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CITY IN THE COUNTRY: QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF A WATER SUPPLY WATERSHED, SARATOGA SPRINGS, NY Wiles-Skeels, Robin H. 1 and Nichols, Kyle K. 2 , 1 Environmental Studies and 2 Geosciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 ABSTRACT Significant recent and projected future growth in Saratoga County, New York, and in the 13.7 km 2 Loughberry Lake watershed in particular, creates impermeable surfaces, such as roads, parking lots and roofs, that increase runoff volume and peak storm water discharge. In the Loughberry Lake watershed, most land use change is from well-drained, sandy forests to the mixed impermeable and greenspace land uses of commercial and residential zones. Such land use change increases the surface runoff and decreases the groundwater recharge that is important to sustain reservoir levels through the high-demand summer months. We quantified land use change from 1980 to 2001, a period of rapid development in the Lake Loughberry watershed. We used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to quantify the 1980 data from the Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center (EDC) land use classification that only allows for a generalized estimate of land use areas. We digitized the 2001, using GIS, from 12” per pixel high-resolution orthophotographic images. For the 2001 data, we digitized all impermeable surfaces including houses, roads, and parking lots, greenspace, and forested areas. Thus, the 2001 data are more precise than the 1980 data. Based on a 10-year 24-hour storm, and using the curve number approach, the total runoff volume has increased 304% from undeveloped conditions of 100% forest cover, similar to the conditions in the 1870s when the reservoir was built. The runoff volume from 1980 to 2001 for the same design storm has increased 26%. Using the rational runoff model, peak discharges in 2001 are 160% over the undeveloped condition and 54% higher than the 1980 land use cover. Such time-series measurements of land use change provide useful research experience for undergraduate students and also provides valuable data on the expansion of impermeable surfaces within critical watersheds. In Saratoga Springs, this project is providing important information on land use practices at a time when the city is looking to expand its summer water supply. INTRODUCTION - Loughberry Lake supplies Saratoga Springs with its drinking water - Demand for water increases yearly, and doubles during the summer horse racing (tourist) season - Development in the Loughberry Lake watershed has increased significantly over the past two decades - Development and impervious surfaces decrease groundwater recharge areas - Groundwater recharge is essential for the lake to maintain reservoir levels during high- demand summer months - Groundwater sustains Loughberry Lake reservoir levels suitable for Saratoga Springs use METHODS - U.S.G.S. 1:24,000 topographic maps used to define watershed boundary - Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) data used to quantify 1980 land use - 12'' per pixel high-resolution orthophotographic images used to delineate 2001 land use (houses, roads, parking lots, greenspace, forested areas) - GIS used to quantify 2001 land use areas - Soil names from Engineering Handbook 4 (1972) used to verify hydrologic soil conditions - Rational runoff model (Dunne and Leopold, 1978) used to quantify peak discharges from 1980 and 2001 land uses - Curve number approach (Dunne and Leopold, 1978) used to quantify runoff volume from 1980 and 2001 land uses - Calculations based on 10-yr design storms of 24, 6, 1, and 0.5 hour durations REFERENCES Dunne, Thomas and Leopold, Luna B., 1978. Water In Environmental Planning: W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 718 p. Soil Conservation Service, 1972. National engineering handbook section 4: Hydrology. Washington, D.C., USA: United States Department of Agriculture. curve numbers from Dunne and Leopold, 1978 1980 Earth Resources Observation Systems Data Center land use classification for Loughberry Lake watershed Loughberry Lake watershed soil types Hydrology group A: loamy sand (mud, silt, clay and sand mixture) - low runoff potential Hydrology Group C: rolling, rocky - high runoff potential 2001 aerial photo of Loughberry Lake watershed 2001 land cover delineation in Loughberry Lake watershed A C New York State Saratoga County United States ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Bob Jones for GIS expertise. Funding for this project was provided by the Rathmann Foundation and Skidmore College. NEXT STEP - Saratoga Springs is looking to use Saratoga Lake or the Upper Hudson River as a new water source - We will perform similar hydrologic analyses for the Saratoga Lake watershed - We will evaluate projected development in the Saratoga Lake watershed for the next 20 to 30 years (based on zoning and population data) to see how runoff and peak discharge will change and influence Saratoga Lake water quantity and water quality IMPLICATIONS - Best results, for small basins, are obtained from high resolution aerial photographs compared to "generalized" EROS land use data (trade time for accuracy) - Development in the neighboring town of Wilton significantly increases runoff volume (26 to 58%) and peak discharge (54%) for 10-year storms - Greater surface runoff volumes and peak discharges increase pollutant transport to the lake - More runoff and less infiltration exasperates water shortage during drought due to less groundwater recharge into Loughberry Lake - Continued development will further diminish water quantity and quality - Effects of development on Loughberry Lake necessitate either 1) water conservation and better watershed management or 2) a new water supply for Saratoga Springs 24hr 6hr 1hr 30min 1870 50,000 25,000 0 0 1980 161,000 101,000 39,000 31,000 2001 203,000 140,000 60,000 49,000 % increase 1980-2001 26 38 53 58 10-yr STORM RUNOFF VOLUME (m 3 ) 24hr 6hr 1hr 30min 1870 2.2 6.6 22 37 1980 3.7 11 38 62 2001 5.7 17 58 96 % increase 1980-2001 54 54 54 54 10-yr STORM PEAK DISCHARGE (m 3 /s) Land use Curve # Hydrologic Condition Mixed Forest 30 good condition Cropland and Pasture 60 good condition Commercial 70 <70 % impervious Built up areas 40 <25% impervious Residential 54 good condition Roads 98 paved soil groups from Soil Conservation Service, 1972 curve numbers from Dunne and Leopold, 1978 CURVE NUMBERS USED FOR 1980 DATA Land use Curve # Hydrologic Condition Forest (sandy) 30 good condition Forest (not sandy) 60 good condition, low infiltration Greenspace 40 good condition Roads 98 paved Roofs 98 impervious soil groups from Soil Conservation Service, 1972 curve numbers from Dunne and Leopold, 1978 CURVE NUMBERS USED FOR 2001 DATA Rainfall (in) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Storm Runoff (in) 2 4 6 8 1968 aerial photo of Loughberry Lake Notice minimal development north of lake October 2003 development in Loughberry Lake watershed Cropland Residential Built up Commercial Roads Mixed Forest Loughberry Forest not sandy Forest sandy Roads Greenspace Roofs Loughberry *North is to the top of the poster in each map, Loughberry Lake is ~1.5 km long

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Page 1: CITY IN THE COUNTRY: QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS OF LAND … · 2018-09-28 · METHODS - U.S.G.S. 1:24,000 topographic maps used to define watershed boundary - Earth Resources Observation

CITYINTHECOUNTRY:QUANTIFYINGTHEEFFECTSOFLANDUSECHANGEONTHEHYDROLOGYOFAWATERSUPPLYWATERSHED,SARATOGASPRINGS,NY

Wiles-Skeels,RobinH.1andNichols,KyleK.2,

1EnvironmentalStudiesand

2Geosciences,SkidmoreCollege,SaratogaSprings,NY12866

ABSTRACT

SignificantrecentandprojectedfuturegrowthinSaratogaCounty,NewYork,andinthe

13.7km2LoughberryLakewatershedinparticular,createsimpermeablesurfaces,suchas

roads,parkinglotsandroofs,thatincreaserunoffvolumeandpeakstormwaterdischarge.In

theLoughberryLakewatershed,mostlandusechangeisfromwell -drained,sandyforeststo

themixedimpermeableandgreenspacelandusesofcommercialandresidentialzones.

Suchlandusechangeincreasesthesurfacerunoffanddecreasesthegroundwaterrecharge

thatisimportanttosustainreservoirlevelsthroughthehigh-demandsummermonths.

Wequantifiedlandusechangefrom1980to2001,aperiodofrapiddevel opmentinthe

LakeLoughberrywatershed.WeusedGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)toquantifythe

1980datafromtheEarthResourcesObservationSystems(EROS)DataCenter(EDC)land

useclassificationthatonlyallowsforageneralizedestimateoflanduseareas.Wedigitized

the2001,usingGIS,from12”perpixelhigh-resolutionorthophotographicimages.Forthe

2001data,wedigitizedallimpermeablesurfacesincludinghouses,roads,andparkinglots,

greenspace,andforestedareas.Thus,the2001dataaremoreprecisethanthe1980data.

Basedona10-year24-hourstorm,andusingthecurvenumberapproach,thetotalrunoff

volumehasincreased304%fromundevelopedconditionsof100%forestcover,similartothe

conditionsinthe1870swhenthereservoirwasbuilt.Therunoffvolumefrom1980to2001

forthesamedesignstormhasincreased26%.Usingtherationalrunoffmodel,peak

dischargesin2001are160%overtheundevelopedconditionand54%higherthanthe1980

landusecover.

Suchtime-seriesmeasurementsoflandusechangeprovideusefulresearchexperience

forundergraduatestudentsandalsoprovidesvaluabledataontheexpansionofimpermeable

surfaceswithincriticalwatersheds.InSaratogaSprings,thisprojectisprovidingimportant

informationonlandusepracticesatatimewhenthecityislookingtoexpanditssummer

watersupply.

INTRODUCTION

-LoughberryLakesuppliesSaratogaSpringswithitsdrinkingwater

-Demandforwaterincreasesyearly,anddoublesduringthesummerhorseracing(tourist)

season

-DevelopmentintheLoughberryLakewatershedhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthepast

twodecades

-Developmentandimpervioussurfacesdecreasegroundwaterrechargeareas

-Groundwaterrechargeisessentialforthelaketomaintainreservoirlevelsduringhigh-

demandsummermonths

-GroundwatersustainsLoughberryLakereservoirlevelssuitableforSaratoga

Springsuse

METHODS

-U.S.G.S.1:24,000topographicmapsusedtodefinewatershedboundary

-EarthResourcesObservationSystems(EROS)datausedtoquantify1980landuse

-12''perpixelhigh-resolutionorthophotographicimagesusedtodelineate2001landuse(houses,

roads,parkinglots,greenspace,forestedareas)

-GISusedtoquantify2001landuseareas

-SoilnamesfromEngineeringHandbook4(1972)usedtoverifyhydrologicsoilconditions

-Rationalrunoffmodel(DunneandLeopold,1978)usedtoquantifypeakdischargesfrom1980and

2001landuses

-Curvenumberapproach(DunneandLeopold,1978)usedtoquantifyrunoffvolumefrom1980and

2001landuses

-Calculationsbasedon10-yrdesignstormsof24,6,1,and0.5hourdurations

REFERENCES

Dunne,ThomasandLeopold,LunaB.,1978.WaterInEnvironmentalPlanning:W.H.Freeman

andCo.,NewYork,718p.

SoilConservationService,1972.Nationalengineeringhandbooksection4:Hydrology.

Washington,D.C.,USA:UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.

curvenumbersfromDunneandLeopold,1978

1980EarthResourcesObservationSystems

DataCenterlanduseclassificationfor

LoughberryLakewatershed

LoughberryLakewatershedsoiltypes

HydrologygroupA:loamysand(mud,silt,clay

andsandmixture)-lowrunoffpotential

HydrologyGroupC:rolling,rocky-highrunoff

potential

2001aerialphotoofLoughberryLake

watershed

2001landcoverdelineationin

LoughberryLakewatershed

A

C

NewYorkState

SaratogaCounty

UnitedStates

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

WethankBobJonesforGISexpertise.Fundingforthisproject

wasprovidedbytheRathmannFoundationandSkidmore

College.

NEXTSTEP

-SaratogaSpringsislookingtouseSaratogaLakeor

theUpperHudsonRiverasanewwater

source

-Wewillperform

similarhydrologicanalysesforthe

SaratogaLakewatershed

-Wewillevaluateprojecteddevelopmentinthe

SaratogaLakewatershedforthenext20to30years

(basedonzoningandpopulationdata)toseehow

runoffandpeakdischargewillchangeandinfluence

SaratogaLakewaterquantityandwaterquality

IMPLICATIONS

-Bestresults,forsmallbasins,areobtainedfromhighresolutionaerialphotographscompared

to"generalized"EROSlandusedata(tradetimeforaccuracy)

-DevelopmentintheneighboringtownofWiltonsignificantlyincreasesrunoffvolume(26

to58%)andpeakdischarge(54%)for10-yearstorms

-Greatersurfacerunoffvolumesandpeakdischargesincreasepollutanttransporttothelake

-Morerunoffandlessinfiltrationexasperateswatershortageduringdroughtduetoless

groundwaterrechargeintoLoughberryLake

-Continueddevelopmentwillfurtherdiminishwaterquantityandquality

-EffectsofdevelopmentonLoughberryLakenecessitateeither1)waterconservationand

betterwatershedmanagementor2)anewwatersupplyforSaratogaSprings

24hr

6hr

1hr

30min

187050,000

25,000

00

1980161,000

101,000

39,000

31,000

2001203,000

140,000

60,000

49,000

%increase

1980-2001

26

38

53

58

10-yrSTORMRUNOFFVOLUME(m

3)

24hr

6hr

1hr

30min

1870

2.2

6.6

22

37

1980

3.7

11

38

62

2001

5.7

17

58

96

%increase

1980-2001

54

54

54

54

10-yrSTORMPEAKDISCHARGE(m

3/s)

Landuse

Curve#

HydrologicCondition

MixedForest

30

goodcondition

CroplandandPasture

60

goodcondition

Commercial

70

<70%impervious

Builtupareas

40

<25%impervious

Residential

54

goodcondition

Roads

98

paved

soilgroupsfromSoilConservationService,1972

curvenumbersfromDunneandLeopold,1978

CURVENUMBERSUSEDFOR1980DATA

Landuse

Curve#

HydrologicCondition

Forest(sandy)

30

goodcondition

Forest(notsandy)

60

goodcondition,low

infiltration

Greenspace

40

goodcondition

Roads

98

paved

Roofs

98

impervious

soilgroupsfromSoilConservationService,1972

curvenumbersfromDunneandLeopold,1978

CURVENUMBERSUSEDFOR2001DATA

Rainfall(in)

02

46

810

12

StormRunoff(in) 2468

1968aerialphotoofLoughberryLake

Noticeminimaldevelopmentnorthoflake

October2003developmentinLoughberry

Lakewatershed

Cropland

Residential

Builtup

Commercial

Roads

MixedForest

Loughberry

Forestnotsandy

Forestsandy

Roads

Greenspace

Roofs

Loughberry

*Northistothetopoftheposterineachmap,LoughberryLakeis~1.5kmlong

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