy requirements

thermonuclear power from oceans could prove even more costly than solar power

the costs of harnessing solar power are not likely to be reduced

- 71. sorular, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

The design of ships is governed by scientific principles and economic considerations but in practice it has many of the qualities of an art. The designer may be supplied with the precise and detailed requirements of an owner or he may receive only the barest outline of requirements such as the weight of cargo to be carried and the speed. The dimensions chosen and the main characteristics of the ship are governed by the trade in which the vessel is to compete. High-density cargoes such as iron ore require little cubic capacity; low-density cargoes such as bananas require vast cubic capacity. The ports which the vessel must enter may impose restrictions on length and draught. Passage through canals may restrict both draught and breadth. The nature of the cargo may determine the size of cargo holds and of the hatchways through which the cargo is loaded and unloaded. Available facilities at the ports to be entered affect the loading and unloading apparatus to be installed in the vessel.

We understand from the passage that the size of a ship .

needs to be large if it is to have high-density cargoes

will reflect the type of goods to be carried

is unimportant so long as it does not have to pass through canals

has relatively little bearing upon its cost

affects the system of loading and unloading of the cargo It is clear from the passage that, when a ship is being ordered the designer is often given a lot of freedom in the type of design, but he will expect to be told

.

something about what it is to carry and how fast it is to travel

the type of loading and unloading apparatus to install

something about the route it will normally follow

the exact dimensions that are required

exactly how big the cargo holds should be

According to the passage, a great many factors have to be considered in the design of a ship .

of which economic matters are the least important

and no designer is prepared to accept just a simple outline of requirements

but one of the least important is the cubic capacity needed for the cargo

including regulations and conditions in the ports it will call in at

in particular the relationship between length and breadth

- 74. sorular, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

Erosion is regarded not merely as the physical removal of soil by water and wind, but rather as the deterioration of all the component parts of the habitat in which man and his crops and livestock have to exist. Since there is no conclusive evidence for any major climatic change in historic times to explain this deterioration, we must conclude that the eroding of the total environment has been due primarily to thoughtless destruction of the vegetative cover. This has led to deterioration of the microclimate above and below the surface, generally in the direction of a general drying out of the soil which has exposed it to erosive action of wind and rainfall of high intensity or frequency, and to the loss of organic matter in the soil, thus reducing its capacity to resist erosion by conserving the water that falls on the surface. If everything possible is done within the total environment to conserve the naturally planted or cultivated vegetation, this will also ensure optimal conservation of soil and water.

It is argued in the passage that the impoverishment of the world's habitat .

It is first and foremost due to man's irresponsible abuse of the vegetable cover of the earth

is largely due to gradual changes in climate over long years

became inevitable as soon as agricultural and animal husbandry developed

cannot be remedied

has been needlessly exaggerated The definition of erosion given in this passage.

is a strictly regional one

disregards man's role in it

concentrates on flooding

assumes that the process is inevitable

is a broad one

It is pointed out in the passage that the loss of organic matter in the soil.

led to the destruction of the world's vegetative cover

is a direct result of insufficient rain

is an irreversible process

has made the soil more susceptible to erosion

came about through over-planting which robbed the soil of nutrients

- 77. sorular, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

The world's nuclear plants have accumulated vast stocks of highly radioactive waste. Worldwide, high-level waste is currently stored above ground, and no government has

a clear policy on its eventual disposal. While most experts believe that burying the waste is the safest bet in

the long term, the problem is finding sites that everyone can agree are geologically stable. Decaying radioactive

isotopes release heat. As a result, high-level waste must be constantly cooled; otherwise, it becomes dangerously

hot. This is why many experts want to store waste above ground until it has decayed and is cool enough to be

stored safely in sealed repositories several hundreds of metres below ground. According to one recent theory, however, waste should be lowered down boreholes

drilled to 4 kilometres. The trick is to exploit heat generated by the waste to fuse the surrounding rock and

contain any leaking radioactivity.

It is clear from the passage that the safe disposal of radioactive waste ----.

has been satisfactorily dealt with by scientists in conjunction with governments

is a problem that each government must decide on for its own country

remains a global problem of great magnitude

is a problem that has not attracted enough attention

will in all likelihood soon be resolved, and a clear policy agreed on by concerned governments As it is pointed out in the passage, many exports are of the opinion that radioactive waste ----.

should never be stored underground as it can not then be monitored

should not be stored underground while the radioactive isotopes continue to let off substantial amounts of heat

does not require to be cooled when stored above ground

cannot be safely disposed of anywhere and the problem of what to do with it intensifies as the amount increases

can be safely left to cool down underground in sealed repositories

The passage describes a new method, still only a theoretical one, for the disposal of radioactive waste,

----.

which uses bore holes so that all sites are suitable

at a depth considerably less than that normally recommended but the chosen site must meet certain geological requirements

which, unfortunately, increases the time needed for cooling the waste before final disposal

in which the radioactive isotopes are prevented from releasing heat

whereby the heat produced by that waste will serve to seal it safely into the rock under which it

has been buried

- 80. sorular, aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

Sounds produced by continuous vibration tones are spreads waves of compression through the air. Where there is a solid boundary such as the walls of a room the sound waves are reflected so that the sounds within the room are prolonged beyond what they would be in the open. The sounds produced by the voice or by a musical instrument then reverberate through the room after the actual tone production has ceased. When the sound waves strike the walls some of the sound energy travels on and is either absorbed in the material or may penetrate to the other side; but with the usual hard, unyielding walls of which most buildings are made, more than 90% of the sound energy is reflected back into the room at each impact, so that some time must elapse before all is spent. It is this reverberation which, in its excess, is the prime cause of the faulty acoustics of many pre 20th century buildings.

We understand from the passage that reverberation

----.

is never taken into account in questions of acoustics

is less obvious in an enclosed space

occurs within an enclosed space such as a room

is of equally short duration both indoors and outdoors

has duration equal to that of the tone production

It is emphasized if the passage that, until the 20th century ----.

the sounds produced by musical instruments could not be properly controlled

there was among scientists, a great deal of controversy as regards the importance of reverberation

there was an unaccountable deficiency of reverberation in ever major building

good acoustics were absent in the majority of buildings

acoustics were a primary concern in the design of all buildings

It is explained in the passage that only a very small percentage of the sound waves ----.

can pass through a wall made of firm and resistant material

does actually travel back towards its source at each impact

can be accurately measured for acoustic purposes

has a damaging effect upon the acoustics of a room

can last longer than the actual tone-production itself

TEST BTT YANITLARINIZI KONTROL EDNZ

CEVAP ANAHTARI

DS FEN - (ARALIK) 2001

1. A

11. B

2. C

12. A

3. E

13. D

4. D

14. C

5. B

15. B

6. E

16. E

7. C

17. C

8. D

18. A

9. A

19. D

10. E

20. B

21. D

22. A

23. E

24. D

25. C

26. C

27. D

28. E

29. A

30. D

31. A

32. B

33. C

34. E

35. B

36. A

37. D

38. B

39. C

40. A

41. D

42. A

43. B

44. E

45. D

46. E

47. C

48. B

49. D

50. E

51. E

52. B

53. E

54. D

55. B

56. C

57. A

58. B

59. D

60. C

61. B

62. D

63. D

64. E

65. D

66. A

67. E

68. C

69. E

70. A

71. D

72. C

73. D

74. A

75. C

76. B

77. E

78. C

79. D

80. A

1. - 18. sorularda, cmlede bo braklan yere uygun den szck ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

We read continually about global warming ---- to virtually every significant weather event that ---- these days.

having been linked / is occurring

being linked / occurs

to be linked / occurred

linking / would occur

to have been linked / had occurred

If the discovery ----, it ---- speculation that the Galaxy is teeming with life.

had been confirmed / would fuel

will be confirmed / will have fuelled

is confirmed / will fuel

has been confirmed / has fuelled

was confirmed / would have fuelled

Often the need to clean up the atmosphere ---- through major environmental disasters, of which the London smog of 1952 still ---- a prime example.

was realised / remains

has been realised / remained

would be realised / would remain

was being realised / will remain

had been realised / has remained During the past 40 years, hydroponic farming ---- considerably in a number of areas where temperatures are too extreme for ordinary agriculture.

had progressed

has progressed

progresses

would have progressed

is progressing

Dust and other particles suspended in the atmosphere come in a bewildering range of sizes, ---- minuscule particles of partially burned fuel ---- relatively massive grains of pollen.

with / fromB) of / overC) from / to

at / byE) into / of

Once chemists had developed techniques to peer ---- the heart of chemical reactions, they opened ---- a whole new world for study.

for / onB) up / inC) at / with

into / upE) in / for

---- photographers require short exposures to capture fast moving objects, chemists need short laser pulses to study rapid reactions.

In contrastB) In spite ofC) In case

SinceE) Just as

According to neo-Darwinism, ---- mutation is recognised as the ultimate source of genetic variation, natural selection is given the dominant role in shaping the genetic make-up of populations.

howeverB) althoughC) whether

beforeE) unless

Networks without controlled access can ---- ensure the security or privacy of stored data, ---- keep network resources from being exploited by hackers.

neither / nor B) so / asC) only / but

rather / than E) also / but The research team was relieved to learn that the results of the experiment were in ---- their expectations.

competition withB) place of

C) favour ofD) excess of

E) accord with

Any magnet, whether it is in the shape of a bar or a horseshoe, has two ends, called poles, ---- the magnetic effect is strongest.

whichB) whatC) how

whereE) that

---- what is generally assumed, the number of animals remaining in a threatened species may actually rise as it approaches the brink of extinction.

In view ofB) Contrary to

C) Surprisingly enoughD) Needless to say

E) Due to

The ---- of bromine in the Dead Sea water is 100 times that in the ocean.

extractionB) concentrationC) composition

complexityE) sufficiency

With a gestation period of six months, bats are the slowest reproducing mammal for their size and therefore especially ---- to extinction.

applicableB) reliableC) variable

sizeableE) vulnerable

Iodine remains a mysterious substance; and ----, the iodine in the sea is in a constant state of chemical change.

comprehensivelyB) comparably

C) conditionallyD) apparently

E) excessively

In the steel industry there has been a progressive increase in capital outlay; but fortunately this has been ---- by a fall in labour costs.

accompaniedB) conducted

C) reinforcedD) rejected

E) engaged

The fuel used by ships and aircraft to bring food and drink to Britain ---- 4 million tonnes of CO2 emissions.

bangs outB) deals with

C) accounts forD) gets through

E) spends up

Ideally, the production of any given commodity will be ---- at the point of minimum costs.

found outB) brought up

C) made overD) carried on

E) looked for

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

- 23. sorularda, aadaki parada numaralanm yerlere uygun den szck ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

Computers are now part of our everyday lives and there seems to be nothing out of the ordinary about them. However, the computers of the (19) ---- are a different proposition. They are already beginning to sound (20) ---- science fiction. Supercomputers, many (21) ---- more powerful than todays fastest machines, could be contained in a tiny drop of liquid.

(22) ---- would not be built of silicon, (23) ---- DNA,

the stuff of life itself.

A) futureB) currentC) present

D) recentE) next

A) according toB) along withC) like

D) close byE) up to

A) conditionsB) waysC) times

D) degreesE) tests

A) TheirsB) TheseC) Any of them

D) The latterE) Which

A) but ofB) rather thanC) instead of

D) thoughE) except

24. - 35. sorularda, verilen cmleyi uygun ekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

Even if it is not the job of scientists to make ethical decisions about their work, ----.

they have always treated humans as if they were machines

the results of the work could be used in other entirely unhealthy ways

future drugs will be better targeted and more effective

I can see how far we have moved forward, and the direction we are taking

it is certainly their job to tell others where it is leading

---- that the waste problems are much less severe than with conventional nuclear energy.

All atoms have a central nucleus

Fusion could provide a major contribution to the energy mix of the future

Fusion research drains resources away from renewable energy

Advocates of fusion power claim

Nuclear fusion seems the perfect answer

Unless we step up our efforts to protect the environment, ----.

there would probably have been no future at all to look forward to

we cannot look forward to a healthy and prosperous future

which is a vast and unexplored storehouse of biological treasures

man is undoubtedly the planets most successful predator

we are under an obligation to do so as soon as possible

Though the strategic value of submarines was demonstrated in World War I, ----.

a submarine cannot stay submerged indefinitely

the success of the German submarines prompted America to enter the war

it was only in World War II that they played a really key military role

the first nuclear-powered submarine was named USS Nautilus

conditions on a submarine even in peace time are enough to crush most people

---- if tests in the Australian desert prove successful.

A new species of marine reptile has been identified from a 70 million-year old fossil

Japanese researchers have begun testing a scale model of a future supersonic passenger plane

Salyut I, the worlds first space station, was sent into orbit in 1970

Scientists have identified the part of the brain that helps us remember events from sounds and smells

A new supersonic aircraft could take to the skies

29---- before the technology has been shown to work in animals.

Laws governing stem cell research remain uncertain throughout the world

Australia is home to some of the worlds top stem cell researchers

In Britain, researchers could already harvest stem cells from surplus embryos created from IVF

Some scientists believe it would be premature to study human embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cell research didnt lead to cures for diseases like Parkinsons ---- , researchers hope to improve the quality and safety of meat and dairy produce.

Once they have unravelled the genome of the cow

Even though dogs and cows are next in line to have their genetic codes sequenced

If European farmers had their livestock vaccinated to prevent any future outbreak of foot and mouth disease

Since vaccination is ruled out as a prevention strategy for foot and mouth disease

Unless the projects for genome research are supported by the government

A discarded rocket from the Apollo 12 Moon Mission had been orbiting the sun for many years, ----.

while several large optical surveys continue to scan the skies for asteroids

since any asteroid coming our way would either hit us or miss us completely

so that the scientists at the Planet Centre may work out a plan to capture it

before it changed course and started to orbit the Earth

although it is the first man-made object known to have orbited the Sun

The sudden collapse of the concrete slab roof of a multi-storey car park led to fears ----.

even if the event caused no serious injuries

that the lives of thousands of people were at risk from a similar incident

why concrete has constantly received a negative press

though, with the introduction of reinforced concrete, problems of this nature have been overcome

why a chunk of concrete wall fell in a rail tunnel recently in Japan

---- extra dimensions will have to be accepted as fact, not conjecture.

If future experiments confirm these predictions

Once the theory had been conclusively proved correct

Though certain aspects of the theory werent fully developed

As measurements of the strength of gravity will be taken at different locations

Whether gravity appears to be so much weaker than electromagnetism

Scientists believe that elephants have sensitive cells in their feet ----.

while their habitat gives them an even keener sense of security

even though they were to carry such an enormous weight

which enable them to pick up low frequency vibrations from the ground

as their way of life was naturally a nomadic one

that had helped them to survive in changing but usually hostile environments

----, there is still a slight chance that a rogue black hole could come out of the depths of interstellar space and catch us unawares.

If only an early warning system could be devised

Because black holes would fling light at us in a pattern of concentric rings

Whether a black hole is presently within the range of our telescopes

The scientists working on black holes were concerned

Although black holes are rare in our Galaxy

- 38. sorularda, verilen Trke cmlenin anlamna en yakn ngilizce cmleyi bulunuz.

Baz yerbilimciler, 65 milyon yl nce byk bir meteor arpmasn izleyen nitrik asit yamurunun, dinozorlarn yok olmasna yol aan bir faktr olduunu ileri srmlerdir.

Some geologists have argued that a rain of nitric acid, following a massive meteor impact 65 million years ago, was one factor leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs.

According to some geologists, a rain of nitric acid, caused by a massive meteor impact some 65 million years ago, was the major factor in the extinction of the dinosaurs.

The extinction of the dinosaurs was almost certainly, in the opinion of geologists, caused by a massive meteor impact some 65 million years ago and the rain of nitric acid that followed it.

A rain of nitric acid some 65 million years ago and the massive meteor impact that preceded it, are generally held by geologists to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.

According to certain geologists, the extinction of the dinosaurs occurred about 65 million years ago when there was a massive meteor impact followed by a rain of nitric acid.

Bir frtna, Kuzel talya zerinden Adriyatike geerken, bununla gelen alak atmosfer basnc, yerel deniz seviyesini yarm metre kadar ykseltir.

The sea level is likely to rise by about half a metre when a storm crosses northern Italy and comes to the Adriatic, bringing a low atmospheric pressure.

A storm passing over northern Italy and into the Adriatic brings with it a low atmospheric pressure that causes the sea level there to rise by at least half a metre.

The sea level in the Adriatic can rise by nearly half a metre whenever a storm coming via northern Italy arrives bringing low atmosphere pressure.

When a storm passes over northern Italy into the Adriatic, the low atmospheric pressure that comes with it raises the local sea level by up to half a metre.

The low atmospheric pressure brought to the Adriatic by storms that have come across northern Italy can cause sea levels there to rise by up to half a metre.

Organik iftiler kimyasal gbre kullanmazlar; ancak, topran verimliliini rn artklarn ve doal gbreyi topraa kartrarak artrrlar.

Though organic farmers use no chemical fertilisers, they successfully create a fertile soil by working into it crop residues and manure.

Organic farmers dont use chemical fertilisers; however, they build up soil fertility by working into it crop residues and manure.

Organic farmers manage to build up soil fertility very successfully by working in crop residues and manure, but no chemical fertilisers.

Because organic farmers avoid chemical fertilisers, they use crop residues and manure to build up high levels of fertility in the soil.

Even though organic farmers dont use chemical fertilisers, they build up soil fertility by working crop residues and manure into the soil.

- 41. sorularda, verilen ngilizce cmlenin anlamna en yakn Trke cmleyi bulunuz.

We know that, unless we take action right away, certain marine species will start to become extinct due to the alarming decline of biodiversity.

Biyolojik eitliliin korkun bir ekilde azalmas sonucu baz deniz canllarnn yok olacan ve hemen harekete gememiz gerektiini biliyoruz.

Hemen eyleme gemediimiz takdirde, biyolojik eitliliin azalmas sonucu, baz deniz canllarnn yok olmaya balamasnn endie verici olduunu biliyoruz.

Bildiimiz kadaryla, derhal harekete gemezsek, baz deniz canllar yok olmaya balayacak, nk biyolojik eitlilik endie verici bir hzla azalyor.

Biliyoruz ki hemen eyleme gemezsek, baz deniz canllar, biyolojik eitliliin endie verici azalmas nedeniyle yok olmaya balayacak.

Biliyoruz ki hzla eyleme gemediimiz takdirde, biyolojik eitliliin azalmas sonucu baz deniz canllarnn yok olmas endie vericidir. Some ecologists believe that species diversity will not be reduced significantly as the natural environment becomes permanently impoverished.

Doal evre tamamen fakirlemi olduu iin, baz evrebilimciler, tr eitliliinin hibir zaman dzelemeyeceine inanmaktadrlar.

Tr eitliliinin hibir zaman artmayacana inanan baz evrebilimciler, doal evrenin tamamen fakirletiini ileri srmektedirler.

Baz evrebilimciler, doal evre kalc olarak fakirleirken, tr eitliliinin nemli lde azalmayacana inanmaktadrlar.

Baz evrebilimcilerinin inand gibi, tr eitlilii hibir zaman eski durumuna gelemeyecek, nk doal evre srekli bir ekilde ykma uramaktadr.

Doal evrenin tamamen fakirletiini ileri sren baz evrebilimciler, tr eitliliinin hibir zaman artmayacana inanmaktadrlar.

Agricultural researchers in developed countries are working to develop strains of rice that produce high yields with less water.

Gelimi lkelerdeki zirai aratrmaclar, eitli pirin trleri gelitirerek, az su ile yksek verim elde etmeye almaktadr.

Zirai aratrmaclar, gelimi lkelerde, az su ile yksek verim elde edebilmek amacyla, eitli pirin trleri zerinde almaktadr.

Gelimi lkelerin zirai aratrmaclar, az suya ramen ok verim salayan pirin trlerini gelitirmeye almaktadr.

Gelimi lkelerdeki zirai aratrmaclar, az su kullanarak ok verim elde edebilmek iin, deiik pirin trlerine ilikin almalar yapmaktadr.

Gelimi lkelerdeki zirai aratrmaclar, az su ile yksek verim salayan pirin trleri gelitirmek iin almaktadr.

- 46. sorularda, cmleler srasyla okundu- unda, anlam btnln bozan cmleyi bulunuz.

(I) A committee of prominent physicists, chemists and others was appointed to investigate the properties of TEL (tetraethyl lead). (II) The committee presently reported mild health effects from the use of lead but nothing drastic enough to justify a ban. (III) Increased ventilation and other plant improvements reduced the workplace hazard to an acceptable level. (IV) In their opinion, TEL was dangerous only in concentrated form, not when diluted in gasoline. (V) If reasonable precautions were taken and mixing was performed at distribution centres instead of at the point of purchase, there would be no cause for concern.

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

(I) Of all the legacies of the ancient seas the most valuable is petroleum. (II) No one knows exactly what geologic processes have created these precious pools of liquid deep within the earth. (III) But one thing seems certain. (IV) On the other hand, few geologists believe that petroleum formation is linked with volcanic action. (V) Petroleum is a result of fundamental earth processes that have been operating at least since the beginning of Palaeozoic time.

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

(I) Geologists are presently seeking ways of detecting earthquakes before they strike. (II) If they are successful, then people may be evacuated from a danger area before the earthquake happens. (III) Geologists are also carrying out experiments in earthquake control. (IV) It is calculated that there are as many as 500,000 earthquakes in a single year. (V) If these experiments are successful, it may be possible, in the future, to minimize the destructive force of earthquakes.

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V (I) The origin of the asteroids is uncertain. (II) An asteroid would then remain in the same relative position, provided the initial velocity were suitably chosen. (III) It has been supposed that they are fragments of a former planet which has broken up.

(IV) An alternative view is that they represent

material, which did not coalesce to form a single body at the time the other planets were formed. (V) If so, this was possibly the result of the disturbing action of Jupiter.

A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

(I) One main challenge in the production of ready- mixed paints was the achievement of complete dispersion of the pigment in the vehicle. (II) All the early patent paints had a poor reputation because they were thin and lacked opacity. (III) The widespread use of lime and calcium carbonate instead of the more expensive white lead produced paint that streaked. (IV) Some manufacturers diluted their paints with too much water. (V) Others added crushed pebbles to make the cans heavier.

IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V

- 51. sorularda, karlkl konumann bo braklan ksmnda sylenmi olabilecek sz bulunuz.

Mel :Funny how one always focuses on the nearest and most immediate danger and not on the more remote and longer lasting one!

Frank :

- ----

Mel :

Volcanoes. Did you know that among other things, the ash from them contaminates water, destroys crops and clogs the engines of aircraft?

Frank :

No I didnt; but I can believe it.

I think youre exaggerating the situation.

Why do you say that?

Today we face all sorts of dangers, dont we?

I suppose the remote one is so easy to recognise.

What have you been reading about?

Reg :Why are people so excited about the discovery of vast quantities of ice on Mars?

Jim :

- ----

Reg :

Then it is a lucky find. Is there a large quantity of it?

Jim :

Enough to fill Lake Michigan twice over if it were melted!

Because one of the problems of a manned expedition to Mars has always been the carrying of enough water to support the crew.

Because most of the ice is situated around the south pole though there may also be some in the north.

Because, as spring approaches, the glaciers are slowly receding.

Thats why the Mars Express mission will use radar to search down several kilometres.

The crucial question, of course, is still What are the implications for life? and until we send a manned expedition there we cant know for certain. Andy :I hear they are trying to improve the design of stadiums for the World Cup.

Mike :

- ----

Andy :

What use will they be?

Mike :

Theyll enable sufficient sunlight to get through to enable the grass to grow.

The main problem is keeping the playing surface in perfect condition.

Yes; and at huge expense, too, I believe.

Im not sure that all these technical innovations really are necessary.

Thats right; they are experimenting with semitransparent fabric roofs over the side stands.

In Sapporo they came up with something quite exotic, with two arenas.

Peter :We had double-glazing installed throughout the house last year and are immensely pleased with it.

Colin :

- ----

Peter :

As far as Im concerned, the main one is a reduction in fuel costs due to efficient insulation.

Colin :

Yes, that is important. Presumably, it also cuts down on noise.

That must have cost you quite a lot!

Is it really worthwhile?

Just what are the benefits?

My wifes keen on it, but Im not so sure.

Does it really achieve all they promise?

Interviewer :What advice do you have for people wishing to go on a space trip?

Space tourist :

- ----

Interviewer :

Why do you say that?

Space tourist :

Well, I had to train for seven months, but the training period will gradually be reduced, and so will the costs.

Ask me that when I get back.

Id say wait a while. Its going to get far more accessible quite soon.

Make sure that you really want to! Theres more hard work involved and less fun than most people imagine.

Make sure you are physically very fit indeed!

Well, I wished to; I worked hard at it; and now Im going!

- 56. sorularda, parada bo braklan yere uygun den ifadeyi bulunuz.

The worlds ten most important coral reef hotspots have been identified. The sites, which are all over the world, have one thing in common: ----. The findings contradict a long- held contention that marine species are unlikely to become extinct because of their vast geographic ranges in the oceans.

they are all rich in marine species found only in small areas and therefore highly vulnerable to extinction

habitat destruction leads to loss of biodiversity

most of the worlds coral reefs are under threat from human activities, in particular from pollution

the advantages of an integrated land and sea conservation strategy are suggested by at least eight of them

the ten hotspots account for a tiny 0,017 per cent of the oceans, but 34 per cent of restricted range coral reef species

The training for tourists travelling into space is tough; the journey itself is even tougher. ---- . Moreover, the G-forces push their organs and blood to the back of their body. Eight minutes later they should be 805 km above Earth, travelling at speeds of more than 40,234 km/h.

Besides the vigorous training programme, there are stringent medical and fitness tests

The view and the experience, however, more than compensate for any unpleasantness

After ignition the force of acceleration drags on the tourists with the weight of eight men

Would-be travellers to space have also to complete a 22-month training programme

The G-force exercises are perhaps the most demanding part of the training

One important aim of this Scientific Opportunities organisation is to create a more welcoming environment for creative, inventive thinkers. ----; but they are tools that arent used nearly enough. Too many young people become bored with science and maths education, and they learn far too little about what the great inventors have done to create the world we live in.

Other skills are naturally required if the job is to be done properly

No cause is more important than cultivating the potential of the human mind

Every trade has its own tools and special equipment

Invention and creativity are humanitys most powerful tools for making the world a better place

This is its long-standing mission and to achieve it every available tool is being used

There is very little similarity between the chemical composition of river water and that of sea water. The various elements are present in entirely different proportions. ----. An important reason for the difference is that immense amounts of calcium salts are constantly being withdrawn from sea water by marine animals for the making of shells and skeletons.

The ocean is the earths greatest storehouse of minerals

The rivers bring in four times as much calcium as chloride, for example; yet in the ocean the proportions are reversed; there is 46 times as much chloride as calcium

Although the earth is constantly shifting her component materials from place to place, the heaviest movements are always from land to sea, not from sea to land

The annual flow of water seaward is believed to be about 5,500 cubic miles, and this inflow of river water gives the ocean several billion tonnes of salts

In a single cubic mile of sea water there are, on the average, 166 million tons of dissolved salts Acid rain not only kills fish, it also erodes buildings. Airborne urban pollution, including SO2, nitric acid and carbon particles (soot) is deposited on the wet surfaces of stonework to form unsightly black crusts. ---- . Porous stones

and sandstone are especially vulnerable.

To make matters worse, the features of many of these statues have also been eroded away

Air pollution was much worse in Western cities 30 years ago than it is today

The crust is essentially soot, mixed with gypsum - the soft mineral calcium sulphate which forms when stone reacts with sulphuric acid

Another problem that used to be associated with acid rain was lead poisoning, but plastic pipe work has more or less eliminated this risk

Rural sources of acidity from industrial sites have similarly been increasing at an alarming rate

- 59. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

William Willcocks was born 150 years ago in a tent beside a canal in northern India, where his father worked for the colonial government. He learnt his engineering in India before heading for Egypt in 1883. There he rose to become director-general of reservoirs, and a legend on the banks of the Nile. He built the first Aswan dam, then the largest in the world, went on to revive the ancient irrigation systems of Mesopotamia, and watered deserts from south Africa to India. But he was deeply troubled by the discovery that much of what his fellow water engineers did in their colonial playgrounds was worse than useless.

We gather from the passage that William Willcocks ----.

travelled all over India in search of fresh water resources

devoted his engineering skills to the improvement of agriculture in India alone

was inspired by his father in choosing engineering as a profession

came from a wealthy and influential English family in India

was an extremely talented irrigation specialist of the late 19th century It is clear from the passage that William Willcocks was upset ----.

to find out that the ancient irrigation systems of Mesopotamia were inadequate

because the first Aswan dam was needlessly large and costly

when he realised the work of his fellow water engineers in the colonies was utterly ineffective

to discover that the water resources of south Africa were not sufficient to irrigate the desert

because the whole responsibility for the construction of the Aswan dam was on his shoulders

As it is stated in the passage, Willcockss work in Egypt ----.

brought about a rapid change in the economic life of the country

earned him fame, power and prestige

was of secondary importance compared with what he was to do in India

was confined to the construction of the Aswan dam

has always been underestimated

- 62. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

The acronym radar, for radio detection and ranging, has been credited to the US Navy, which used it officially towards the end of 1940, but the concept of radar is somewhat older. Hertz showed that metals would reflect electromagnetic waves and Tesla is said to have suggested using this phenomenon in a radar-like manner in 1899. A few years later a German, Christian Hulsmeyer, received patents for a ships anticollision device. Also many radio engineers and experimenters observed that passing aircraft or ships interfered with their experiments. Although these features are all suggestive of radar, none was actually radar unless the term is very loosely defined. In the 1930s, however, several of the major powers became aware of the military possibilities of radar and work on it started immediately in the USA, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the Soviet Union. By the end of World War II, military radar, and military radio navigation aids too, were well developed.

We understand from the passage that the work on radar ----.

was begun by Hertz and completed by Hulsmeyer

only began upon the outbreak of World War II

received almost no scientific attention until the end of 1940

was originally undertaken by the US Navy

developed very fast during World War II According to the passage, one fact that opened the way to the development of radar was ----.

the use of electromagnetic waves by the US Navy

the pressing need for the prevention of collisions on land and sea

the interference in radio experiments when ships or aircraft passed by

the growing hostilities between East and West

Americas entry into World War II

It is clear from the passage that many of the worlds leading countries ----.

were keen to develop radar because of its military advantages

had been involved in the development of radar from 1899 onwards

were worried about the sharp increase in collisions at sea

decided to pool their resources so as to develop radar at a faster rate

were investing large sums of money to improve the navigational techniques of their military aircraft

- 65. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

Aviation is about to go back to its roots. Nearly 100 years after the Wright brothers first heavier-than-air powered flight, the US Air Force is testing an experimental plane that uses wing warping, which is the steering and control technique that kept Orville Wright aloft in 1903. But this time round, it will be at supersonic speeds. Unlike conventional aircraft wings, which use movable surfaces like flaps on the wings and the tail, wing warping bends the entire wing. The USAF call it active aeroelastic wing technology, and is investing $41 million in the project in the hope that it will lead to lighter, more manoeuvrable supersonic planes.

We understand from the passage that the reason why the USAF is giving so much importance to the wing warping technique is ----.

because they believe it may help them to produce supersonic planes that are easier to control and less heavy

because it will improve the performance of conventional aircraft by increasing their weight

because it will help them to cut down on production costs of supersonic aircraft

to enable combat aircraft to develop a more effective defence system

to ensure that the wings can withstand supersonic speeds over long periods of time As it is clear from the passage, the wing warping technique that is presently being tested ----.

is a brand new technique especially developed for supersonic aviation

in fact dates back to the early history of aviation

is being sharply contested by the USAF

is unlikely to prove effective in supersonic aircraft

will probably have no noticeable effect on an aircrafts performance

The phrase kept Orville Wright aloft in lines 5- 6 means ----.

gave Orville Wright an easy control

helped Orville Wright to fly faster

lifted Orville Wright into the air

enabled Orville Wright to stay in the air

made Orville Wright fly more safely

- 68. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

Like so many American waterways, the Chesapeake Bay, an enormous, semi-saline body of water that is treasured for its aquatic life, became badly polluted

during the 20th century. But it has regained much of

its biological vitality since the early 1970s, thanks to concerted ecological stewardship. In this effort, the Conowingo dam has provided valuable assistance. Environmentalists are not often fond of dams, which have a habit of trapping migratory fish and disrupting sensitive water ecosystems - not to mention looking ugly. But the Conowingo dam on the Susquehanna river in eastern Maryland is an exception. Since its construction in 1928, the Conowingo dam has not only generated electricity but also trapped vast amounts of sediment behind its imposing walls. This was not a function the builders had planned for, but in recent years its value has become clear. The water flowing past the Conowingo dam is much cleaner than it would otherwise be. Even Americas onceendangered national symbol, the bald eagle, can be seen perching near the dam, waiting to swoop down and seize a meal of fish by its talons.

As it is pointed out in the passage, dams are not usually popular among environmentalists ----.

but the Conowingo dam has their approval

unless they disrupt sensitive water ecosystems

and especially all those on the Susquehanna river

but the Conowingo dam, because of its imposing appearance, is generally admired

although they acknowledge that most are environmentally friendly According to the passage, the Conowingo dam holds back large quantities of sediment ----.

so the water going into the bay is lacking in nutrients

which means that the water flowing into the Chesapeake Bay is almost salt free

and has to be constantly cleaned

though this was not thought of when the dam was designed

as well as a great many migratory fish

We learn from the passage that one gratifying sign that the Chesapeake Bay is no longer seriously polluted is the fact that ---- .

the bald eagle is now no longer an endangered species

America has made the bald eagle her natural symbol

the bald eagle that feeds on fish has returned to the region

its biological variety has remained unchanged

the water is so clear one can see the aquatic life there

- 71. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

More than half of astronauts suffer from space sickness, also known as Space Adaptation Syndrome. Symptoms include headaches, nausea, vomiting and poor concentration. The main cause of space sickness is disorientation caused by exposure to zero gravity conditions. The human body is used to a much stronger gravitational field on Earth and organs in the inner ear, along with canals that sense motion, tell the brain about the location of the limbs relative to the ground. In other words, theyre responsible for balance. Unfortunately, the signals from these organs in the inner ear go wrong in zero gravity, leading to space sickness. Over time though, the brain learns to ignore them and relies instead on visual clues, such as the position of the feet, to determine balance. Astronauts quickly re- adapt to Earths gravity within a few days and there are probably no long-term effects from this strange affliction.

As we understand from the passage, the Space Adaptation Syndrome ----.

brings about serious damage to the inner organs of the astronauts

persists for a very long time after the astronauts return to earth

means the physical disorientation experienced by a majority of astronauts in space

is in no way related to zero gravity

has only been observed in recent space missions One interesting point made in the passage is that ----.

astronauts get used to zero gravity before setting off on a space mission

the structure of the inner ear is more complicated than that of other organs

the earths gravitational field has, in the long run, an adverse effect upon the human body

astronauts learn to maintain their balance in space by ignoring visual signals

the human brain can, after a certain length of time, learn to adapt to zero gravity

We learn from the passage that within the Earths gravitational field ----.

the space adaptation syndrome of astronauts immediately disappears

we maintain our balance through the organs of the inner ear

the symptoms of space sickness continue to increase noticeably

symptoms similar to those of space sickness are quite unknown

astronauts who have experienced zero gravity never again feel quite comfortable

- 74. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

Why do transformers hum? This is one of those questions which seems easy but has surprising hidden depths. The simple explanation is that electric currents create magnetic fields, and the alternating current of mains electricity used by transformers creates a magnetic field that changes at 50 cycles a second. This in turn triggers a regular motion of the metal molecules inside the transformer, known as magnetostriction. Its this motion that makes the surrounding air vibrate, creating the hum. But why does the metal respond in this way? The answer lies in a property of the electrons in the metal known as spin - a property which can only be explained by reference to Einsteins theory of relativity, which is beyond the understanding of most of us.

It is pointed out in the passage that the sound produced by a transformer ----.

is actually the vibration of the air caused by the movement of the metal molecules within the transformer

is only noticeable when it occurs in an enclosed space

varies according to the type of magnetic field created

can easily be eliminated

varies according to the size of the magnetic field in which it occurs We understand from the passage that the question Why do transformers hum? ---- .

has never been adequately answered

appears straightforward but the answer is extremely complicated

has been under discussion from the time transformers were first made

has raised doubts concerning the safety of mains electricity

has opened the way to the manufacture of quieter transformers

In the passage, the question Why does the metal respond in this way? ----.

bears no relationship with the phenomenon known as magnetostriction

refers to the creation of magnetic fields by mains electricity

can be fully answered without reference to the theory of relativity

can be answered far more easily than can the opening question

is not answered in a clear and detailed manner

- 77. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

Time travel has been a favourite science fiction theme ever since it was first used in H.G. Wellss trailblazing novel The Time Machine. But not everything it describes is science fiction: travelling forward in time, for example, is a proven fact. Einsteins theory of relativity predicts that an observer moving relative to Earth can leap into Earths future, and the effect has been confirmed using atomic clocks. Dramatic time warps require speeds close to that of light, which is possible in principle but would take a major feat of engineering, not to mention a lot of money. Going back in time is far more problematic. Relativity does not rule out an observer being able to make a journey through space-time and return to the past. But all scenarios so far discussed require exotic circumstances.

According to the passage, going back in time

----.

may not be impossible but presents a great many difficulties

has been feasible ever since Einstein formulated the theory of relativity

is completely contradicted by the theory of relativity

requires speeds that are greater than the speed of light

was an idea originally put forward by Einstein It is pointed out in the passage that The Time Machine by H.G. Wells ----.

was to a large extent inspired by Einsteins theory of relativity

was the first novel to deal with the idea of time travel

is the only early work of science fiction that still remains popular

is still regarded as a standard reference for time travel studies

focuses on travel into the past rather than into the future

The passage makes the point that it is possible to travel into Earths future ----.

and indeed this has already been achieved

though this has not been verified by atomic clocks

if Einsteins theory of relativity is found to be true

at reasonably attainable speeds

but technically and financially it is still not possible

- 80. sorular, aadaki paraya gore cevaplaynz.

In a biography of Bardeen, recently published, he does not fit the popular stereotype of scientific genius, for he is surprisingly sane and ordinary. As far as character goes, he had several assets. To

start with he was a notable team builder. Tenacious

when it came to attacking problems, he had the gift of breaking a large problem down into smaller, more soluble parts and then reassembling the whole. As a

teacher, his habit of stopping to think allowed his students to do so too. Government and industry valued his advice - according to one commentator, he helped Xerox to build one of the finest industrial laboratories in the world in the fields of organic and disordered solids during the late 1970s. But, perhaps, the most telling aspect of Bardeens character was his willingness to share the credit with others. For example, he deliberately stayed away from the meeting of the American Physical Society in March 1957, at which his theory of superconductivity was first presented, so that the contribution of his young co-researchers would be recognised.

It is emphasised in the passage that Bardeens ideas ----.

almost invariably centred on the study of organic solids

frequently had a practical application

received very little recognition in his own lifetime

had no