city cooperation for sustainable waste management...• eco2 cities by wb (ecology and economy) •...
TRANSCRIPT
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
City‐City Cooperation for Sustainable Waste Management
‐
Technology Transfer through N‐S‐S network
9 Sep 2013IPLA Global Forum 2013
Boras, Sweden Kazunobu Onogawa
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
2
Waste Management & Future of Cities
• Global Perspectives ‐
emerging economies and population booming
‐
limited resources’
availability ‐
global environmental concerns
• National/Local Perspectives ‐
sustainable management of the society
(social, environmental & economic: shortage of landfill sites, management cost, NIMBY etc)
• Well shared unique position of “Cities”; Only cities;
‐
know the real condition, ‐
can take integrated approach, etc.
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
3
Planning and Implementation
• Implementation is “ALL”• Critical components for implementation
‐
level of commitment (leadership and citizen participation)
‐
capacity (technical, financial) • Understanding of different conditions & different
solutions, ‐
No single answer applicable to all
• Goals and Tools ‐
zero waste/3R approach
• Cooperation with, and support of other stakeholders
• IPLA ?
Structure of national regulations and local functions for waste management in Japan
4
The Basic Environment
Law
The Basic Law for Establishing
the Recycling‐based Society
Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound Material‐
Cycle Society (revised every 5 yrs)
Waste Management and Public
Cleansing Law
Basic principle of waste
management
Development plan of waste
treatment facility
Law for the Promotion of
Effective Utilization of
Resources
Containers and Packaging
Recycling Law
Home Appliance Recycling Law
Food Waste
Recycling Law
Construction and Demolition
Waste
Recycling Law
End‐of‐life Vehicle Recycling
Law
Green Purchasing Law(Public procurement )
Waste Management Plan of
Provincial Govt.
Action Plan of Waste
Management (Every year)
Master Plan of Waste
Management (10~15 yr)
Basic Environmental Plan
National G
ovt.
Mun
icipalities
Provincial
Govt.
Sound waste
management Promotion of
recycling
National G
ovt.
Law/Regulation
Plan/Guideline
PCsBatteries
Guideline for
Development of a MP of
Waste Management at
local authority
National Guideline
National Plan
Local Plan
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
5
Japanese approach based on 3R (Material flow)
FY2000 FY2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
昭和60 平成2 7 12 17 22 27
最終
処分
量(
100万
t)
年度
【目標値】
23百万トン
FY2000:56 million
tonsFY2009:
19 mil. tons
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Inlet: resource productivity Cycle: cyclical use rate
Outlet: final disposal amountAll indicators in steady progress toward targetsFY2000(base yr)
FY2009 (% change over FY2000)
FY2015
(target yr)
Resource
productivity
(Y10,000/t)
26.3 40.3
(+53%) 42
Cyclical use
rate (%) 10.0
14.9(+4.9
points) 14~15
Final disposal
amount (mil. t) 56 19
(‐
67%) 23
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
昭和60 平成2 7 12 17 22 27
循環
利用
率(
%)
年度
【目標値】
14~15%
FY2009:14.9%FY2000:
10.0%
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
20150
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
昭和60 平成2 7 12 17 22 27
資源
生産
性(
万円
/t)
年度
【目標値】
42万円/トン
FY2009:Y403,000/tonsFY2000:
Y263,000/tons
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
GDP/natural resources input Cyclical use/(natural resources input + cyclical use )
Progress Measured by Material Flow IndicatorsProgress Measured by Material Flow Indicators
Fiscal YearFiscal Year
Fiscal Year
Target:Y420,000/t
Target:Y23 mil. t
Target:14-15%
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
7
Future trend of Asian cities
• Global population 8 billion by 2025
‐
5 billion in cities• 33 mega cities in 2015
‐
27 in developing countries ‐
2/3 are in Asia
• MSW in Asia is 1 million t/day (currently) ‐
1.8 million t/day in 2025
• Examples of actions in 2 cities in Asia Cases of Nagoya, Japan and Surabaya, Indonesia
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
8
Case of Nagoya: Case of citizen participation
• 1994 new plan of landfill site development
• 1996‐98
emerging concern on protection of wetland for migratory birds
• Jan 98
give up the plan Feb 98
emergency declaration on W/M
• ‐2000
further promotion 3R, utilizing economic, legislative and social measures
Jun‐Aug
citizen discussion meetings (2,300 times)• 2000‐02
further strict waste management
Nov 02
registration as Ramsar Convention site• ‐
2011
80% reduction
of landfill (compared to
1998) 20% reduction
of W/M expense
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
9
Thank you very much for your attention!
Surabaya CitySurabaya City
Main cities where
Surabaya’s composting
practices were
replicated
Main cities where
Surabaya’s composting
practices were
replicated
Tarakan
Surabaya CitySurabaya City
Main cities where
Surabaya’s composting
practices were replicated
Main cities where
Surabaya’s composting
practices were replicated
Tarakan
Environmental cooperation with
Kitakyushu City since 2001
Environmental cooperation with
Kitakyushu City since 2001
Population: 3 million
2nd
largest in Indonesia
Population: 3 million
2nd
largest in Indonesia
Case of Surabaya city: leadership and cooperation
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
10
Composition of wastes in Surabaya, Indonesia
11
DE‐CENTRALIZED COMPOSTING
Figure 8 Operational flow of Takakura Composting Method(Prepared by Maeda (2009) with technical supervision by Kouji Takakura, JPec Co., Ltd.)
Features:1. Fast
and less space requirement
2. No foul smell (not rotting)
Features:1. Fast
and less space requirement
2. No foul smell (not rotting)
3. Low‐cost, low‐tech and easy operation4. Using only local materials5. Active microorganism in compost enriches the soil
3. Low‐cost, low‐tech and easy operation4. Using only local materials5. Active microorganism in compost enriches the soil
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
12
Two types of Composting
• Centralized Composting ‐
Large scale impact
‐
CDM and economic incentives ‐
New job opportunities for management
‐
Large financial investment ‐
Difficulties of finding users of produced compost
• De‐centralized Composting ‐
Small scale (Household based) with small budget
‐
Bottom up approach with strong leadership ‐
Citizen participation = Promotion of Env.
awareness ‐
Easy diffusion of produced compost
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
13
Case of Surabaya, Social and environmental benefits
14
OUTPUT: WASTE REDUCTION * Note: Benowo is the only final disposal site in Surabaya City.(Data source: Cleansing and Landscaping Department, Surabaya)
20092008
20% reduction in 4 years!20% reduction in 4 years!
1,500t/day
or more
1,500t/day
or more1,300t/day (2007)1,300t/day (2007)
1,150t/day (2008)1,150t/day (2008)
1,000t/day (2009)1,000t/day (2009)
30% reduction in 5 years!!30% reduction in 5 years!!
Average daily amount of waste disposed at Benowo Landfill* in Surabaya, 2004‐2009
[t/day]
Surabaya’s Model
Composting CentreComposting CentreVegetable marketsVegetable markets
householdshouseholds Compost BasketCompost Basket
City parksCity parks
Greenery Greenery
Gardens Gardens
RecyclablesRecyclables
Paper,s metals, glass, cloth,
PET bottles, plastics, e‐waste
Replacing the use of
chemical fertiliser(Cost saving for the city!)
<Inputs> <Outputs><Processing>
Waste Bank
Green waste
(leaves, tree branches)
Green waste
(leaves, tree branches)
Selling plantsand vegetablesSelling plantsand vegetables
Income
Income
Free distribution by
the city (17,000 units)
Monitoring bycommunity leaders
Capital investment
by the city (15 sites)
LandfillLandfill
Collection &
transportation
The whole system is managed by the city government
Decentralized model
Running cost
15
Spreading Surabaya’s model in other cities and countries
16
SurabayaSurabayaBagoBago
BangkokBangkok
LalitpurLalitpur
SibuSibu
CebuCebu
Cavite
Puerto
Princesa
Talisay
Sankamphaeng
Sri Lacha
Semarang
Medan
Makassar
Palembang
Central Jakarta
Balikpapan
Tarakan
INDONESIAPHILIPPINES NEPAL
MALAYSIATHAILAND
Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
17
Expansion of City – City network and CCAC
• Case of Kitakyushu & Surabaya cooperation, and further extension to other cities and countries
‐
Good example of City – City cooperation (N‐S‐S)
• Currently Japan (MOEJ) is interested in such City‐ City cooperation
• Interest in CCAC
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
18
CCAC and Waste Management
• 3R & CCAC frame work ‐
Japan joined CCAC since 2013 with strong interest,
among others, in waste management initiative• Targets: CH4 and Black Carbon (Short Lived Climate
Pollutants = SLCP)• Support for Assessments, Action Plan Development,
Capacity Development, and
CCAC is not a funding mechanism for implementation, construction of big facilities,
But……..
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
19
CCAC: Supporting mechanism for ownership based actions
• Better waste management for their own interests such as;
‐
less waste, less cost for waste management ‐
interest in green city
• Through; ‐
getting advice to materialize green city
‐
getting support for action plan development, ‐
utilizing own capacity and activities
‐
networking among cities under similar conditions South‐South Cooperation
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
20
Potential Cities in Asia for further consideration
Potential (semi)mentor Cities Recipient CitiesCountry City Country City Country CityJapan Kitakyushu Indonesia Balikpapan Cambodia KampotJapan Tokyo Indonesia Banjarmassin Cambodia Phnom PenhCambodia Battambang Indonesia Makassar Cambodia PreahIndonesia Jogjakarta Indonesia Palembang Cambodia PursatIndonesia Palembang Indonesia Tarakan Cambodia Siem ReapIndonesia Surabaya1 Indonesia Semarang Cambodia SihanoukvilleMalaysia Hang Tuah Jaya Malaysia Kampar Lao PDR VangviengMalaysia Iskandar Malaysia Kuching North Lao PDR XamneuaPhilippines Cebu Malaysia Melaka Lao PDR Luang PrabangPhilippines Puerto Princesa Malaysia Putrajaya Lao PDR SavannakhetThailand Muangklang Malaysia Sibu Lao PDR Vientiane CapitalThailand Nonthaburi Philippines Naga Myanmar MandalayThailand Phitsanulok Philippines Palo Myanmar TaunggyiThailand Bangkok Philippines San Fernando Myanmar YangonThailand Nakorn Rachasima Philippines Santiago Viet Nam Can Tho
Thailand Maehongson Viet Nam Cao LanhThailand Pattaya Viet Nam Da NangThailand PichitThailand Rayong
This table does not suggest collaboration pairs, it is in alphabetical order by country then city
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
21
W/M and cooperation with related activities
• IPLA• 3R Regional Forum in Asia and Pacific (islands)
‐
4th meeting in Indonesia, Feb 2014• ESC
Model Cities Programme
(by ASEAN)
‐
Demand based support (initiation of local governments)
• ECO2 cities by WB (Ecology and Economy)• Future of Cities Forum (since 2011, Bali, New Delhi,
Hamburg)• CCAC initiative (short lived climate pollutants , SLCP)
‐‐‐
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
22
Thank you