citizens guide to modern constitutional convention in pennsylvania

7/31/2019 CITIZENS GUIDE to Modern Constitutional Convention in Pennsylvania

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A Citizens Guideto A

Modern ConstitutionAlConvention

PrePAred for the PennsylvAniA

ConstitutionAl ConventionCoMMission

Byhe CiviC ReseaRCh allianCe

Krr l. Mor, P.D.Drctor o Rrc

Mrk W. Pod, J.D.Dcko scoo o lw

Octobr 30, 2009

CitizensGuide.indd 2-3


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ACKnoWledGMents

T P Cottuto Coto Commo pr t grttud or t ubcotrbuto o t oowg:

T Commo trm grtu to t Waac Ga f wo grotmd t projct bot pob d uccu.

apprcto o tdd to t Powdr M Foudto d t ddu doorwo c upport wr t or coductg t work.

W urtr wt to ckowdg t coordtg d mgmt upport prod bt Commo Cu educto Fud.

Tk to t Cc Rrc ac wo commtmt to cc drdrrc tt mt o our pctto d mor.

T Cc Rrc ac tk t oowg or tr cotrbuto, tc, ddrcto durg t rrc projct:

Brr Kum, t ecut Drctor o Commo Cu/Pa, or cocg t

projct d prdg t to ruto mr tt gurdd t dpdc dtgrt o t rrc.

Dr. Jo Fm, Duqu Urt Ctr or lg iormto/ag Coutlw lbrr or rw o t tt d tc wt comptg t Bbogrp.

T Dcko scoo o lw or obtg d rg rrc mtr otrwdcut to cqur.

T P stt lbrr or tr tc octg rrc mtr dorg documt.

Joc Mor or tc wt proordg d dtg.

T Cottuto Coto Commo or tr ogog rw d commtdurg t prprto o t rport.

T Paa Ca C Cmm

The Commission is a venture of non-partisan organizations, spanning the states political culture, united in the

exploration of how to conduct a modern constitutional convention that effectively serves the publics interests.

This exploration encompasses technological and communication opportunities not previously available for

such an event. It also explores the history of constitutional conventions in Pennsylvania and other states,

delegate selection alternatives, citizens opportunities for input in convention development and proceedings,

management concerns, and a range of possible responses to convention recommendations.

The Commission is compromised of Common Cause/Pennsylvania, The Commonwealth Foundation,

Democracy Rising Pennsylvania, and the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania Citizen Education Fund.

The Common Cause Education Fund served as the project director and administrative agent.

These organizations have a history of observing Pennsylvanias governing structures and procedures. While

collectively these organizations do not always agree on the nature of remedies needed (in fact, they are at times

viewed as adversaries), they do agree that the time has come for the citizens of Pennsylvania to thoroughly

review all structures and procedures of state and local government to nd ways to make government servethem better.

T Cc rac Aac

The Civic Research Alliance addresses a crucial niche in Pennsylvania: Providing objective and nonpartisan

research/strategic services to nonprot, private, and public policy entities seeking to better serve theircommunities, schools, regions and the Commonwealth. Emphasis is placed upon independentresearch andstrategic planning services that support decision making for those contemplating change. Such changes mayinclude public policy considerations, resource sharing, streamlining operations, or thinking through alternativesto traditional ways of doing business in Pennsylvania.

The Alliance is free from politics, ideological predisposition, specic points of view, or research outcomesbased upon anything but fact and objective analysis. Its studies provide viable options for decision makers,helping them think through new ideas and approaches.

For additional information visit www.civicresearchalliance.com.

DemocracyrisingPa



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PrefACeby

the PennsylvAniAConstitutionAlConvention CoMMission

PennsylvAniA Constitution, ArtiCle 1, deClArAtion of riGhts

Political Powers

s 2. All power is inherent in the people, and all ree governments are ounded on their authority and instituted ortheir peace, saety and happiness. For the advancement o these ends they have at all times an inalienable and indeeasibleright to alter, reorm or abolish their government in such manner as they may think proper.

right of Petition

s 20. Te citizens have a right in a peaceable manner to assemble together or their common good, and to applyto those invested with the powers o government or redress o grievances or other proper purposes by petition, address or

remonstrance.

reservation of Powers in PeoPle

s 25. o guard against transgressions o the high powers which we have delegated, we declare that everything in thisarticle is excepted out o the general powers o government and shall orever remain inviolate.

Cottuto r mportt. T r cotrct pcg t trm d codto b wc w t pop prmtour ctd d ppotd oc to gor u. T r t buprt or our grt d uqu prmt gormt.

yt t r ot crd out b t gr o God. T r crto o um; d t g drtr o our ttd to cottuto rd tt, our oct o, gt ctr woud b rqurd to urccompg cg our rprtt dmocrc propr r t pop.

i r 2006, rt o pubc trt orgto bg dcuo, r brod d wpg trm, boutt w P tt d oc gormt ucto (or mucto), bout ow t mt trrt,d trt or mkg mpromt. T dcuo compd gorg tructur, mcm, cuturd cutom; d pord dmtrt, rgutor, ttutor d cottuto opto or rorm.

Or rct r tr b crg dcuo, bot d d outd t cpto, bout t pob ctor cottuto coto. Tr b growg tt t rg, dpt d trrtd o tprobm currt corotg P gormt tructur r too comp to d wt pcmmr. idd, compr rw d rwrt m b cr or t Kto stt to c mor ct,mor ct, mor mb, op, rpo d ccoutb gormt. yt tr o ckowdgmt tt

cgg t tructur o gormt o w ot o t probm. W tbg ct tructurd mcm t to propr uctog gormt, gttg t rgt pop to ru t mcr mportt w.

P ot d u cottuto coto c t 1870, d ot mtd coto c1968. so mot ttuto kowdg o ow to dop, mg d rpod to coto rd dutrc. Furtrmor, or t r 140 r p o tm c t t u coto, r rtg

our oct cgd pc tcoog, commucto, rg mtg mgmt prctc, t ro ogormt d t bt or ct to b ct prtcpt budg d mgg tr gormt.

surprg, t currt P cottuto t o cottuto coto. Tr o rrcwtor to w, , or ow cottuto coto c or mut b cd or cod; to dgt cto;to cop o u coto c ddr; to udg; to gt opportut to mod rut; or to ctrgt to ppro, mod or rjct coto rcommdto.

T group tt mbd to crt t P Cottuto Coto Commo omtm dgro k pubc poc d r occo drr. Tror, t tud w ot dcu pcc gormtrorm. i ct, mog t mmbr o t Cottuto Coto Commo, o o currt doptd poto upport o cog cottuto coto. nrt, grd t tm to por t tooor ccompg mjor gormt rorm cudg cottuto coto.

T tud b rtrctd to mg ow cottuto coto coud mot ct b dopd,mgd d rpodd to our 21t ctur g tc word to brod gg t pop o P, todm t mpct o trdto powr brokr, d do o mr tt c t probbt o crtggorg mcm tt tru r t pop our tm d w to t utur. it dgd to or optoor ct modr cottuto coto. T o prcocpto mpod o t rrc tm w tt

artc i o t P Cottuto, ot cd P B o Rgt, mor t jut goodborpt gug; rtr t t oprto tdrd or our gormt.

W or t rport ctt or brod pubc dbt o ow to mpro d modr tt d oc gormt,d ow uc rorm c bt b ccompd.

65 a Ciizens GUiDe O a MODeRn COnsiUiOnal COnveniOn PReFaCe



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eXeCutive suMMAry 11hggt o t tudsummr o rrc dgsummr o t mot promg opto or P

introduCtionPurpo o t tudm d cotmporr t tt ow brg coto to t orrota coto c or rormT pro d co o cotoFdg cottuto tructur tt mk gormt workFctto d ogtc tt prod g probbt o mgu outcomsgurd dd to ur coto r t pubc trt

ChAPter 1: A b h Ca C Paa Orw

Frm o Gormt (1699 to 1701)Crtr o Prget dg to t 1776 P cottuto cotoPdp Coto o 1776C to coto 1789 d t cottuto o 1790Coto o 18371838 d t cottuto o 1839Coto o 18721873 d t cottuto o 1874T trm prod (1874 to 1967)T 19671968 (mtd) coto d t 1968 cottutohow tor pd t currt cottuto d w p utur cottuto cg PT prcd d or c otrpprod cotolo rd rom torK ctor tt cotrbutd to coto ucc or urCoto pproc tt prod uccu or uuccu

A Citizens Guideto A

Modern ConstitutionAlConventionPrePAred by the CiviC reseArCh AlliAnCe

tAble of Contents ChAPter 2: fama Pcp a sapT Paa Ca C expc

a br rw o potc cc d cottuto cotoCottutom d t od ct

ChAPter 3: lgc, Pag, a faca aCa C Paa

T currt procOrgto d upportlogtcPrprtor d ogog coto upportPcg rtrcto o coto uCoto gorcPg rtu cotoCoto udg d budgtFudg or tt dord coto . ct coto wtout tt upportDo t ourc o udg dr t dcour d u?Cottuto coto b ct rrdum PT ro o pubc oc

ChAPter 4: C Pacpaimpmtg tm to orm t pubc d to oct tr putDgt cto modDgt cto prodd b rct cottuto coto b troducd t Plgturegbt o dgthow to modrt t uc o to currt powr

ChAPter 5: lm C Pcg rtrcto o coto u

Cour o cto or mtg cottuto coto Pa br g rw o mtd cottuto coto PC mtd coto P b orcd?

87 a Ciizens GUiDe O a MODeRn COnsiUiOnal COnveniOn aBle OF COnens

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26

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ChAPter 6: PC AcT two potcoto udcCommucto d ct oow upm or ct rpoPot coto ro d dut o t gturaddrg urod cottuto coto u P

ChAPter 7: o A Ca CagDrc btw coto d t gt mdtor procRct u o t gt mdmt proc PJudc trtoecut trtoa ct cotoWt r t rob pobt or ct coto?

ChAPter 8: i a r Ca Cag

ChAPter 9: oa T Ca C Cmm

referenCes

AdditionAl sourCes of inforMAtion

APPendiCes

APPendiX A Prmb to T P Cottuto o 1776

APPendiX b emp o Routo itroducd Durg tP Cottuto Coto o 18721873

APPendiX C no. 400 a act

APPendiX d Cg to t P Cottuto Propod b t Woodd Commo

APPendiX e emp o Propo to t 19671968 P Cottuto Coto

APPendiX f a emp rom t Prprtor Commtt or t 19671968 Coto

APPendiX G Cottuto Coto actt b stt

109 a Ciizens GUiDe O a MODeRn COnsiUiOnal COnveniOn aBle OF COnens

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howr, pro or co, coto c b g rk ot propr pd d mgd, or w trog drp ckg. a wo com to cottuto coto w gd, d c w brg r o wtcoud pp. But, pubc tt d rrdum otr tt, d t cottuto mdmt proc P ow, mr ppro c b ppd to r mtod o cgg gormt poc dtructur w o gd g ocud.

Te Purpose o a Constitutional Convention

T udmt purpo o cottuto coto to dopt tructur d oprto tt mk ttgormt work. a cod purpo to mk ur t cottuto rm rt, prodg mgu dprctc outo to og crcumtc. a cottuto c dr ct d ct tt gormt bcgg to proo tt m b dcd or mor out o c wt cotmporr coomc, oc mor, dpotc prctc.

Coto c o prod ct c or crtg ogtrm outo d odg probm ot producdb t (ot utto) rpp ct o r o g mdmt. Furtr, cottuto coto cddr m u, probm, d cg durg g pot tm proc mor dcut, d prp ct, udr t gt mdmt proc.

Preparing or a Constitutional Convention

T ro o coto pg d prc ogtc cot b orttd. T rt ordr o bu ttg ttm, pc, d durto o coto. at t r t, ogtc w cud pkr coordto, ttg up

pubc mtg, prprg d dmtg mtr, mgg ct d, prodg or commucto,d dg pot corc rport, rc, d otr oow up ctt. a o t, o cour, rqur udguct or dog ct job.

howr, P o coto tructur prodd b t cottuto. T omo prt two mjorcoquc or coto pg. Frt, pg cot bg ut t coto tructur rmd bgto. scod, pprod b t otr, prprto mut bg mmdt d b comptd mtdmout o tm.

T rt cto gg rpobt or pg t coto. T 19671968 coto mpod, bttut, Prprtor Commtt. Otr opto cud:

etbg tmporr tt gc;Crtg d udg Prprtor Commo;autorg t coto drp to drct r tmporr t; orCotrctg wt proo t mgmt comp.

a dbrt bod, cudg cottuto coto, d gorc tructur to promot t ordr dmtodc work o t prtcpt. T rqurmt mor mportt w bu mut b comptd mtd mout o tm. T brdt d dpt o coto prprto udrcord b t oowg mp

o prrqut ctt:

eXeCutive suMMAry

a cottuto coto mog t rrt potc t P. atr t org cottutoutord b t Commowt 1776 d 1789 coto, ct o P wtd o trubqut coto or t pt 220 r. T rquc prod ct prc, but rc tor, to gudt t coto P, should one occur. i prprto, t Cottuto Coto Commocommod t tud to por proc ot ud P c t mtd coto 19671968,

d ot u ud or or ctur.

P dmrk 2006 d 2008 cto or t tt hou d st ud dogu or mgugormt rorm. From qut corto mog Cpto h dr to p ubc dbt, dtor, d gtrg, t d o cottuto coto jctd t od to rct potc dbt. Furtr, trow r momt towrd cottuto coto r rg tt, cudg nw york d Cor.

T tud do ot cud rcommdto or or gt cottuto coto. T cptr tt oowprt rmwork o opto or pg d mpmtg coto i and when o cd.

study hiGhliGhts

Calling a Constitutional Convention in Pennsylvania

T P cottuto t rgrdg coto. T procdur or cg coto r tto o t Gr amb d t P suprm Court. T court dcrd tt coto r ccptb w to cg t cottuto ( o bcu t currt cottuto do ot pcc probttm), d tt coto c b cd o b t Gr amb troug pc ttut. hc, t prrqut

or coto P ppr to wt t Gr amb prrogt to ct gto tt tkt ppro or coto to t otr.

Dco to c cottuto coto r cotror rwr, d P o cpto. somw coto ucr or p trt to t u o gtur grtd mdmt or ocudttut. Otr cottuto coto, wt t bt to compr rpod to t trcc otwtrt ctur poc u, d mpct cro tt d oc gormt, t prrrd outo to rmpt cottut o. a poto pro or co ot tm rom opurposeto rt t cottuto: adjustmentsc b md b ddu mdmt, but reorm rqur coto. Foowg mp o procotottmt mtcd wt t rpodg co ttmt.

Pro Convention stAteMents resPondinG Con stAteMentsThe constitution presents too broad a range of

issues to be addressed piecemeal; It is better to

institute multiple reforms simultaneously.

Similar results can be achieved though a lessdrastic or threatening way, such as multiple

amendments and incremental statutes.

The current Pennsylvania constitution of 1874

is a product of that time; 21st century realities

(economic, social, and political) mandate a new

constitution.

There is no guarantee (and even less condencein some circles) that a convention will provide a

better or more modern constitution.

The interrelatedness, depth and breadth of needed

changes demand a change at the constitutional

level.

Most problems (political and otherwise) present

today in Pennsylvania are not a direct product of

the current constitution.

Pro Convention stAteMents resPondinG Con stAteMentsT cottuto prt too brod rg o u tob ddrd pcm; it bttr to ttut mutprorm mutou.

smr rut c b cd toug drtcor trtg w, uc mutp mdmt dcrmt ttut.

T currt P cottuto o 1874 product o tt tm; 21t ctur rt (coomc,

oc, d potc) mdt w cottuto.

Tr o gurt (d codc omcrc) tt coto w prod bttr or mor

modr cottuto.T trrtd, dpt d brdt o ddcg dmd cg t t cottuto .

Mot probm (potc d otrw) prt tod P r ot drct product o t currtcottuto.

1211 a Ciizens GUiDe O a MODeRn COnsiUiOnal COnveniOn exeCUive sUMMaRy

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Cg rtu coto woud b cotror. it bcomg mt t corport word, but tout o t bo or t pubc ctordu o m prt to t rquc o tt cottuto coto.howr, rtu coto coud ttrct mt udc tt trcd g, cutur, potc to,gogrp, d pot o w. Wt t rct prorto o itrt t d ctroc commucto dc, cottuto coto tt oow prou ormt m ot m mportt or trtg to mjort oP wo drct cc to m comptg coc or t tr tm d omt.

vrtu coto c comb t bt o ctoc cog o dgt wt t coc o prprtoo. T cg or coto pr udrtdg ow bt to mtc b tcoog wtcoto ctt. T opto cud:

Pg d odg compt rtu coto;Ug tcoog or om coto prprtor work wt dgt (wt mutou cc or otrd orgto);Mmg pubc trcto (mg bord, wbr, oc coto wbt);subttutg rtu ppcto wr cot c b rducd or coc crd; dProdg cc to coto mtr rom octo t tm or rrc b t d gt d bt pubc.

Citizen Participation

Ct prtcpto , o , but to t trdto cottuto coto proc. For tc,orm otr mut ppro c or coto, mut t ot or dgt, d mut ot to ppro ordppro t propo grtd b coto. howr, t opportut or ct prtcpto t tcoto w b mportt o two . Frt, tr d or ducto progrm to t t gr pubcwt udrtdg, utg, d judgg t u pcd bor t coto. scod, wtout orgdducto progrm, P otr w b kd to dopt or rjct coto propo t m ot u

udrtd.

Opportut to cr ct prtcpto durg cottuto coto cud:

Exploiting all possible methods ofcommunicationbrochures, articles, internet

sitesto teach the history, purpose, and issues

of the convention

Using of new technologies, especially

computers and telecommunications

Creating a statewide speakers bureauEstablishing an ofcial convention websiteHolding regional and town hall meetingsOffering public hearings with debate and inputfor the delegates

Contracting with experts to participate in

regional hearings, and for the convention

Asking statewide organizations to assist in thesharing of information among their members

Conducting public pollingAssembling focus groups

Providing interviews and prepared programsfor radio and television stations

Creating public service announcements for allmedia

Involving universities, law schools, andcolleges in the dissemination of information

Distributing study guides for the public and forstudents

Moderating Convention Inuence by those Currently in Power

it crt tt t pubc, tr drct or mmbr o orgto, w cru wtc or t omcoduct or ck o trprc durg coto procdg. Crt group w tk t ro o wtcdog;otr w obr prtto d dbt ort to dcor d drr.

Electing ofcersSetting meeting times and daily agendasEstablishing the role of the president and

other convention ofcers (powers andduties)

Agreeing to the rights and duties ofconvention delegates

Setting rules of order and operatingstandards

Identifying experts to present informationand analysis to delegates

Sending invitations to address theconvention, and devising rules for debate or

presentations

Creating committee procedures

Establishing a committee on rules and

organization

Adopting standing rules, with the ability tosuspend or amend such rules

Assigning ofcial recorders or reporters forconvention activities

Providing quality research teamsProviding communication systems

(including Internet and storage/retrieval

systems for the delegates and the public)

Setting procedures and taking the rollEstablishing committees by topic and forgeneral convention support (such as rules,

public relations, reporting, etc.)

Developing a system for submittingproposals, recommendations, or petitions to

the convention

Delegate Selection

For m, t dco to upport or to ot upport cottuto coto drct kd to t ctprcpto tt op d r proc o dgt cto w rt tk pc. Dgt cto c b ccompdtroug cto, b ppotmt, b rdom cto o ct, or troug t u o Ct amb. iddto, gbt o dgt mut b dtrmd. Gr, coto dgt mut mt t m gbtrqurmt mmbr o t Gr amb. i ddto, pcc crctrtc m prt ddurom rg dgt (.g., probtg obbt or gtor rom rg dgt).

Mot tt cottuto prod mtod to ct or otrw ct dgt to cottuto coto(P cpto). Tr r, owr, drg methodsor ctg dgt, toug c bg bdtrmg t umbr o dgt pr dtrct, t dg wt cottut dtrct. ecto c b dgdto cr pubc rprtto. For tc, otr, w coog two cddt rom t, m b rqurd toot or o wom d o m. T proc commo to m orgto, cub, outr gc, rgougroup, oprot bord, d potc prt.

aotr mtod o coog dgt b rdom cto. T proc rmo pob b rom dgtcto d prod tttc ccurt rprtto o t tot poputo o tt. o dt, t proc prmr ud to c juror t Utd stt, but rdom cto rout ud to tb ct commod ct mb coutr tt cud Grt Brt d Cd.

Embracing New echnology

a dcuo o utur cottuto coto P w cud dbt o t dtg dddtg o ctoc ru rtu coto ucto. sgct dc tcoog d uccu

u o rtu coto t prt ctor corm t pproc b or t t prt o cottutocoto. a rtu cottuto coto woud b rtm mtg o coto dgt t or pcd prod o tm wt t ow o octo. i ddto, t dg up to t coto, uc pubcrg, coud b d rtu octo. etg tcoog c prod coc, cot g, ttrct pubcttto, d courg ct put.




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Tr gt wrtt tor o t bdtc workg o coto. howr, t wr ot t potcr or obbgr dtc t dcrbd b om wrtt ccout. Ot t prmr ourc o cotorcord oud t pro ot o dgt. e t 19671968 coto o md rcord.

Primary Outcomes by Individual Constitutional Convention in Pennsylvania

Cottuto coto c produc gct cg tt gormt tructur d oprto.T oowg tb ummr mjor cotrbuto o c coto P tor.

Coto Cotrbuto to t Cottuto d to P htor1776 Opd dgt cto to c t rom mor rd wk o d rom prt

o t CommowtMod quck to tk dtg o t ctmt or t Dcrto oidpdc d t prc Pdp o promt tt dretbd pportomt o rprtto mog Commowt cout

17891790 Crtd bcmr tt g turMod to g cut t orm o GororBg ucto o t Commowt judc tm

1837 addrd pubc dcott oowg t coomc pc o 1837Prprd or pubc ducto tm Paddd proc to md t cottuto

18721873 Prodd or, gr rorm o tt gormt tructurDoubd t o t Gr ambicrd t mjort dd to p b t Gr amb

19671968 Btd rom ct prcoto work b t Prprtor CommttW promotd d upportd b rg umbr o promt PPrprd bot quto or cottuto cg tt t gtur coud otro o t ow (c cg w pprod b t ctort)

Other Avenues or Constitutional Change

Ot cottuto coto prcd compot o rgr rorm momt. yt, tr r ru or gormt rorm outd cg coto. i ct, tr m b pcc u tt r bttrddrd t orm o gturgrtd cottuto mdmt or ttut. But or umbr uuc t or tructur o cck d bc, crtg ud judcr, or dg rtop btw oc dtt gormt coto m prt t bt opto.

Prp t P cottuto t o coto bcu t oudr od tructur tt woudt or grto. ltr grto, owr, w t d to dd mdmt proc to kp t cottutot. st, ccout o dbt cr ow tt to tb mdmt proc tt woud mk t dcut orrqut or mor cg, or to u t mdmt proc ubttut or t ttutor w proc.

sc t dopto o t 1968 P cottuto tr b 37 cottuto mdmt, or rg o bout o pr r. a but artc iii (lgto), vi (Pubc Ocr), ix (loc Gormt), x(Prt Corporto), d xi (amdmt) b mdd. Dpt pubc rgumt to t cotrr, artcit Dcrto o Rgt b mdd mor ot t otr rtc ( tm c 1971). artciiT lgtur b mdd o twc, t wt mdmt to mdd artc.

i t d, tr o o bout w to modrt t uc tt w b drw to cottuto coto:P otr mut dt d ct dgt wo r cpb o cru g d utg orto outd uc. T coror omtg dgt wo w put cottutom d t d o tCommowt bor tr ow trt. Bod tt, t pubc dpdt upo op md corg;dpdt, objct prt ttmo; pog rut; d pubc rg.

Limited Conventions in Pennsylvania

T Gr amb o P 1967 cd mtd coto, ttg our pcc u orcodrto b t coto dgt. Dgtg mtd cottuto coto d o cr g tot dgt: Tere are specic issues you are to address, but you are not authorized to write a new constitution.

T rgumt or mtg coto t d to od opg Pdor Bo, or ruw coto.Mor pcc, orgd group o tp d motto tr to mt coto to prr pror gtucc (ot rd ougt). a op P coto, wt t rk o cg to artc or scto,put pt potc ctor joprd. For om t levelo rk m coqut; t r cc o cg,o mttr ow rmot, uct or om to upport mtd coto.

i P, t c or mtd cottuto coto cudd t bot quto put bor t otrto ppro or rjct coto. T pproc w dcrd cottuto b t P suprm Court t t 1960.

Coto m b mtd ot o b ubjct mttr, but o b tm. ag, g prcdt Pow ctg gto tt prod coto trt d d dt. T gud pg, budgtg, dmgmt o t coto. Kowg coto w djour d o dt crt prod ctor t dgt to compt gd ctt tm mr. it o ow t coto to b c wt

t P cto ccbot or t prcoto cto o dgt d or t potcoto otrppro o coto routo.

suMMAry of reseArCh findinGs

Lessons learned rom Pennsylvanias past constitutional conventions

P cod cottuto coto t tor, bgg 1776 d oowd b 1789,1837, 18721873, d 19671968. addto c or coto wr dtd b t ctort tm btwt 1870 d 1960. T oowg crcumtc ppr cruc to t ppro or dt o c or coto P:

iming Momt tor w cottuto coto ot mot dd w t ctort t t trtd, or dtrctd (cudg tr Word Wr i d durg t Grt Dpro). Pubcupport or coto trog corrtd wtgeneraldcott mog t ctort, ot o wtgormt but wt rg o ttuto.Need or Catalysts Gr, t cg o coto w pprod w pubc upportd ddord b coto o group. Cor, coto upportd or dord b rrow group(cudg ddu Goror d/or Commo) rd bd wt t ctort.Need or strong, prominent leadership strog dormt rom Goror, ormr Goror, gt

dr, potc prt dr, d ttwd orgto pd mjor ro w t ctort pprod coto.Need or substantial preparatory work and convention support T 19671968 coto w gd Prprtor Commtt tt bg work o u r bor t coto w cd to ordr. a togtr,216 tr wr rd durg t coto to mg d ctt ctt.

Convention Contributions to the Constitution And toPennsylvAniAs history

1776 Opd d gt c to to c t rom mor rd wk o d rom prt o t CommowtMod quck to tk dtg o t ctmt or t Dcrto oidpdc d t prc Pdp o promt tt dretbd pportomt o rprtto mog Commowt cout

17891790 Crtd bcmr t t g turMod to g cut t orm o GororBg ucto o t Commowt judc tm

1837 addrd pubc dcott oowg t coomc pc o 1837Prprd or pubc ducto tm Paddd proc to md t cottuto

18721873 Prodd or, gr rorm o tt gormt tructurDoubd t o t Gr ambicrd t mjort dd to p b t Gr amb

19671968 Btd rom ct prcoto work b t Prprtor CommttW promotd d upportd b rg umbr o promt PPrprd bot quto or cottuto cg tt t gtur coudot ro o t ow (c cg w pprod b t ctort)




9/67

Toug ot tcc c or cottuto cg, court t Commowt utort to ru ttt Gr amb ctd bod t tt o t cottuto. T attor Gr m o b kd to rdropo rgrdg t cottutot o P ttut or b.

Summary o lessons learned

P cottuto coto coct r t oowg gurd or protctg t pubctrt d or upportg coto drp:

eurg rprtt dgt cto;ecourgg op o dbt;Drwg upo prt wtout codrto o potc poto;hdg ogog pubc put;accg ormto d b gormt gc d ttwd orgto;Ug t mot ct tcoog or otrg pubc trt d trcto;Mkg u o pubc oc t to d t coto, d to drct dgt d t pubc toourc o ormto;Mtg md ttto to ur trprc, d to promot pubc wr d prtcpto;srg coto mtr wt t pubc, octo, d trt group; dFoowg up to p t ctort prpr or tr ot to dopt or rjct t coto propo.

T ctg gto tt c cottuto coto oud do c o t oowg:

Dtrm t otr rrdum (b tp d dt) tt w c or coto;Prod t mr or dgt cto;st t dt or t cto o dgt ( cto proc prrrd);

etb Prprtor Commtt wt t utort to r t to p, budgt, ctt, d mg

coto:spc t opg d djourmt dt or t coto;spc artc d scto o t P cottuto op or dbt d cg, d to ctott r probtd or dbrto b t dgt ( mtd coto bg propod);autor t coto to ct ocr d to d ruProd drcto or pcg coto propo o t bot or otr codrto, wtout trcb t Gr amb;st cto dt or t otr to ppro or rjct coto propo; dspc w pprod propo w tk ct.

Pt ort P ow mgu outcom r drct rtd to prcoto pg d ogogctto, cudg:

etbg compr prcoto pg d prprto mcm;Kpg t coto ttt to ttd gt d pubc go;aodg udu uc b prt potc orc d pc trt;iormg t pubc, ggg tr put, d odg tr trt; dPrtg ud rot b rg group o tkodr d promt dr.

Pot coto ctt r t d two prmr udc: t pubc d t Gr amb.Routo rom t coto d to b orgd, pckgd, toroug pd, d md b or pubccrut. Wwrtt d comprdb ormto mut b prprd o tt otr c udrtd t

coquc o c pott cg. T Gr amb o w d or pcc ormto ddtd to drct t prprto o bg gto tt woud oow otr ppro o cg.

suMMAry of the Most ProMisinG oPtions for PennsylvAniA

Tr r b opto or cottuto coto P tt go bod t mtd cotomod prodd 19671968. For tc, ct coto pob pr Commowt court rug.

For t purpo o t mmdt dcuo, ct coto cottuto coto wr t dgt b r co b t ctort, coto dgt compt cotro or t coto gd,d o t utort to pc tr propo drct oto t bot or ppro or rjcto b Potr wt rob prod o tm. T pott or ct coto P t bdupo pror ttutor c or coto. O trt woud b to oow t d o r otr tt ttprmt ct tm to c or cottuto coto b pprog c or coto tt woudutomtc ppr o t bot prodc (orm r 10 or 20 r). a cod trt woud b toutor P to c coto t ptto proc kow t ct mtt.

Currt, tr o obgto o t prt o t Gr amb to codr ct coto propo or toput to propo to ot cto. But t oowg opto m t b codrd d purud:

T Gr amb ct ct coto.1.T t mot trgtorwrd, but t k. T Gr amb woud dt t procor cg ct coto prt o t ctg gto to c or ot or or gt cottuto coto.

T Gr amb ct mtd coto.2. T opto t mot k rout or curg t Gr amb utorto bcu tgtur woud mt cotro or t u to b codrd d tm to djourmt.

T Gr amb ct c or coto tt rtrct t coto propo to3.cottuto mdmt.

T m b o o t t ct mtod o cottuto cg. Pu, t pubc mgtb rd b cotuto o g u outo. a mp o t opto prodd bormr Cottuto Commissions P.

4. T Gr amb pc cottuto mdmt o t bot tt propo to mpmt utomtc prodc c or coto o t P bot.

T m promg outo to P currt dmm o ot bg b to cotrotr ow gorc dt, toug t tm d prtc to g t ppro o t Gramb d ppro b t otr coud tk dcd.

T Gr amb or t Goror tb ct commo td o coto.5.Cottuto Commo m b cd b t Gr amb or b t Goror. Otrtt ud t trt to coto rd b t Gr amb.

D pc mdmt procdur.6.T Gr amb woud c ct mb to dbrt d propo cottutomdmt or drct codrto b t Gr amb. Propo c b t orm ottut or cottuto mdmt.




10/67

hod coto o coto, or coto o orgto7.it m ot b t m tru ct coto, d t obou woud o oc or gtdg P, but coto o coto c ttrct pubc ttto d mdcorg. at t r t t c b ud to kp t topc o cottuto coto tpubc .

hod dpdt ct coto8.For t opto t Gr amb mgt prod opportut d rourc or ct

to gtr d dbrt rorm or cg. T coto crgd to od pubc dbt ddbrto, d t t ow ru d gd. Propo r ubmttd drct to t Gramb or t codrto.

Prod or ct tt d rrdum9.T trm tt m drt tg drt tt, but brod dd propodttut or cottuto mdmt pcd drct upo t bot b ct ptto or pproor rjcto b t ctort. it cou, t Rrdum, prmt ct to pc rct gtcto o t bot or ppro or dppro b t ctort. Tr r b ot P to ppro tt proctr b cottuto coto or b tmdmt proc.

ag, t tud do ot cud rcommdto or or gt cottuto coto. T bod ot rport cud t purpo, pg, d ogtc or mgu coto P d wo cd.

introduCtion

Reormis a matter o strengthening and balancing both participation and institutionsover the long term Reorm must also mobilize the interests and energies o society itsel...And reorm is never nished auent market democracies need institutional renewal

and inusions o participation and competition rom time to time.MiChael JOhnsOn

PurPose of this study

T purpo o t tud to coct d ummr cotmporr tougt, prctc, d ogtc to gud tdopmt o cottuto coto should one occur in Pennsylvania. T rw, coductd t t rquto t Cottuto Coto Commo, prod o proc tt ot b ud Por mot ctur, d ot u ud or or ctur. T tud do ot cud rcommdto or orgt cottuto coto. it o purpo to dtrm ow bt to p d mpmt coto d w o cd.

tiMeliness And ConteMPorAry events thAt noWbrinG A Convention to the forefront

P dmrk 2006 d 2008 cto or t tt hou d st producd pdg dogu

or mgu gormt rorm. From qut corto mog Cpto h dr to pubc dbt, dtorcodg, d gt rg, t d o cottuto coto jctd t od to t growgrorm ort. Wt o muc t tk, d wt t odg o cottuto coto bg trm rr P, t opto or dopg, prprg or, d mgg coto rqur rou d mmdtttto.

i 2008 t P lgtur d pubc rg o tr prt b to c cottuto coto(mor ormto rgrdg t b prodd Cptr 4). hc, t troducto o t tud tm oto or t rw d tor o coto t Commowt, but o or t o o rd dporto o bt opto or ct coto oud o b cd.

A Convention As A vehiCl e for reforM

Ot cottuto coto dcud compot o rgr rorm momt. sr coto P tor, mot otb t 18721873 coto, wr cd or ct t ro. Dbt rgrdgt d or cottuto rorm ot uqu to P. Otr tt, cudg Cor d nw york,r rou codrg cg coto, gr or t purpo o rorm, d cudg t trm rorm t m o bg gto cg or coto.

Tr r, dtd tr t tud, r u or gormt rorm outd t cottuto coto( Cptr 7 or dtd ). i ct, tr m b pcc u tt r bttr ddrd t orm o gtur grtd cottuto mdmt or ttut. But or umbr u (uc t tructur o cck dbc, or rtop btw oc d tt gormt) coto m b t bt opto.

2019 a Ciizens GUiDe O a MODeRn COnsiUiOnal COnveniOn inORDUCiOn

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11/67

the Pros And Cons of A ConstitutionAl Convention

a cottuto coto cotror ubjct. O o d, coto ucr trtto crmt mdmt d ocud ttut. Otr coto bt to compr ddr tcompt o tod cg, wr t brdt d dpt o u mutou trrt mog t mworkg o gormt, t o tctor w o tru ddrg cottuto updt or modrto.a coto, t cotd, ct w to crt outo d od probm ot producd b t (otutto) rpp ct o g mdmt. Furtr, cottuto coto c ddr m u,

probm, d cg durg g pot tm proc mor dcut, d prp ct, udr tgt mdmt proc.

For om, oppoto to coto oow ppro tt opg up t cottuto k opg PdorBo. Oc t op, tg c pp. T coct b cpturd b stp hom:

som tort worr tt dmocrc w b prd b cottuto trtjcktg. Otr rppr tt t cottuto dk w b brcd b dmocrtc ood. Dpt tr drc,bot d gr tt tr t dp, mot rrcocb to btw cottutom d dmocrc.idd, t com co to uggtg tt cottuto dmocrc mrrg o oppot...

T m tougt wr prd b lgu o Wom votr stud ( Illinois Ballot Issue: Should there be aConstitutional Convention?) rd 2008. Tr rw urtr pd t pott trt o coto:

i t quto o wtr to upport [ cottuto coto], o mut codr t tt o (1) td to mpro t io Cottuto, (2) t urgc to ttut mutp rorm mutou, d(3) t pott to c pcm cg troug t currt mdmt proc. suc rw mutbc t tcptd bt rom rwrtg pcc rtc b coto gt t pott rk

od pog t tr cottuto to ro.

Pro or co, coto c b g rk ot propr pd d mgd, or w trog drp ckg.a wo com to cottuto coto w gd, d c w brg r o wt coud pp.But, pubc tt d rrdum otr tt, d t mdmt proc P ow, mrppro c b ppd to r mtod o cgg cottuto w o gd g ocud. Durgt r dbt prcdg t bot or cottuto coto io o boggr put t uccct: Do ou t , or r o, dmocrc?

a ummr o pro d co o cottuto coto, gtrd rom rct dbt P d otrtt, prtd t oowg tb.

suMMAry of reAsons for or AGAinst A ConstitutionAl Convention:

P sam rpg C samThe constitution presents too broad a range

of topics and complexities to be addressed

one at a time; it is better to institute

multiple reforms simultaneously

Similar results can be achieved througha less drastic or threatening way, such

as multiple legislative amendments and

incremental statutes

The current Pennsylvania constitution of

1874 is a product of that time; 21st century

realities (economic and social) mandate a

new constitution

There is no guarantee (or little condence)

that a convention will provide a better or

more modern constitution

A convention can cohesively address

the multiple challenges facing the

Commonwealth, and the sooner the better

History is not on the side of a potentially

successful convention in Pennsylvania

The legislative amendment process is too

focused on individual issues, providing

often unintended and ripple effects that

further challenge the Commonwealth

A convention has no limits except as

stipulated in the enacting legislation;

at least the amendment process tightly

focuses upon needed issues, one at a time,

for easier debate and approval by the votersThe opportunity and public supportfor a convention is cyclical; not takingadvantage of the current pro-reform

environment might postpone an overdue

comprehensive government tune-up for

decades or generations

Timing in Pennsylvania for a conventionis not good; faith in state government is at

a particularly low ebb inviting increased

voter emotion to the process

The scope and type of needed changes to

be brought before a convention demands a

change at the constitutional level

Most problems (political and otherwise)

present today in Pennsylvania are not a

direct product of constitutional decienciesUsing the legislative amendatory process

or multi-amendment process can be equally

difcult and risky as a convention interms of potential outcomes

Calling a convention should be the

approach of last resort, not the rstapproach to reforming state government

A constitution was never conceived to

be a static document; governance, social,

technical, and economic changes over time

will force necessary constitutional changes

Many such changes bring emotional issues

that will prevail over rational debate and

over genuine issues of greatest importance

to the electorate-at-largeA convention offers an exceptional

opportunity for a public civics lesson inhow government does or should operate

Though the public may be dissatised

with the current political climate orshortcomings in government operations,

these are not always due to aws in ourexisting constitution; they are a product of

incapable or corrupt personnel, insufcientor misdirected funding, or the publics

general dissatisfaction with current social

and economic conditions

There are specic, glaring holes in theexisting constitution that need attention

(such as how to call a convention or how to

select the lieutenant governor)

Then x them outside of a conventionwhere existing power groups, including

elected ofcials, might hijack aconvention and control its outcomes

A well presented constitution provides the

broad principles and basic structure needed

to ensure effective government

Yes, but a convention offers the temptation

and the opportunity for various interest

groups to acquire special powers or to push

their agenda on the public outside of the

statutory law process

Pro stAteMents resPondinG Con stAteMents

T cottuto prt too brod rg otopc d compt to b ddrd o t tm; t bttr to ttut mutp rormmutou

smr rut c b cd troug drtc or trtg w, uc mutpgt mdmt d crmt ttut

T currt P cottuto o 1874 product o tt tm; 21t ctur rt(coomc d oc) mdt w cottuto

Tr o gurt (or tt codc) tt coto w prod bttr or mor modrcottuto


a coto c co ddr t mutpcg cg t Commowt, d toor t bttr

htor ot o t d o pott uccucoto P

T gt mdmt proc too ocudo ddu u, prodg ot utddd rpp ct tt urtr cg t

Commowt

a coto o mt cpt tputd t ctg gto; t t t mdmtproc tgt ocu upo dd u, o t

tm, or r dbt d ppro b t otrT opportut d pubc upport or coto ccc; ot tkg dtg o tcurrt prororm romt mgt potpo ordu compr gormt tuupor dcd or grto

mg P or coto otgood; t tt gormt t prtcurow bb tg crd otr moto to tproc

T cop d tp o dd cg to bbrougt bor coto dmd cg tt cottuto

Mot probm (potc d otrw) prttod P r ot drct product ocottuto dcc

Ug t gt mdtor proc ormutmdmt proc c b qu dcutd rk coto trm o pottoutcom

Cg coto oud b t pproc ot rort, ot t rt pproc to rormg ttgormt

a cottuto w r cocd to b ttcdocumt; gorc, oc, tcc, dcoomc cg or tm w orc crcottuto cg

M uc cg brg moto u ttw pr or rto dbt d or guu o grtt mportc to t ctorttrg

a coto or cpto opportut or

pubc cc o ow gormt do oroud oprt

Toug t pubc m b dtd wt t

currt potc cmt or ortcomg gormt oprto, t r ot wdu to w our tg cottuto; tr product o cpb or corrupt pro,uct or mdrctd udg, or t pubcgr dtcto wt currt oc dcoomc codto

Tr r pcc, grg o t tgcottuto tt d ttto (uc ow toc coto or ow to ct t uttgoror)

T tm outd o coto wrtg powr group, cudg ctd oc,mgt jck coto d cotro toutcom

a w prtd cottuto prod t brodprcp d bc tructur dd to urct gormt

y, but coto or t tmptto d topportut or rou trt group to cqurpc powr or to pu tr gd o tpubc outd o t ttutor w proc

a coto w b udr r brgt potgt,wt ct pg mor ttto. T grtr

ttto d tgtr ocu o mtd umbr ou rduc t opportut or pc trtto cotro outcom

T gt proc, t trt to coto, ot cotrd b ort pcc

tm rm, d tror c cout wt mdor cr, coduct t pubcrg, d tk t tm to rc cocuo




12/67

Mog pt t pro d co, cottuto coto oud:embrc cottuto tructur tt mk tt gormt work;Prod coto mgmt cpbt or pg, ogtc, d ctto tt b tcoto to ct ocu upo t prmr crg; detb romt, tt muc pob, gurd t bt o t coto to ocu upot pubc trt.

T oowg cptr prod ormto d o t tr tur o cottuto coto P. a br troducto to c oow.

findinG ConstitutionAl struCtures thAt MAKe GovernMent WorK

a udmt purpo o cottuto coto to c t tructur d oprto tt mk ttgormt work. Wt w work mog orwrd m ot b wt torc workd , or wt workg ow.Or, t purpo o coto m b to corrct tructur tt r cr ot workg. Furtr, t cottutoc dr ct d ct tructur b cgg to mtod tt r dcd (d prp P mort ctur) out o dt trm o cotmporr coomc, oc mor, d potc prctc.

Tt d, tr r cottuto proo tt prod prmt policy and socialtructur or gormtmo tm d dow t 1770. amog t r:

Cot o t gord (o kow popur orgt);lmtd powr d probto gt gog outd t boudr o g powr;C rgt;sprto o gormt brc d tr bc o powr;Ur urg (rtrctg uu to g d rdc); da dpdt judcr wt t bt to prorm objct judc rw.

Gormt tructur d to b ct to kp t Commowt comptt coomc d dmogrpc.stt gormt cotro codrb rourc P. iddu, oc gormt, orgto, dbu r ctd b gormt dtrbuto or rdtrbuto o rourc.

Coto or o, utur tt gormt tructur w b drt, cudg gormt d t prom dcg. For tc, t Orgto or ecoomc CoOprto d Dopmt (o wc t Utd

stt mmbr) t d gormt tructur:

sm rc dr;improd d pdd mtod o commucto;U o tcoog to mpro t cc o bck oc oprto;

Bttr rpo to ct pctto troug mprod ct put;Mjor cg oprto bd upo b d utur tcoog;Bttr udrtdg o pcc poc rto uc

srg o d d ormtooDrct commucto mog t o gormtosrd rc or oc gormt;o

ecd u o tcoog to ur op d trprc o oprto; dabt to bttr ut currt poc d progrm.

hc, rt m cg cottuto gug or tt m prod mportt outo tt brgcodrb cg t utur.

Cottuto coto dgt coud codr w w to dt poc d to produc gormttructur tt w rm dmc d r P w to t utur. a Prprtor Commtt dcru co prt coud trgt tud, dbt, d dbrto. Dgt woud b crgd to dtd propo:

sutb gormt tructur d trtg;Poc tt courg oc r grmt d oc trtgc prtrp; dmtb wr ogog tructur d grmt rr.

Tr r w mod or t Prprtor Commo to rw bor coto. a o mp, tautr gormt u :

..ub d pok coordto tt work r w. T t d gc tructur, wt odprtmt coordtg t ort o r dprtmt. somtm tr d or mor t o t

o ub d pok t c o t B bombg, t Dprtmt o Forg ar d rd w tub or trto ort, d t Dprtmt o Fm d Commut src w t ub or tdomtc rpo.

a coto, oud ctr muc mor o pobt d t uturug o rd rom tor.T tor prtd Cptr 1 d Cptr 2.

fACilitAtion And loGistiCs thAt Provide A hiGhProbAbility of MeAninGful outCoMes

Dpt ttmpt t cg coto c t 1874 cottuto, tr b o o (mtd) coto 19671968. Tror, tr rtu o pubc or oc coct mmor o coto, mkg ord rom P tor, d rom coto otr tt, mor mportt. Pt coto owcg go drct rtd to pg d ctto tt cud:

Kpg t coto pg d t coto t ttt to ttd gt d pubc go, prtd t pcc crg to t dgt;aodg udu uc b prt potc orc d pc trt;iormg t pubc d ggg tr put d trt rom t trt;

addrg u prcoto prprto;hpg to tructur ct coto t t mout o tm, tu tkg u dtg o tcurrt rorm mood o t ctort; dPrtg ud rot b rg group o tkodr.


a coto dd to ddr to cto ot cottuto tt r outodt wt currtcoomc, romt, dmogrpc, dpotc tougt P

Prp, but tt do ot outwg t r ttcg m mt rdougt pc trtg or t r

A constitutional convention allows delegates

to consider important issues that have failed

to advance via the legislative process.

T probm ot cr t ut o tcottuto, but mor k cud b to

cotro o t gtur




13/67

Dt o coto ctto d prprto r prodd Cptr 3.

sAfeGuArds needed to ensure A Convention serves the PubliC interest

a rw o tt cottuto coto or t pt dcd r t prmr gurd to t cotodrp r t pubc trt. Toug t oowg cptr w t u mor dt, t pubctrt bt rd b:

Rprtt dgt cto;Op o dbt;U o prt wtout codrto o potc poto;Ogog pubc put;acc to ormto d b gormt gc d ttwd orgto;Ug tcoog to otr pubc trt d trcto wt t coto;acc to pubc oc t to p d d t pubc d dgt, d drct tm to ourco ddto ormto;eort to kp md ttto g to ur trprc d to promot pubc wr dprtcpto;Prodc rg o coto mtr wt t pubc, octo, d trt group og wtdbck to t dgt; dFoow up to p t ctort prpr or tr ppro or rjcto ot to t rcommdto o tcoto.

sgurd c b urd b:

icudg trtg or pubc prtcpto d put ct cg or cottuto coto

pubc rrdum;Prodg dqut udg or proct Prprtor Commtt to prpr mtr or dgt, pt coto, gtr pubc put, work wt t md, d mg t dtod oprto o tcoto;Drctg t Prprtor Commtt or coto t to drct o tudt group, tCommowt cog d urt, oc d rc orgto, d ttwd commo t pg d rportg o t coto; dPg or t tcoog, pog, ocu group, prt ttmo, d pubc rg to b ummrdd d or t coto dgt.

T cptr tt oow prod uct dt to p d mg cottuto coto P.Toug cptr r rtd, c o td o g pcc topc.

T bg wt br tor o cottuto coto P d t o rd romc. T o r ud to dtrm t pg, ogtc, d mgmt d or utur coto.Gog bod bc ogtc d ctto d, t tud o por w to o d r t pubc durg pct o t coto.

ChAPter 1

a BRieF hisORy OF COnsiUiOnalCOnveniOns in Pennsylvania

Our new Constitution is now established, and has an appearance that promises permanency;but in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.

BenJaMin FRanKlin

overvieW

T P Cottuto t udrpg o t Commowt gormt. Frt doptd 1776, tcotu to prod workg tructur or tt drp d pd rm t Fdr Cottuto tr ctd 1789.

sc t cpto o P Wood, t Commowt o P oprtd udr cottutotoug t t our Frm o Gormt, tr utord b Wm P m, m o b rrrd to cottuto. T rt ctu cottuto, crtd b tt coto 1776, wt Bjm Frk t t m,w o o t rt documt to d w to rom codrto o coo to to dmocrc.

a cod P cottuto w ctd 1790 to mk mpromt upo t org documt. a wb dtd tr t cptr, t d or w cottuto tr o 14 r c b ttrbutd to (1) pgt r bor o t Fdr Cottuto d t d to brg t P cottuto to grmt d

compc, (2) dtcto wt t Commowt rgrdg t pc tructur o tt gormt,d (3) growg crtcm rom bot t ct o P d rom otr tt tt oud ut wug comprb gug or tougt tr ubqut cottuto. T cod cottuto woud r tCommowt b o w or mot ctur.

T trd coto tt utord t Cottuto o 1838 md w cg, kpg t 1790 documt rtuucgd, prt drc to t crtor o t rt cottuto. howr, t ourt coto, utmtdg to t Cottuto o 1874, w rg rut o pubc dmd to ddr u o gormt corrupto(.g., ogrog, d pc purpo b tt ud t dor drct to t pockt o wmkr cro woot cd om o t bck to t wmkr) t dutr routo took root P. it w drtdd doptd to mt w codto d cg rutg rom rpd growt d coomc dopmt durgd oowg t C Wr. it, too, rd t Commowt or mot ctur. a t (mtd) cotow d 19671968, drtg t currt cottuto.

tiMeline of ConstitutionAl Conventions in PennsylvAniA

Frame of Charter of Philadelphia Second Third Fourth Sproul Woodside LimitedGovernment Privileges Convention Convention Convention Convention Commission Commission Convention

__ ______________________________________________________________ 1699 to 1701 1776 1789 1837 1872 1920 1957 1967

1701

2625 a Ciizens GUiDe O a MODeRn COnsiUiOnal COnveniOn ChaPeR 1

{ {



14/67

P, rt cto o t Charter, wrt:

i do rb grt d dcr, Tt o Pro or Pro, btg t Proc or rrtor, wo cod ckowdg O mgt God, t Crtor, Upodr d Rur o t Word; d pro m or tmobgd to qut udr t C Gormt, b C motd or prjudcd, or tr Proor ett, bcu o or tr coctou Pruo or Prctc, or b compd to rqut or mt rgou Worp, Pc or Mtr, cotrr to or tr Md, or to do or ur otr act or Tg, cotrrto tr rgou Pruo.

hc, r 1701 t Charterowd t ct o P to ct tr amb rprtt, wmot otr coo ppotd oc tr b proprtr cotro or cotro b eg w. T rt tc ot cod artc t Charterpd out t ctor proc:

FOR t w gorg o t Proc d rrtor, tr b amb r co, b t Frmtro, to cot oFourPro out o c Cout

Wrtg t Chartermt tt Wm P goror o P, d mor t otr coo goror,woud b drct pttd gt ow ct amb. Dpt r ppro b P, t rutg tructurworkd w, d tCharterd up or mot 75 r.

i 1751, t P amb rqutod b to cbrt t 50t rr o t Charter o Privileges.T b w crbd: Procm brt trougout t d uto t btt tro. T b crckdo t rt rgg, d two ubqut rpr coud ot tot rtor t tgrt. od t t o dp Pdp d bcom kow t lbrt B.

T dcd oowg t Charter o Privilegeswr mrkd b to wt egd, b rpd coomc d wtgrowt t Commowt ct, d b growg to btw t tr ct trt d t coowtr rotr por. Potc to rcd bog pot t P amb cotu rudto tb w cout to t wt, mkg ur tt t wtr trrtor rmd udrrprtd. i ddto,tr wr rp dgrmt bout t coo utur wt egd, cudg dbt or dcrg outrgtamrc dpdc. T dgrmt prd t og tt gormt. Tt cgd quck oM 15, 1776 w t scod Cott Cogr rod to d eg ru d d rctd c coo to crt tt cottuto.

events leAdinG to the 1776 PennsylvAniA ConstitutionAl Convention

it mpob to udrtd wt occurrd t t P cottuto coto tt bg Pdpo Ju 15, 1776 wtout kowg t tor dg to tt d . Rc tt w P dgto gdt Dcrto o idpdc t wr t t to do o. P dgt (Gorg Cmr, BjmFrk, Robrt Morr, Jo Morto, Gorg Ro, Bjm Ru, Jm smt, Gorg or, d Jm Wo)wr t to t Cott Cogr to ot gt dpdc. o mbrc dpdc w to ortrow oto t Kg o egd, but t Wm P m. T P m d but proprou Commowt dmocrtc prt tt td mmgrt o t d b. Pu, t P amb w cotrod bt Qukr pct group ot upport o wr. a rg poputo o P Grm o d pctb.

T d o tkg up rm routo w t mor rmod P wr Brt ru d prcwr gt. Fw P d cotct wt eg oc, cpt troug t P m. Bot WmP d o, Tom, wr grtd m prg b t eg court or t bt o P. ict, t w pob tt ddu rgt P coud b ot wr or dpdc. T ttowtout rprtto cotror tt w mg otr tt w moot P bcu w t ow

frAMe of GovernMent (1699 to 1701)

it mut b d rom t trt tt t bc tt o P cottuto r tpd r eg w,cudg t Mg Crt (1215), t Ptto o Rgt (1628) d t B o Rgt (1689). it w t tc ot documt, d tr popur ccptc t 1600, tt prodd d rcto to P coo, dtr tt. C mog t proo o t Mg Crt, or tc, w o tto wtout rprttococpt tt, muc tg , rd t ctt or t amrc Routo.

it w wt t potc tougt tt Wm P ccptd 1681 t crtr to wt ow P. itt m r utord Coco to t Provence o Pennsylvania to pp ow potc poop tow. P took potc tt bod tg tt prcdd m w drtd First Frame o Government.it prodd or r trpr d rgou rdom (P ot rrrd to P ho eprmt), r d op pr, d tr b jur o o pr. T Frt Frm td o o r bor t amb ttbd d t w ttr kd P or ro.

a rut, P crtd Second Frame o Governmenttt tbd ucmr gtur wt powr bodtg bor t coo. T w P amb co t ow dr, w r to drt gto,d w g brod prg. P kpt t rgt to to gto, but tSecond Framemtd t gororpowr to do t amb.

nrt, P cudd ow cg t scod Frm o Gormt, wc wr tr pprod b tcoo Gr amb 1683. T docum t bcm t coo de acto cottuto

i 1696, t coo rcd t trd Frame o Government, wrtt b Wm Mrkm, t dput goror dP cou. T ro, kow Markhams Frame, w rgrdd t cottuto ut P cm bck toP 1699 to wrt t otr ro. P gd t ourt Frame o Governmento Octobr 1701w P. h t t or egd, wr dd 1718. Bcu o P prc P,

t ourt Frame, kow t Charter o Privileges, w drtd or t rt tm cojucto wt mmbr ot Proc amb.

Coct, P Frame o Governmentr bcm mjor uc o tr cottuto, bot t t Fdr d or t rt tt. a Dod lut p:

no o rprtd t djucto btw eg d amrc rgt bttr t Wm P, wo, bcu o Qukr b, urd troug tr egd tt ock u tod. W oudd P, P grtdrgou rdom, wc w ckg egd, prt o b o rgt groudd rgo d prchFrm o Gormt cotd 58 prct (t out o twt) o t U.s. B o RgtT B o Rgt

og torc pdgr, but tt pdgr ubtt documt wrtt b pop o amrc or.

T m oto o Wm P cudd t cocpt o mdg cottuto. h proo (sctoxxiii) to cg tSecond Frame o Governmentrd:

no ct ... to tr, cg, or dm t orm, or ct, o t crtr ... [ owd] wtout t cot o tgoror, r, or g, d prt o o t d rm proc Couc d Gr amb.

ChArter of PrivileGes

P grmt wt t coot w pdd 1701 udr Charter o Privileges, wc kpt mot o trgt rom t org Concessions o 1682, but wt o to dd c protcto. T ddto cudd rdom oworp (owr, t rgt to ot w mtd to Prottt), prodd cou or to wo d o g cou,dd du proc o w, d mprtd oudto or c rgt tt t t tod. TCharterw copd b t otr tw org tt tr ubqut cottuto.




15/67

T workg o t coto wr ummrd bt b Dr. Ro Brg, wo pd t coto wd:

b proc corc o t commtt o corrpodc o t cout cookd b t commtt o tCt o Pdp. T wr wo trg bod wc t pro drcd udr t tg proprtqucto d rgd turto procdur coud d dd prtcpt.

Dpt t promc o om coto mmbr (Bjm Frk, Jo Morr d Dd Rttou,or mp), mot dgt wr rmr or bu owr wt o g bckgroud or ctd oc prc.

i ddto to t or, mot Qukr, Modrt, d Grm ct rud to prtcpt t cototogtr. howr, Frk w b to brg togtr to ttdg t coto or mgu dbt dcto. Mc F tr obrd:

P uqu t o amrc cottuto. at t r tm tt t nto Cogr wmtg Pdp, Bjm Frk, mjor rctct o t amrc Routo w crog t o tP stt hou to cr t rt P cottuto coto, bg d t m budg t scod Cott Cogr.

Tr wr pct o t rt P cottuto tt wr uqu mog t coo. it cotd t oucmr gturrg udr t uc o Bjm Frk wo bd bcmr amb woudo crt rcto d mk t dcut to ct gto. it o rqurd ot o oc tt rqurd dr towr o rm to t pop t rd. Tr wr trm mt or gtor. B wr prtd d coud ot bctd or t t r rom t rt prtg.

a mjor artc o t rt oc P cottuto w t Dcrto o Rgt, rtd to tbd ur c brt. T documt w ot rpctd ( w qut gug vrg) b coto otr tt. Tt d, t cottuto w r ubmttd to t ct o P or ppro ordoptotr w o tructur pc to do o. T dopto o P rt cottuto w t rut o

drct ot o t coto mmbr.

T w cottuto w dbtd d rd or our mot d w pprod o sptmbr 28, 1776. O t 96mmbr o t rt coto, 94 ttdd t gg crmo d 71 gd t cottuto. T Preamble tothe Pennsylvania State Constitution o 1776 prtd appd a.

CAll to Convention in 1789 And the Constitution of 1790

T cod P cottuto coto oowd t rt (1776) b o trt r. i ct, Rpubc t Gr amb d ougt rd or r or routo to c coto. T w gctcg potc trtg t cort d co to bocott t ormr coto. Wt d cgd o tt tm?

Potc, tr d b grdu cg popur potc tougt to muc mor cort pproc togormt. Wt t routo bd tm, t urgt pdg o t Rdc bogd to rr tm.now wt t upport o rg mjort o ambm, t cod P cottuto coto bgnombr 1789 Pdp, wt dgt udr t drp o cort d Modrt tt cuddTom McK, Tom Mf, mot Pckrg, d Jm Wo.

a Pu Doutrc, tor wt P htorc Muum Commo wrot:

Wt t [Fdr] Cottuto rtd d Fdrt trcd P rprtt o bot t tt dto , t ctorou cto w tr opportut to rpc t P cottuto o 1776. Rdc or

cottuto prodd or tto b t eg Prmt, toug P md ur t wr kpt rt ow.

To P wo upportd routo dcdd r o tt tr o cc o wg ttwd bckgw to bud dow gormt. T t dd, tu tkg cotro o t amb. accordg to Rcrdscor:

. . . it umd t powr o gormt, t dgtd tm to Couc o st wt u powr to ct tm o P ut orm gormt tructur oud b dd d pprod. T cto occurrd o

sptmbr 28, 1776, w t Coto procmd w cottuto or P, wtout prodg orpopur rtcto. atr cto, t w gormt . . . umd t dut o nombr 28. T od ambmt sptmbr, but, ckg quorum, djourd or t t tm. T t coummtd t routo P. a rdc mort, b ggr mtc d upror orgto d commtmt, d uccdd ortrowg t proprtr gormt d g powr.

T bt to tb dow gormt w prodd o m prt b t w mpod stmp act, eg ttmpt t tto tt cud t rt r cr P d dput wt egd. T act wprcd moto bck to to codto rom wc coot d to amrc. a cotmporr rtc rgrdgt stmp act pprd t Pennsylvania Journal( quotd b Rd), cpturg t pubc dtcto:

Our dpdc o Brt, td o bg d, w b t crd. W dd t dow obrt, but b dttut o t ubtc. Our uc t Brt gtur w rt b o mor t t ow,but td o bg r rom t jurdcto, w b rgur d propr ubjct to t. T w rgt bt r cottuto, to commd our pur d pro t pur. Our brt, our , d r tg tt dr, w b t tr mrc.

ogtr, t t gudd P to tr rt cottuto coto.

PhilAdelPhiA Convention of 1776

l t two wk tr t Dcrto o idpdc w gd, group o Pdp ct took ot tk o ormg cottuto coto. at t tm tr wr tr comptg group or powr P. T or upportd t proprtr gormt tbd b t P m d oppod ttmpt t dpdc. Mot wt mrct rom Pdp, or rd o o powr d poooud amrc bcom dpdt o egd. a cod group w bd t Rdc, wo upportd cor dpdc. M rdc dr, cudg Tom P, d Pdp, but m wr o romt wtr prt o t Commowt d o scotir dct. Cugt t mdd wr t Modrt wocotrod t Proc amb. T Modrt wr t bt orgd d d trog drp, cudg JoDcko d Jm Wo.

T Rdc d two dtg. Frt, t Cott Cogr, mtg Pdp, cd or cooto tb w gormt wrr tg proc gormt w ot b to prod drp drc. Cocd tt P to t group, t Rdc kd t Proc amb t r td to tb cottuto coto. scod, t Rdc wr b to coc Bjm Frk to crt coto. Fw m amrc t tt tm wr d g tm t w coto dr orP.

ecto wr d or coto dgt bd upo ru tbd b t Rdc. B opg t cto

to brod porto o t ctr, d b mdtg dgt ot to mt oppoto, t Rdc opd tcottuto coto o Ju 15 wt Bjm Frk t prdt mr d tr t gg ot Dcrto o idpdc. Tr rt ordr o bu w crto o Couc o Cor to t judgmto t amb. etu t P amb dcotud mtg du to prtt ck o quorum.




16/67

gtur oowd b rtcto b t otr o Pt td. a rut, mdmt to t 1839cottuto wr pd our tm ( 1850, 1857, 1864, d 1872).

T coto w ot wtout cotror (d oc) t rgt to ot w g mtd o toCuc, g r arc amrc g drcd. Prottor dtrod P h Pdp b r durg t tm o t dbt, rg prmoto o t boto d rc qut uoomg o t oro.

atr mot r o gorou d btg dbt, mot coto u wr t utoucd b t dgt. Trw o cg t powr o t goror or gto, to t grtg o corport crtr (toug omcg wr md to bk crtr), to t tructur o t Gr amb or t court, or or qucto toot P.

T 1838 rd cottuto w t rt to b ubmttd to t otr o P or tr ppro. Tougcg rcommdd b t coto wr rt w umbr, t w documt w pprod bP otr b r t mrg o 113,971 ot or d 112,759 gt dopto (or, drc obout o prct o wo otd). i compro, P t (d t Commowt currt)cottuto woud b rtd b t otr o Dcmbr 16, 1873, b ot o 253,744 or d 108,594 gt(mor t two to o or).

Convention of 1872-1873 And the Constitution of 1874

T P Cottuto o 1874 mor dtd, d rd t Commowt ogr, t otr.it o t mot mdd. Prp t ttmo to t 18721873 coto tt t cottuto tdo og. Otr cotd tt cottuto 135 r od o prod mp cormto tt t cot rctt rt o t 21t ctur. T coto, upo wc t Commowt gormt t but, grppdwt t u o t d wtout kowdg o utomob d gw tm, ctrc powr, commuctotcoog, computr, m md, d rport (t o pc tr), to m w cg tt woud b durg t tur o t rutg cottuto.

a ttd a htor o P Cottuto prprd or t 19671968 coto, Pprt cottuto t product o t 1870 d br db t mrk o tt r. W t cotow cd 1872 t Commowt coom w domtd b rrod, c, mg, ro m, o d,d mucturg pt o kd. Commut pprd mot orgt o top o tur rourc, bddutr pt, or pc rrod tto mtrd. abo , tr w poput momt to bttrcotro bu d dutr (pc bk), d to rt moopo d urgutd bu coodtott d to moopo.

Mot o t coomc dopmt d dutr ctmt w mtd to rgr ct. R drc btwwtr d tr cout P d to td to trougout t coto. W mot cout P, pc t wtr cout, wr r muc or o cottuto coto, oppotow ctrd Brk, lg, nortmpto, d Motgomr Cout (t t tt ctr o co, rrod,ro m, bkg, d mucturg). a t mp t oowg tb ow, t ot or cottutocoto 1873 rutd opdd outcom tt m cocb t mum.

atdrt, rcogg t tbt o cg, coud do tt to top t rorm momt. i Mrc 1789, t w to gormt bg to org nw york, t P amb cd or tt cottutocoto to b d t oowg nombr. Trougout t ummr bot prt cmpgd gorou; owr,t cto w gr r o t rcor d prt ttck tt d crctrd tt potc c 1776. a rut, r o cocto d cooprto domtd t coto.

T 1789 coto oowd t dopto o t Fdr Cottuto. T tg P Cottuto wrwd or u compc wt t Fdr coutrprt, prodg otr mmdt d or coto.

a u r w dd to drt t w cottuto, wc w t rd wt t ct o P ordbt. Tr w o ot b t ctort; td, t 1790 t coto rcod d procmd t wdocumt to b P cottuto.

T 1790 coto prodd ubtt cg to t prou cottuto, ot rctg t tructur o otrtt gtur d oowg t w Fdr Cottuto. Mjor cg cudd:

T cg rom ucmr to two cmbr gtur;stor to r our r trm, wt o ourt o t st bg ctd r r;Rprtt woud umbr btw 60 d 100 d b ctd u;T ormr cut commtt w rpcd wt g goror (t goror coud r 9 r outo 12);T goror w g powr to to gt cto d to c pc o o t amb;

Judg rcd tur (o good bor) but wr ubjct to mpcmt; d

Crcut court (btw t tr court d t suprm Court) wr tbd.

Tr wr o cg md to t B o Rgt. Bot cort d br grd to prr c tg

artc.

T cottuto o 1790 oowd proc o dopto mr to 1776; dopto b t coto wt o ctob P otr. Wt 63 o t 69 dgt upportg t drt cottuto, t coto rcd oFbrur 6, 1790 to ow dgt to rtur om d prt, dcu, d dbt t proo wt t pubc.Dgt rcod o sptmbr 2, 1790 to ppro d g t documt, d t djourd.

Convention of 1837-1838 And the Constitution of 1839

nw c or cottuto coto bg oo t 1790 coto cocudd t work. Prur orcottuto rorm ctrd roud prmr rgumt: 1) t goror d b grtd too muc powr bt t cottuto (pc ppotmt powr o oc oc); 2) t trm o t goror oud b drom 9 out o 12 r; 3) grtg o corport crtr dd rorm; 4) judg oud ot b g t ur; d5) tr w d or proc to md t cottuto.

C or coto cotud ut 1835 w t gtur pd, b ct, ot or or gt cg cottuto coto. T coto w pprod b mjort o P otr t t t grcto.

Mtg hrrburg bgg M 1837, t trd coto prodd mot o bttr dbt mogt dgt. yt, r u wr rod, cudg mtto upo t t brod ppotmt powr o tgoror d owg or cg to t cottuto troug mdmt proc (up ut 1838 t cottutocoud o b cgd troug coto proc). Tt mdmt procdurppro b two ucc




17/67

Durg t trm t 1874 cottuto bcm crg outdtd d orpo to twtt cturrt. i rpo, t gtur rptd ddd g mdmt, mkg t cottuto, t opo oom, ptcwork o uworkb d coctg pproc to tt gormt.

Robert E. Woodside Commission (1957)

T Woodd Commo, ocd bcu t w crd b Judg Robrt e. Woodd, bg t work durg tdmtrto o Goror Gorg M. ldr. howr, t Commo rport, comptd 1959, woud b

ubmttd to Goror lwrc. T Commo rcommdd cg to o t 117 cto o t tgcottuto d propod ddg w cto.

T Woodd Commo w t rt bod to od pubc rg rgrdg cottuto u. it w o trt to mur pubc opo prt o t procdg, d t rt to mpo rrc t. Uortut, t oproducd rport tt m compd w too otrc d too tcc to p t pubc udrtd tu. T routo tt tbd t Commo cudd appd C.

at t cocuo o t dbrto, t Woodd Commo dd ot rcommd cottuto coto.itd, t orwrdd to t P amb t o mdmt. o udrcor t tt, propod cgwr td b c o mdmt, uc C i amdmt. Tr propo wr drgrdd b t amb.a t o C i d C ii mdmt oud appd D.

Project Constitution by the Pennsylvania Bar Association (1961)

Frutrtd tt t gtur rg gord t Woodd Commo rport d t rcommdto, tP Br aocto, b tbg Projct Coto, rtd t Woodd Commo Rport dt 1874 cottuto b tbg ourt commtt o w proor, wr, d judg. i , or 300commtt mmbr prtcptd, d rport w ud Jur o 1963. T rport cudd proporom t Woodd Commo, w d rom Projct Cottuto, d borrowd pproc ctd b otrtt. T w t rt ttmpt P tor to rwrt t tr tg cottuto.

ao ormd 1961 w t Commtt or stt Cottuto Ro d b Mto spp. Btw t Commttd Projct Cottuto tr w uct uc t gtur to c rrdum o cottutocoto or 1963, wc t otr o P dd ot ppro.

T P Br aocto dcdd to tk drct rpobt or cottuto (d pc judc)rorm tr dt o t 1963 rrdum. T Br aocto prprd rport tt cudd tw propodmdmt, dopd b pcc cottuto artc. T pproc w prt rpo to t WooddCommo ur to gt gt trt artc b artc (or scto b scto) rwrt o tcottuto. it w bd tt pcc mdmt wr r to commuct, p to t pubc, dg ccptc t gtur. Mot o t Br rcommdd cg rtd to artc v, t Judcroturprg g t ourc o t rcommdto.

Goror scrto put t tw mdmt bor t gtur 1966, o o wc w c or cottuto coto. votr pprod o t propo d cottuto coto w cd 1967tr r o prprto.

the 1967-1968 (liMited) Convention And the 1968 Constitution

i 1967 t Gr amb pd, d t Goror pprod, act no. 2 cg or mtd cottutocoto. Goror sr gd t cottuto coto b idpdc h o Mrc 16, 1967.

eXAMPles of votes in 1871, by County, for And AGAinst CAllinG APennsylvAniA ConstitutionAl Convention

Cf

CaC

AgaCa

CC

fCa

C

AgaCa

CAllegheny 22,644 359 Huntingdon 5,879 5Armstrong 6,033 39 Lancaster 16,862 116Blair 6,214 16 Lycoming 8,211 9Forest 269 1 Somerset 4,809 14Huntingdon 5,879 5 Wayne 4,452 9

i ct, mjort o otr oppod t coto o two o 67 cout: Brk (tr w bttr dputbtw t gtur d t Rdg Rrod rgrdg t rrod tto to purc co m dmoopo bot bu) d Gr.

Rut o t ot or to w cout tt oppod t rrdum or otd mor co r prtd toowg tb. T tot ttwd ot or cg coto w 316,097 or d 69,715 gt.

PennsylvAniA Counties votinG AGAinst CAllinG A ConstitutionAlConvention in 1871, or eXAMPles Where votes Were relAtively Close

Cf

CaC

AgaCa

C

Berks 5,269 10,905Greene 1,433 2,725Lehigh 5,836 4,020Montgomery 7,000 6,827

Northampton 5,491 3,784

Tr otr o to b rd b tudg t rcord o t coto. Dpt t orwmg pubcppro or coto, t dgt, ru, otd b r rrow mrg o mot propo during tcoto. B r, mot o t routo d moto put bor t coto wr ot pprod. Toug tctort co b orwmg umbr to c cottuto coto, popur upport dd ot trtto orwmg grmt mog dgt durg t ctu coto.

itrtg, mjor gt rorm o t coto w crg t umbr o Rprtt d stor t Gr amb. T propo to cr t hou to 200 rprtt (tr 203) d to cr tumbr o stor rom 33 to 50 w o w to tg gt bu. it w rgud tt twoud b mor dcut to corrupt rgr umbr o ctd oc. emp o routo tt wr pprod ordpprod durg t coto r prodd appd B.

the interiM Period (1874 to 1967)

C or cottuto cg dd ot d wt t 1874 cottuto. yt, t P ctort cottdtd c propod coto or t t 75 r, dtg ttmpt btw 1890 d 1963. T t(mtd) coto woud ot tk pc ut 1967.

C fCa

C

AgaCa

C

C f CaC

AgaCa

C

ag 22,644 359 hutgdo 5,879 5

armtrog 6,033 39 lctr 16,862 116Br 6,214 16 lcomg 8,211 9

Fort 269 1 somrt 4,809 14

hutgdo 5,879 5 W 4,452 9

C f C aC

AgaCa

C

Berks 5,269 10,905Greene 1,433 2,725

Lehigh 5,836 4,020

Montgomery 5,836 6,827

Northampton 5,491 3,784




18/67

T coto w mtd bot t gmt o topc g t dgt d b t tr mot ddto compt t work. T trgtd topc wr gt pportomt; judc dmtrto, orgto, dtur; oc gormt; d tt c (cpt or t uormt cu t tg Cottuto artcviiito d Fc).

act no. 2 cd or t cto o 150 dgt d dgtd 13 oco dgt, or tot o 163 dgt. it nombr 1967 mucp cto, otr ctd tr dgt rom c o t tt 50 tor dtrct.T oco dgt cudd t lutt Goror (wo w tr ctd Prdt o t Coto) dt Mjort d Mort drp o bot t st d t hou. a ttd act no. 2, oco mmbr

t powr o ctd dgt.

T mtto pcd upo t coto b act no. 2 cudd:

sttg trmot p or t coto, rom Dcmbr 1, 1967, to Fbrur 29, 1968 (djourgsine die);Bg rcommdto prmttg or probtg t mpoto o grdutd com t;Probtg cg to tt porto o t Cottuto pcg tt t oud b uorm or tm c o ubjct wt t trrtor mt o t utort g t t; dProbtg rcommdto to u t Motor lc Fud or purpo otr t pubc gw,brdg, d r tr ct.

T coto o 196768 cod t h o t hou o Rprtt hrrburg, d md toowg ocr: lt. Go. Rmod J. Brodrck, Prdt o t Coto; Robrt P. C, Frt vc Prdt;Frk a. Orb, Jr., scod vc Prdt; d Jm a. Mcr, scrtr.

T dgt bg tr gmt Dcmbr 1967 b ubmttg 209 propo ( mp o t propo prtd appd e) wc wr rrrd to t pproprt commtt d ubcommtt. hr c propow tudd, d d dbtd. Pubc rg wr t cdud to k prt ttmo d ct put.

etu, propo mrgd rom ubcommtt dbt d pubc rg. i Fbrur o 1968 tpropo wr g to t u coto or urtr dbt d mdmt. T wr doptd b t cotod rtd b t otr o apr 23, 1968. T propo wr:

sttg t umbr o Rprtt t 203 d umbr o stor t 50 to b rpportod tr cdc cu;lmtg tt borrowg bd o t ru, budgtg, c pg, d udtg;Prmttg t mpto d prodg or rmburmt o oc tg utort udr crtcodto;Prodg or om ru or ut o oc gormt;adoptg uorm ru or mrgr, coodto d boudr cg o oc gormt; detbg ud judc tm P.

hoW history shAPed the Current Constitution And Will shAPe futureConstitutionAl ChAnGes in PennsylvAniA

htor ot trog prcuror o t utur, d t 1968 P cottuto prmr mt romc o t prcdg our, dtg bck to 1776. hc, t currt cottuto bd upo 233 coct

r o utd cottuto gormt, otr prcpto d prort, uccu d uuccu ttmpt tcg, outo troug t dutr routo to t rtu word o tcoog, d rcrg cg P dmogrpc d oc mor.

o ct rmd u bout t cg P btw t 1873 d 1967 coto, d bcu

t grt mjort o t Commowt currt cottuto w wrtt 1873, t oowg tb ow tdrc propo md to c o P t two coto.

A CoMPArison of ProPosAls or Pet itions subMitted to the1873 And 1967 ConstitutionAl Conventions in PennsylvAniA

1873 C examp 1968 C exampi P ocm i sm ocm

G Wom tRgt to vot

Ct pttorom Ctr,york d otrcout

bd lgtpportomtprodg or 203rprtt d50 tor

CottutoCotoCommtt

approd

Probto o acoocBrg

Ct pttorom Womg,lctr dotr cout

D td s t t crtrcto bdupo t rud rtd mttr

Cottutocotodgt

Dtd

aowcorporto otcorportd tt to owproprt tt

Commtt oBu didutr

approd Prod omru opto or oc gormt

Cottutocotodgt

approd

Probtgrrod romowg com

iddud ttwdorgto

bd adop t o o ud judctm bd uposuprm Courtru

P Braocto

approd

aowCoctouObjcto to otBr arm

Rgou socto Frd P

Dtd addCommowtUrt toprrrd budgtttu

Cottutocotodgt

Dtd

Rqurgtgrpcomp to pubcoc d tocoduct trro tock

CotoDgt

D td l t todrct upportopubc coo

sg cotodgt

Rudoutd tmttoo tcoto

lmt umbro tock rud b rrod

CotoDgt

bd Fmg o documtrbout tcoto orkpg mtor

admtrtod FcCommtt

Dtd

issue Petitioned by outCoMe issue subMitted by outCoMe

G Womt Rgt tovot

Ct pttorom Ctr, yorkd otr cout

bd lgtpportomtprodgor 203rprttd 50 tor

CottutoCotoCommtt

approd

Probto o acoocBrg

Ct pttorom Womg,lctr d otrcout

D td stt crtrctobd upo tru drtd mttr

Cottutocotodgt

Dtd

aowcorporto otcorportd tt to owproprt tt

Commtt oBu didutr

approd Prod omru optoor ocgormt

Cottutocotodgt

approd

Probtg

rrod romowg com

iddu

d ttwdorgto

bd adopto o

ud judctm bdupo suprmCourt ru

P Br

aocto

approd

aowCoctouObjcto toot Br arm

Rgou socto Frd P

Dtd addCommowtUrt toprrrd budgtttu

Cottutocotodgt

Dtd

Rqurgtgrpcomp to pubcoc d tocoduct trro tock

CotoDgt

D td l t todrct upportopubccoo

sg cotodgt

Rud outdt mttoo tcoto

lmt umbro tock r

ud brrod

CotoDgt

bd Fmg o documtr

bout tcoto orkpg mtor

admtrtod Fc

Commtt

Dtd

1873 Convention eXAMPles 1968 Convention eXAMPles




19/67

the PerCeived need for eACh voter-APProved Conventioni P mor propo to c cottuto coto wr dtd t pd b t ctort. Wdd o om c otr ppro? o bg t t oowg tb t t coto, t prmrctt or c, t prcd d or coto, d t prur/codto o t tm tt d to pproo coto.

An AnAlysis of Constitutio nAl Conventions in Penn sylvAniA

Convention CAtAlyst need forConventionConteMPorAry PressuresthAt led to A Convention

1776 Ct o Pdp wtupport romtr ct P

Foowg drctoo CottCogrnw cottutowrtt outdt uc oWm P dt eg

lck o drp rom tgoror d ambCotgou tumoowg t rct gg ot Dcrto o idpdc PdpPotc trtg o t Rdc

1789 Cot o Rpubc tGr amb

Rqurmt toccommodt db compcwt w FdrCottutoC romt scodCott

Cogr or coo to drt cottuto

Prod o r rc P c t 1776cottutoi om c, mp romotr tt prodd bttrmod or gormt tructurCg potc tkg tocud cck d bc,

gormt trrc wtpro rgtR o cort tkg Pld uc o tRdc d t prcdd or mmdt cto bt pubc

1 837 C o t o D mo cr t t Gramb (wt oo coto oatmo dWg)

nd to ddrmrgg coomcd dutr gdopmt

Fc pc o 1837hg pdtur b tgtur or pubc work(c prtcur)Pubc c or bttr rgutoo bk d cttutoDtcto wt t powr omt dom g to prtcomp

R o br w mog totrRturd ttto to potcr tr t d o t Wro 1812

187273Coto

Pubc dmd orrorm; rptdptto to tGr ambb orgto

nd to ddrwdprdcorrupto kdto rpd coomcgrowtCoutr tcorrupto o tgtur

T bgg o tdutr routo d tccompg coomc doc cgPrd P tto dr trportto,mg, bkg d trdst o wt d powr rom

t Commowt to tbu ctorRpd growt o Pctitruo o t gtur tor pct o oc gormtstrt o potc mc drgm t rgt ctRpo to to u ocoomc growt d ctgormt

19671968Coto

P Braoctoa ModrCottuto orP,ic. wt dtgud,

ttwd bordGoror srwo 1966promd coto ctd gororsgctttto ddt prodd bt PrprtorCommttGororscrtoCommo oCottutoRo

nd to tkdcut udrct to totr tt coudot b rod t gtur

Pubc rpo to cto bt gturPrcd d to pccupdt t cottuto t r o gtpportomt, tto,rtop wt oc

gormt, d t ro/tructur o t judcribt to cotucottuto cg tg (or group o) gtmdmt proclg proo pu orcg to judc orgtod dmtrtoibt or gormt t to u prudt dbt orgormt work bcu ocottuto rtrcto

sc pg o t 1874 cottuto tr b ttmpt to c coto P. Btw

1873 d 1967 otr rjctd w coto tm. T t ot t prmr cto o M 1967rutd pg; t ot w 1,140,931 or o cottuto coto d 703,576 gt. Wt wrt cotmporr codto tt d to t dt o coto? T oowg tb ummr t ctt dcotmporr ro or dt b t ctort or cd cottuto coto.




20/67

ProPosed ConstitutionAl Conventionsnot APProved by the PennsylvAniA eleCtorAte

yeAr CAtAlyst forCAllinG theConvention

PurPose of theConvention

ConteMPorAryPressures thAt

led to defeAt of AConvention

1891 Propod b

Goror RobrtPtto

ittut cto rorm

Rmo powr rom t

potc mc t ttct

B t mdmt

proc or t d or coto (or t t dcd 86 mdmt wrput bor t ctort (59wr doptd)lck o pubc upport(otr dtd tcoto propo b mrg o 3 to 1)

1921 Cmpg promto c cotob Wm sprouGororppotd Commo oCottutoRo (sprouCommo)

Gr rorm tt cudd cut budgt, rqurdGr approprto b,c rc, d cr umbr o suprm Courtjudgnd to prod tt d ocgormt borrowg

Drt cottuto d mort 130 cg; otrot trtd comptrwrt o t cottutoOppoto b cortwo w t mmdtpotWord Wr i r pproprt or coto

Oppoto b br wo

dd ot ppro o tgoror ppot or Commolck o ttto to tcoto b t grpubc (t coto wdtd b or 100,000ot)

1935 C or cot ob Goror eract cmpgb t cutbrc or cotoappotmto adorCommtt o

CottutoRosupport o tDmocrtc Prt

Modcto to mout ttd oc gormt wrowd to borrowDr to brod gtutort to cmucptaddto o mdmtproc

Rct dopmt o ttd mucp utorttook om prur ot d or c rorm(pc rtd to dbtrc)sgct ocu o tprobm o t GrtDpro dtrctd rom

t urgc o cotovotr dpprod tpropod coto bbout 200,000 ot

1953 Dmocrt tlgturloc oc

addr t d or tCommowt d ocgormt to cc prudtdbto g ppro trcommdto o t erCommo

Pubc cmpg b toppoto to cocotr tt t cotow tdd to dopt grdutd com tlck o pto rgrdgow dgt woud bctd

Dtd b bout 160,000ot

1963 Pdg b Goror scrtoto c or cotoCggdmogrpctt uggtdP wog poputod workg gctFormto ot CtCommttoo codrco ttwd

orgtocg or cotoBggo coomcdc mjorPdutrProjctCottuto bt Br aoctoWooddCommo rport

impmt rcommdtoo t Woodd CommoRto tt ttdmogrpc (pcpoputo d coomcctt) wr o t dc

pd rcpto o tWoodd Rport b tpubcPg o mjor rorm dtructur cg trouggr ctoPubc dtrt cottuto u tt dgud or dcdT ot w co, wto 40,000 mor ot todppro t cotoout o bout 2,250,000 otctComptg doogwr orcd upo t

otr: tr ot or op coto wrrut wr ukow orot or t cocpt omutp mdmt b tWoodd Commo

a toroug rw o cottuto coto bot P to prod cocrt ro or trrjcto. Wt cr tt t ctort ow rptd t mrg trt coto. Fromdopto o t tg cottuto 1874 to t t coto 19671968, t otr rjctd c orcottuto coto o t tm. T oowg tb ow t tt o otr dppro.




21/67

votinG results for ConstitutionAl Convent ion bAllots in PennsylvAniA,1891 to 1963

dAte votes for APProvAl

votes fordisAPProvAl

votes for APProvAl As APerCent of totAl votes

nombr 3,189 173,813 420,598 29.2

sptmbr 20,1921 419,191 518,889 44.7

nombr 4,1924 329,883 988,442 25.0sptmbr 17,1935 916,949 1,184,160 43.6

nombr 3,1953 533,380 682,823 43.9

nombr 5, 1963 1,106,388 1,148,060 49.1

Toug trd m to ppr rom 1924 to 1963, rt t umbr r kwd b r ow otr turout om r. For tc, t rt co cto 1963 w bd upo 40 prct otr turout (tdrc btw dppro d ppro tt r w t 0.8 prct o rgtrd otr).

lessons leArned froM history

Wt o r prodd b t tor o tt coto? T oowg crcumtc ppr cruc to tppro or dt o t c or cottuto coto.

iming

iroc, t ppr tt momt tm w cottuto coto mot dd w tctort t trtd, or dtrctd, rom u mportt to gorc. For tc, t propodcoto 1918 d 1935 wr dmd pproprt gormt, commut d m

truggd t trmt o Word Wr i d t Grt Dpro, rpct.

a cod ro tt pubc upport or coto trog corrtd wt generaldcott mogt ctort. Toug mot otrprcd probm wt gormt r ot cr du to dct t cottuto, durg tm o dcott t pubc rt t tm rgt to coto to tg.

Prooud cg outside o governmentm o d t ctort to t d or cottuto cg.T m tru or t 18721873 coto t t bgg o t dutr routo, d or t 19671968 coto otr rd coomc dopmt d poputo P w bgg dowwrd pr.

approg coto P dom b otm ort. Ot r or dcd oprtt prur upo t gtur w dd to ct b or cottuto coto.

it m to pd, toug ot cott, tt cddt or goror promd to propo dupport cottuto coto. it w mor pu w bot (or ) gubrtor cddtdd o.

Primary catalysts

Gr, t cg o cottuto coto w pprod w pubc upportd d dord b

coalition o group. T w tru 18721873 w t pu or coto began wt t ctort,d tr w upportd b ttwd orgto d bot t Dmocrtc d Rpubc Prt.

Cor, coto upportd or dord prmr b rrow group (prp bcu t wr pc trt) or potc dr rd bd.

Stated purpose o the convention

Coto cd t m o rorm or ro dom pd w wt t ctort; specicdrd bttr ctt. Tt d, ow b t bt o t Woodd Commo to truct tpubc, t ctort mut u udrtd to pcc d.

Goror Ptto ttd purpo or coto 1891 w to tk o t potc mc P rgt ct; but otr d d ot ccpt t cr codto or coto (pcrom goror ctd t t g o 31).

T d to modr or cg prc artc d scto o t cottuto ttrctd mor potrpo rom otr, pc t prtto w pu to pubc udrtdg. T prod cruc t ppro o t 19671968 coto d t or t propod 1935 d 1963 coto.

Over the past century the Pennsylvania Assembly has used an increasing number o legislatively generated amendmentproposals to change the constitution rather than resort to calls or a convention

sc 1874 t d or cottuto coto b rducd b u o gt prdomc wtmdmt, d ck o udrtdg b t ctort o u tt bcom r comp dbod t dtod udrtdg o m ct (uc tt borrowg mt, t tructur o tjudcr, tt d oc c, om ru, d trt gormt tructur, to m w).

sc t 19671968 coto tr b 37 uccu ttmpt t cottuto ro outdo coto.

Public understanding and support

a otd mmdt bo, crg gormt ( o tru or growg umbr o amrcttuto d bu) bod t compro d udrtdg o t dbd prc ootr. T Woodd Commo, or tc, d tt ct o t ctort, d t proowo drtd t rport d dcut ummrg t mgu w.

Pubc upport m tk tm; but ptto or cottuto coto tt r b upportd b t

pubc r o o t mot drct w o ucg gtor.

Tere is a need or s trong, prominent leadership combined with legislative and citizen support

it ppr tt t bc o trog drp durg coto d to gu gug d poordgd comprom. Tr tt moto rtr t dbt p t product wdrcto ckg.Tr ormr goror prtd t opg pc or t 19671968 coto (Goror ldr,F, d scrto). Goror ldr kd t coto to ot wrt cottuto o cotrt butwrt o wc r our grt d rd cpct to rc t d o our pop.a t coto, w ot or pcc routo r md, ow t mrg o d ; tppr tt t dcut or cg coto do ot p ro t bt o t dgt togr or comprom o mjor u. strog d mprt drp dd to brg d kp dgttogtr.

Te need or substantial preparatory work is essential

T Prprtor Commtt 19671968 tcptd t d o t dgt d wcomd tm wt wd rg o ormto, propod coto tructur, rrc, d orgto mtr.a tot o 216 mpo wr rd t dmtrt t or t 19671968 cottuto coto;o t, 157 wr gt mpo ( ppotd poto td tr mot d wr cd b $1.56 mo budgt, or bout $10 mo tod dor)




22/67

Tere is little history o the behind-the-scenes workings o the conventions; but they were not the politics-ree or lobbying-reeidealistic gatherings portrayed in most written accounts o past conventions

For tc, rw o t cotmporr wppr ccout o t 19671968 coto uggtT coto bg o g ot o dm, but t dgt wr quck ttckdob trt group d obbt ( utur coto woud b mor pro to uc prurbd upo t gr umbr o trt group d obbt ddd or t pt 40 r,pu t dt o ubqutou commucto tcoog); d

it cr tt crt dgt crrd mg or trd routoo

or orgto wtmr trt, or or o wc t wr mmbr.T oco mmbr o t coto t dd ot prtcpt t coto or bd bt ru or bg dgt (wt our cpto: lt. Go. Rmod Brodrck, hrbrt Fm, K.lro ir, d Robrt Fmg)

Historic contributions o Pennsylvania constitutions

a documt mportt d rct o t pop cottuto w root tt tor. For tc,P rd mp or otr tt d t Fdr Cottuto; d t P cottutoo 1776 w orr rm mjor uc o t oudto o t dr gormt d cottuto.

Muc o t Fdr B o Rgt w bd upo P 1776 Cottuto. Otr tt o borrowd P gormt tructur (toug mjor drc w t ucmr P amb,ttrbutd to Bjm Frk wo td two ou woud d to cott rcto d bt to gt).howr, wrtg d mpmtg w r two togtr drt k. W t wrtg o r cotowr rrd d dptd b otr tt, P t w tt o rc or muc o t ttr prt ot 1700. ambm rud to ttd gt o d o quorum coud b rd or r. O trt Cott Cogr trtd to tk or t tt gormt dd t gtur bg to g mt. i

ddto, t Commowt d roug trt dg t tructur o tt gormt. Frt, tr w troggtur wtout goror. etu goror dd rpc cut brc commtt, but t judc tmrmd wk, rgmtd, d dorgd. sr cottuto wr dd to crt proc o cck dbc, d m t b P t to d optmum outo.

Otr rt t to gt rom P cud: rprtto bd upo proporto o tot poputo t tt, o c or proprt qucto or to kg oc, d dpdt judcr tm.

Key fACtors thAt Contributed to Convention suCCess or fAilure

Coct o b prodd b c o P coto d cottuto to gud t tcoto. T oowg tb ummr uc ctor.

lessons leArned froM PennsylvAniA ConstitutionAl Conventions

ACtivity strenGths WeAKnesses

CotoCommucto

Mm prcoto pubctd ogog md corgscr d t bod wt dtrtg prtFocu cru o t u omot d (or pcd b mtdcoto)Bc ttmo btw tmou d otomouiu rport to ummr u dcoto procdgProd g, oc ourc oormto d coto corg

lttg md r or pro drmmog dgt dtrct rom roucoto u (toug cotrodrd c b pu)not ug b md torc t pubc (wc woud owcud u o otwr d qupmtcomptb wt tpc om/ocqupmt)no g pro or cotoupport group crg o md dcommucto

Prprtor Work U commtt to rt ddr tmot comp or t uetb jot tk orc wt ttorgto or prtcur compuh t prprtor commtt do muc pob d o tm.Prod propod tructur d ruor t dgtPrpr t cr rrc

d bckgroud ormto ordmto to dgt

not dtrmg bor t cotot pproprt o pottcoto u ttutor,mdmt, or tru cottutou

Cototmpo

k u dtg o dbt dcru dbrto (do ot ru tcoto)iu oud b groupd to crt mportc o c tkWork ptt troug t dbt;tr r cout trt grouptt wt to prtcpthod t cr umbr opubc rg to od d oruproduct rdudt dbtdurg t cotoit prtcpt rom d o u

not owg t pc o t cototo r; ctt m occur tpurtFur to od dt tt ow dow cotooo w pubc rg to b cuo to wo w to prtcptattmpt to rc wd ccptdrouto troug pubc rg; wtor t cotoFur to gt oppog group to worktogtr muc pob d otm

CotoProcdg

Crt tpbtp pproc todbt d prtto

U commtt to rt ddr t

mot comp or t uJot tk orc wt ttwdorgto c ro om ubor or durg coto

Fg to kp group, pt, dprt ocud o ogtrm outo

(t w cottuto m d to tdcd or grto)




23/67

Convention APProAChes thAt Proved suCCessful or unsuCCessful

ec coto rprt drt tm prod t tor o P, but wt workd durg ccoto prod commo tor o. a ummr o coto pproc, d tr ct, prodd b t oowg tb.

Co nve nt io n W hAt WAs s uCCe ssful Wh At P rove d unsuCCe ss ful

1776 Pot c poturg b t Rdc

Fdg trog drpOpg t dgt ctoproc to cud ct rom prt o t tt d romutrdto bckgroudMog quck to tk dtg ot ctmt or t Dcrtoo idpdchodg t coto Pdp (t t cpto)etbg pportomt orprtto mog cout dPdp

attmpt to o brod,

rprtt bod o dgt (mgroup rud to prtcpt)Drrg to promt mmbr o tcoto o om u (Frk cor ucmr amb, or tc)Crto o ecut Couc tdo g GororCrto o Couc o Cor to t judgmt o t Gr amblck o tructur or ud judcr

17891790 lg tu r w md b c mrsg cut, t Goror, wtbdOru o t judcr tmagrmt btw br d

cort to t B oRgt ucgd

Drc to t wrtr o t 1776cotoattmpt to brg togtr t trpotc prt o t tm: tDmocrt, t Wg, d t

atmo (toug t ttr two groupot jod to gt t Dmocrt)

1837 strog coto drpook dtg o t tm tpotc ctmtPubc trt t cotooowg t coomc pc o1837Prprto or pubc ductotmBgg o cottutomtto o t ubtt powro t Gr ambaddg proc to md tcottuto

ibt to rtructur d u tjudcr brca cotug pr cuo o owt rom otg Pibt to u ddr u ogormt corrupto (tr ddrdb mdmt)

18721873 e tmt o d tgud ttdr

hg comptc o t cotodgtFrom t bgg t cotow trtd or, grrorm o gormt tructurno mjor cg to t B oRgt (t ctg gto orbdt coto to ddr t B oRgt, wc t dgt ttdw d)

Dcut ddrg om u du tobttr prt do

Orrprtto o rrod cut dgt w ddrg mdmtrtrctg rrod moopoProgr w too ow to kp pubctrt

19671968 T cocpt o mtg cototopcKpg t coto to trmotPuttg rcommdto to torm o mdmt wt dqutp eg dcrptosttmt b t dgt to t

pubc t t cocuo o tcotoT ct prcotowork prodd b t PrprtorCommttstrog d dtgud drpa rg umbr o promtP (cudg trgoror) wo upportd coto d took tr mgto t pubcF propo tt wr doptd bt otr

Ru to ow mg d otr mdor torc prrto o cotoctticudg mmbr o t Gramb oco (cpt rr c)attmpt to corrct t ct tt moto t cottuto w omt to tcoto (tt ct bcu t otr

d pprod mtd coto)

Jut w do t 19671968 coto, t w b uu to bg utur cottuto coto P wt rw d udrtdg o pt coto.




24/67

ChAPter 2

FUnDaMenal PRinCiPles ha shaPeDhe Pennsylvania COnsiUiOnal

COnveniOn exPeRienCe

A people that values its privileges above its principles soon loses both.DWiGh D. eisenhOWeR

A brief revieW of PolitiCAl sCienCeAnd ConstitutionAl Conventions

Fudmt prcp (or potc poop t omtm cd) d gormt t d dtrmt rtop btw gormt d tt (cottuto, potc, w, ct rgt, ddu rgt drdom, tructur, utort, gtmc, d oc tougt).

Potc poop tt cotrbutd to t Fdr d P Cottuto r ummrd t cptr.T ot dtd tor; compt tor bod t cop o t tud d b wr.

Muc crdt g to t utor o our Fdr Cottuto or tr bod, org tougt, d bt toproduc tg documt. notwttdg tr brr d prctct, t wr o w rd, d u wro t potc d d dbt tkg pc r prt o t word. Tr dbrto wr grt ucdb t wrtg o otr wo prcdd tm or wo wr ct t t tm o t rt to cottutocoto.

i trm o amrc tor, t udmt prcp o gormt bg wt t Grk (Pto d artot),cotud troug t Rom empr (wt t troducto o cck d bc), t Brt Routo (d toto o b o rgt), d t oudg o amrc dmocrc.

som o t rt mp o modr wtr prcp r Pto RepublicdAristotles Politics. Bot orddtd o pott potc ttuto d t t oudto or potc tougt r c. T Romcotud t trdto wt t wrtg o Ccro d Pobu. addg Crt tougt to potc torbg wt Tom aqu, dg to st. augutCity o God. Potc d ttuto powr wr pordb nccoo Mc, oowd b Tom hobb, wo pubg oLeviathan 1651 pd cruc ro amrc dbt. Tt m r t lrAgreement o the Peoplebcm t rt propod cottuto eg tor. B t d o t ctur t wrtg o Jo lock d JJcqu Rouu d bcom domt ourc o uc. Coct, t poopr prodd drcto to cottuto utor cg bk t o ppr. it rob t woud rt tur to to wo d tudd gormt or t ctur.

Political principles and the Federal Constitution

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ucd b Jm Mdo d Vices o the Political System o the United States d o O Ancient andModern Conederacies. Durg t coto Jo adm pubd Deence o the Constitutions o Government othe United States o America, wc bcm domt ourc o dbt.

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Protect its citizens from potential or actual foreign enemies;Mt brt b urg ddu rgt d b pcg rtrcto upo wt gormt c do tot c

citizens guide to modern constitutional convention in pennsylvania

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