CITATION / BIBLIOGRAPHYCITATION / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Moazzam AliMoazzam Ali

CITATION DEFINEDCITATION DEFINED

A citation is a reference to a published or A citation is a reference to a published or

unpublished source (not always the original source) unpublished source (not always the original source)

A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book,

article, web page, or other published itemarticle, web page, or other published item

Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the

item uniquelyitem uniquely

Different citation systems and styles are used in Different citation systems and styles are used in

scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the arts scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the arts

and the humanitiesand the humanities

BIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINEDBIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINED

Bibliography (from Greek Bibliography (from Greek bibliographiabibliographia, literally "book , literally "book

writing"), is the academic study of bookswriting"), is the academic study of books

A bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works A bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works

such as journal articles such as journal articles

Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of

books and articles to complete, independent publicationsbooks and articles to complete, independent publications

As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as

those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic

databases databases

A library catalog is bibliographic in natureA library catalog is bibliographic in nature

BIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINEDBIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINED

Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending

on the purpose, and can be generally divided into two on the purpose, and can be generally divided into two

categories: categories:

ENUMERATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY - which results in an ENUMERATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY - which results in an

overview of publications in a particular category overview of publications in a particular category

ANALYTICAL OR CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY - which ANALYTICAL OR CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY - which

studies the production of booksstudies the production of books

BIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINEDBIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINED

In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books.

Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other

formats including recordings, motion pictures and videos, formats including recordings, motion pictures and videos,

graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websitesgraphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites

HOW TO WRITE CITATION?HOW TO WRITE CITATION? Citation for an article from an electronic source should Citation for an article from an electronic source should

include these important elements:include these important elements:

Author (if given)Author (if given)Article titleArticle titleDate of publicationDate of publication

Database Name Database Name

Date of accessDate of access Citation for a book should include these important Citation for a book should include these important

elements:elements:

Author (s) or Editor (s)Author (s) or Editor (s)Title of the bookTitle of the book

Place of publication:Place of publication:

PublisherPublisher

Date of publication Date of publication

HOW TO WRITE CITATION?HOW TO WRITE CITATION? Citation for an Citation for an electronic book should include these electronic book should include these

important elements:important elements:Author or EditorAuthor or EditorTitle of the bookTitle of the bookPlace of publicationPlace of publicationPublisherPublisherDate of publicationDate of publicationAddress of the siteAddress of the siteDate you accessed itDate you accessed it

Citation for Citation for a short story should include these important a short story should include these important elements:elements:

Author Author Title of the short storyTitle of the short storyTitle of the anthologyTitle of the anthologyEditor of the anthologyEditor of the anthologyPublisher and cityPublisher and cityPage on which the story beginsPage on which the story begins

HOW TO WRITE CITATION?HOW TO WRITE CITATION? Citation forCitation for an article from an encyclopedia should include an article from an encyclopedia should include

these important elements:these important elements:Author (if given)Author (if given)Title of articleTitle of articleTitle of the encyclopediaTitle of the encyclopediaVolume numberVolume numberPage numberPage numberDate of publicationDate of publication

Citation for Citation for an article from an online encyclopedia should an article from an online encyclopedia should include these important elements:include these important elements:

Author (if given)Author (if given)Title of articleTitle of articleTitle of the encyclopediaTitle of the encyclopediaDate published on the webDate published on the webPublisherPublisherDate you accessed the materialDate you accessed the materialURLURL

HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?

One authorOne author

Last name, First name.  Last name, First name.  Title of book. Title of book. Place of Place of

publication: Publisher, copyright date.publication: Publisher, copyright date.

Editor instead of authorEditor instead of author

Last name, First name., ed.  Last name, First name., ed.  Title of book.Title of book.  Place of   Place of

publication: Publisher, copyright date.publication: Publisher, copyright date.

Two or more authorsTwo or more authors

Last name, First name, and First name Last Name.  Last name, First name, and First name Last Name. 

Title of book.Title of book.  Place of publication: Publisher,   Place of publication: Publisher,

copyright date.copyright date.

DictionariesDictionaries

"Word looked up." "Word looked up." Title of dictionaryTitle of dictionary.  copyright date..  copyright date.

HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?

EncyclopediasEncyclopedias

Signed Encyclopedia EntrySigned Encyclopedia Entry

Last name, First name.  "Title of Encyclopedia Last name, First name.  "Title of Encyclopedia

entry."  entry."  Title of Encyclopedia.Title of Encyclopedia.  date edited.,    date edited., 

volume number.,  page.volume number.,  page.

Unsigned Encyclopedia EntryUnsigned Encyclopedia Entry

"Title of Encyclopedia entry."  Title of "Title of Encyclopedia entry."  Title of

Encyclopedia. date edited.,  volume number.,  Encyclopedia. date edited.,  volume number., 

page.page.

HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?

InterviewsInterviews

Telephone Interview Telephone Interview

Last name of person interviewed, First name.  Last name of person interviewed, First name. 

Telephone Interview.  Date of interview.Telephone Interview.  Date of interview.

Personal Interview Personal Interview

Last name of person interviewed, First name.  Personal Last name of person interviewed, First name.  Personal

Interview.  Date of interview.Interview.  Date of interview.

Internet Interview Internet Interview

Last name of person interviewed, First name.  Internet Last name of person interviewed, First name.  Internet

interview.  Date of interview.interview.  Date of interview.

HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?

NewspapersNewspapers

Unsigned ArticleUnsigned Article

"Title of Article."  "Title of Article."  Title of NewspaperTitle of Newspaper  Date of   Date of

newspaper: page number.newspaper: page number.

Signed ArticleSigned Article

Last name, First name.  "Title of Article."  Last name, First name.  "Title of Article."  Title of Title of

Newspaper.Newspaper.  Date of newspaper: page number.  Date of newspaper: page number.

HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?

InternetInternet

Database (like Inspire) Database (like Inspire)

"Title of Article."  "Title of Article."  Magazine TitleMagazine Title  volume issue (day   volume issue (day

month year):  month year):  Database UsedDatabase Used.  . 

Signed Websites Signed Websites

Last name, First name. "Website Title."  Available at: Last name, First name. "Website Title."  Available at:

complete internet address.  date accessed.complete internet address.  date accessed.

Unsigned Websites Unsigned Websites

"Website Title."  Available at: complete internet "Website Title."  Available at: complete internet

address. date accessed.address. date accessed.