civil affairs handbook denmark section 7

8/4/2019 Civil Affairs Handbook Denmark Section 7

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AFFAIRSHANDBOOK

DENMARK

#v.s ,* ;LIBRARY


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M I (B)^ARMY SERVICE FORCES M A N U A L\ C ** CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

D E N M A R Ki. SECTION 7 : AGRICULTUREi.

UNCLASSIFIED-VHjmiPNr Dissemination of restricted Batter. The information contained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted

\u25a0aterial may be liven to any person known to be in the service of the UnitedStates and to persons of andoHbted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatingin Government work, but will not be coaaiin icated to the public or to the pressexcept by authorized M ilitary public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b,AR 380-5, 28 Sep 19*2.) JAN 31*46

HEADQUARTERS, ARNY SERVICE FORCES, 23 FEBRUARY 1944


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UNCLASSIFIED v/a *-as7USUDENMA.RK *,/ 5

M 366-7 23 Feb# 1944 Section 7t AgricultureM 366-8 20 Juiu 1944 Section 8t Industry and CommerceM 366-9 2 Jun. 1944 Section 9: Laborj**7 n^'^Xa^nc-et^SUa,^

*

UNCUSSIFIED


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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL M 366-7Civil Affairs

UNCLASSIFIEDCIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

DENMARKSECTION 7: AGRICULTURE

\ 7j^

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 23 FEBRUARY 1944

UNCLASSIFIED-Oisseminat ion of restricted natter. The information cono tamed in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restrictedo material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the UnitedDC\ States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatingO in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press


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UNCLASSIFIEDNUMBERING SYSTEM OF

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS

The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual Is Indicatedby consecutive numbering within the following categories:-Ml - M99 Basic and Advanced TrainingMIOO M199 Army specialized Training Program and PreInduction Training-M2OO ME99 Personnel and Morale-M3OO M399 Civil Affairs-M4OO M499 Supply and Transportation-M5OO - M599 FiscalM6OO M699 Procurement and Production-M7OO M799 Administration-MBOO M899 Miscellaneous-M9OO up Equipment, M ateriel, Housing and Construction* * *

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES'Washington 26, D. C. 23 February 1944.

Army Service Forces Manual M 366-7, Denmark, Agricul ture, has been prepared under the supervision of The Provost Marshal General and Is publishedfor the information and guidance of all concerned.

[SPX 461 (21 Sep 43)/command of Lieutenant General SOMERVELLJ

W. D. STYER.Major General, General Staff corps,

Chief of staff .

OFFICIAL:J. A. ULIO,Major General,

Adjutant General.

UK iD


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UNCLASSIFIEDThis study on Agriculture inDenmark vat prepared for th#_

MILITARYOOTBRHMJBHT DI7ISIOI, 07FICB 07 THI PROVOST MARSHAL GENERALby the

DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE, OFPIGE 07 TORIIGH ABBICULTURAL BSLATIOHB

Officers using this sate rial are requested to sake suggestions andcriticiss indicating the rerisions or additions which would make thismaterial more useful for their purposes. These criticisms should besent to THE CHIS7 07 TES LIAISOH ABB STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY QOVSBHMBKTDIVISIOH, PMOO, 2807 MUHITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

-\

UNCLASSIFIED


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IHTRODECTIOHPurpose! of the Civil Affairs Handbook,

The basic purposes of civilaffairs officers are (l) to assistthe Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditionswhich will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations,(2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damageresulting from disorder, and (3) to create the condition* which wil lmakeit possible for civilian agencies to function effectively.

The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effortto carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible.The Handbooks do not deal with plant or policies (which will depend uponchanging and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understoodthat they do not imply any given official program of action. They are ratherready reference source books containing the basic factual information neededfor planning and policy making.The study is divided in three parts. The first deals with the basicconditions under which Danish agriculture operates; The second part isdevoted to a review of the pec- war position of the country's agricultureand food economy, while the third part analyzes developments in agricult ural production, trade, and food consumption since the outbreak of war.


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4.

10.11.12.13.14.16.16.17.

ILllkA2ZAISS lAHDBOOZIifiPICAL O2T LIII

Geographical and Social BackgroundOorernsent and AdministrationLegal AffairsGovernment financeMoney and Banking

latural Be sourceAgricultureIndustry and CommerceLaborPublic Works and UtilitiesTransportation Bys ternsCommunicationsPublic Health and SanitationPublic SafetyEducationPublic WelfareCultural Institutions,

This study on Agriculture inDenmark was prepared for the00T1RHMEHT DIVISION, 07FI0B 07 TRS PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL byTOEBIQH AORICULTUBAL SSLATIOVS, DSPABTMX9T 07 AGRICULTURE.MILITARYthe 077101! 07


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II

TABLE 01* COHTBHTSPage

Preliminary -HoH ivFart I. Basic Conditions 1

A. The country and its natural environment 1B. Types of farming 6C. The farms 8D. Composition of farm labor. Ownership 17E. Land use and crop rotation 19F. Use of fertilizers and machinery 22Part 11. Denmark's agriculture and food economy prior to

World War II 29A* Introduction 29B. Crops 30C. Utilisation of crops 32D. Livestock numbers 412. Liestock products 43T. Livestock breeds 50a. Total food self-sufficiency 54H. Composition of diet 58

Part 111 Tood and Agriculture since the Outbreak of War 62A* Summary of war-time developments 62B* Agricultural production since the occupation 65

Introduction 65Acreages, yields, and production 69Utilisation of crops 71Livestock numbers and production ofanimal foodstuffs 77C. Foreign trade in foodstuffs 80D. Food consumption in 1942-43 83E. Domestic food supplies available for con-in 1943-44 86?. Possible surpluses at time of reoccupatlon 87

Appendix A Note on Agricultural Cooperatives in Denmark 89

1&P: Soils of Denmark 26b


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111

LIST Of TABLES

Page1. Meteorological conditions, 1886-1925 average2. Distribution of farms according to else, 19333. Land use on farms "by size groups, 1933 114. Land use on faros by size groups, 1933, (percentage distribution) *15. Livestock on farms of different sizes 136* "Livestock units" per 100 hectares, 1933 147. Man-years of labor per farm and per 100 hectares of agricul tural land in farms of all sixes, 1934 168. Composition of farm labor by farm size groups, 1934 189. Land use in 1937 21

10. Total quantities of plant food applied, 1933-34 2311. Utilization of agricultural machinery, 1936 26,26 a12. Agricultural land in farms using specified types of machinery,1936 2813. Acreage, yield, and production of specified crops 3114. Available feed, average 1933-1937 34IS. pre-war grain balance, average 1933-1937 3716. Pre-war balance of legumes, potatoes, and sugar, average1933-1937 39-7, Livestock on farms July census 4218. Production of animal foodstuff* 4419. pre-war production of animal foodstuffs from domestic andimported feed, average 1933-1937 4420. Pre-war milk balance, average 1933-1937 4621. Pre-war edible fats and oils balance, average 1933-1937 4722. Pre-war meat, fish, and egg balance, average 1933-1937 4923. Livestock breeds, 1933 (numbers) 5124. Summary of pre-war food production and consumption 5525. Pre-war per capita consumption of food, average 1933-1937 59-6. Nutritional conversions protein, fat, and carbohydrate andcalories per kilogram of food 6127. War-time reduction in plant food content of available fer tilizer and manure supplies 6728. Disposition of the 1942 grain crop as determined in theGrain Law 7329. Disposition of the 1942 potato crop 7530. Available feed, 1940-41, 1941-42, and 1943-43 7631. Food production, trade, and consumption, 1942-43 8232. Per capita consumption of food, 1942-43 84

MAPSoils of Denmark 93


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IV

Preliminary Note

Danish agriculture "before the war was organized with a viewto the most efficient production of aaimal foodstuffs. Thecountry was the world market's greatest supplier of "butter,-"bacon, and eggs. Practically all of the crops produced-including the bread grains wheat and rye were used as feedfor livestock. In addition there were large imports of oilcake and corn for feed. For reasons of quality, bread grainsfo r human consumption were largely imported.After the outbreak of war, these imports of bread grain andconcentrates were discontinued. However, the domestic cropsof wheat and rye normally fed to livestock constituted a reserve of bread grain, sufficient to supply human requirementsof farinaceous foods. As a result the use of these grains forfeed has been prohibited since the fall of 1939. The livestockindustry had to be adjusted to this two-fold reduction in feedsupplies, the absence of imported feed and the diversion ofdomestic bread grain from feed to food uses. By the summer of1942 cattle numbers had been reduced. by almost 15 percent, hognumbers by more than 60 percent. An equilibrium had been reachedwhen the domestic crops supplied the population with its breadstuffs, sugar* vegetables, fruits, etc., as well as the livestock industry with sufficient feed fo r a production which wasseverely reduced, to be sure, but still large enough to permitsubstantial exports.Good crops in 1942 and 1943 have caused an upward trend in live-stock numbers most important in the case of hogs. A possiblyless favorable growing season in 1944 and the cumulative effectof war-time shortages, for instance of fertilizers, may wellarrest or* reverse this recent trend. In spite of such fluctuations Denmark will probably be able to continue on a basis offood and feed self-sufficiency with some export surpluses ofanimal foodstuffs.Barring extensive disruptions of transportation and severe destructions of supplies Incident to military action, Denmarkshould not be in need of food relief at time of reoccupation.Far from being a liability to the United Nations in respect tofoodstuffs, it could contribute some of the scarce and valuableanimal foodstuffs to other countries. Furthermore, the productive capacity of Danish agriculture in the winter of 1944 isstill so far intact that a reversion to the former high levelof efficiency in respect to the livestock industry within a fewyears after the resumption of world trade is very well possible.


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C V LIR EINM.2I!AGRIPart I

BASIC CONDITIONScountryA. The and its natural environmentSituated "between the North Sea and the Baltic Denmark

it a country of many Islands and one peninsula, Jutland, stretch ing north from the German border, While the area of the wholecountry is only 42,931 square kilometers (sq. km.), it has acoast-line of 7,438 km. Out. of a total number of 483 Islands101 are inhabited. The total population figure in November 1940was 3,844,000. Of these, 1,406,000 lived in Jutland with itsland area of 2,379,000 hectares (ha.)., while another 1,406,000lived on the largest island, Sealand, of 702,000 ha. The presenceof Copenhagen with 814,000 inhabitants on this Island thereforecontributed to the high average population figure of 200 per sq .km. as compared to only 59 per sq . km. in Jutland. Second largestof the islands is Funen with 326,000 inhabitants and 298,000 ha.or 110 per sq . km.

Occupational statistics are only available for 1930, when525,752 persons were employed in agriculture proper. With theirdependents they numbered 1,029,208 or 29 percent of the population;193,577 were owners or operators of farms. The farm population'sshare of the whole population was only very slightly larger thanthat of crafts and industries, but the latter constitute a muchless homogeneous group.


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The main resources of the country are agricultural, andclimate, soils, and topography by and large favor agriculturalpursuits. The climate is a cool temperate climate with mildwinters and cool summers, and humidity is high. Precipitation,although not great, is therefore adequate throughout the year.Fluctuations in temperature from day to day are generally notgreat. Average temperature and precipitation "by months as wellas average numbers of hours of sunshine and days of frost areshown in table 1. Winter temperatures generally oscillate aroundfreezing although severe winters occasionally occur. Hard frostsin spring, causing damage to crops, are not frequent. The meantemperature in the interior of Jutland is generally a degree ortwo lower than along the coast, both in winter and summer. Whileprecipitation is fairly plentiful all year round, it is greaterin the summer culminating in August with 80 mm. while February,March, April, and May have only 34, 41, 40, and 42 mm. , respec tively. Dry periods during these months occasionally hamper grainson light soils. The southern part of Jutland has the largest precipitation.

In spite of the small area of the country, climaticdifferences are significant enough to influence crop conditions.Thue the growing season starts 14. days to one month earlier onthe islands than in the northern and northwestern parts of Jutland,and the frost-free period lasts about a month longer in western


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MeteorologicalTable 1. DENMARK: conditions,

Average Days ofnth temperature frostCentigrade

January 0.1 21February -0.1 21March 1.6 18Apri l 5.5 7May 10.7 1June 14.2 0July 16.0 0August 15.3 0September 12.3 0.2October 8.1 3November 4.1 10December 1.6 16Tear 7. . 5 97>

Source: Statistlsk Aarbog, 1941.Office of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943

1/ 1903-1934

1886-1925 average

Hours ofsunshine 1/36 64

1191752482542462141599849271689

Precipitationmillimeters

443441404247648057665358

626


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Jutland than in the rest of the country. 1/Soils.- G-lacial deposits have formed the surface soils

of Denmark, Only on the small island of Bornholm in the Balticdoes the granite bedrock in places appear on the surface. Apartfrom this, formations of the chalk period are the oldest in thecountry, From the point of view of agriculture it is mainly the"blanket of glacial deposits which is .of interest although thelimestone of the chalk period is of direct importance too "becauseit is toeing used in liming of the agricultural soils. The map onpage 93 shows the distribution of soils in Denmark. Glacial clayloam, gravel, and sand are the three predominant types of surfacesoils. Gravelly and sandy soils predominate in the sections marked"sandy soils. 11 wHeath soils" designate the poorest type of sandysoils. Glacial clay predominates both as to extent and thicknessof deposits. The islands and the eastern parts of Jutland are toa large extent covered by this soil. The clay has a variablecontent of stones, rocks, sand, clay, and lime, depending uponthe geological formation of those regions over which the icesheets passed before reaching Denmark. The lime content thus ishigh in the eastern parts of the country, but diminishes towardsthe interior of Jutland.

The glacial clay Is made up of clay thoroughly mixed withsand and gravel and contains valuable plant foods. Because of its

1/ Discussion of climate, soil, and topography based on EinarAgriculture.Jensen: Danish


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physical properties it preserves moisture well and absorbs addedplant food readily. It is the most important, most stable soilbasis for Danish crop production although it is a rather heavysoil.

Another heavy fertile clay soil is found in northernJutland deposited in fresh or salt water in interglacial or postglacial times.

The lighter soils of Denmark are made up of stratifiedglacial sand and gravel. An admixture of clay in many placesmakes them fairly good for agricultural purposes. But where thesubsoil is glacial gravel which has too little power to absorbplant food and conserve moisture for agricultural purposes, theland has never been cleared of forests.

Through the central and western parts of Jutland islarge stretch of glacial outwash plains of poor and sandy soil.On account of the particular vegetation on this soil leaching hascaused the deposit of a compact layer of hardpan, which is a greatobstacle to all cultivation. Only in recent days of cheaper power,fertilizer, and lime has it been possible to take in land of thisnature fo r agriculture*

The topography of a country is important to agriculturenot only because it determines the degree of ease with which-agricultural operations can be carried out particularly in an-ge of mechanized agriculture but also because level land is -less subject to erosion. In Denmark the bottom moraine country


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-the fertile glacial clay loam district referred to above isflat or gently rolling. Where, on the other hand, terminalmoraines have shaped the surface of the land, steep hills andridges are found as in central Sealand, southern Funen, and ina "belt through the middle of Jutland. A third type of landscapeis formed by the already mentioned glacial outwash plains incentral and western Jutland, a gently, sloping surface occasionallybroken by land of higher elevation (moraine formation of earlierglaciations, smoothed down by erosion.)

Along the western coast of south Jutland is a narrowbelt of fenlands, low level clay land, formed by ocean deposits.

Types of farmingB.The differences in the natural basis for agriculture as

between various parts of Denmark are not as striking as in mostcountries, and it is therefore to be expected that farms at leastwithin a certain size group are fairly homogeneous. By and largethis is true. A good medium size farm, say, from 15 to 30 ha.,may have about 40 percent of its land in grain, 15 to 20 percentin roots, and 30 to 40 percent in pasture and hay. On this basis,and with the help of some purchased concentrates, 10 to 15 cowsmay be kept and a number of hogs, as well as some other livestock.Dairy products and pork are the main source of income. Sale ofplant products is generally not important.

This is a typical Danish farm. Variations from the typeare of two kinds. First there are some variations in farming


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practices due to variation in size of farm. This may roughly "bedescribed "by an increase in the intensity of livestock productionwith a decrease in the size of farm. On the other hand, grain asa source of cash is of importance on the larger farms. Second,there are regional variations. A detailed study 2] of the datainvolved in the farm management and farm income reports collectedby the Danish Farm Management, Bur.eau as well as official agri cultural statistics may be summed up in the following types offarming characterization.

1. On the clay loam soils of eastern Jutland and theislands, the type of farming conducted is of the dairy-hog type,with 40 to 45 percent of the land in cereals, 12 to 16 percentin roots, and 30 to 35 percent in meadows for pasture and hay.Dairying provides a greater part of the farm income than does thesale of hogs and more than 40 percent of total income.

2. Coastal stretches of land along the eastern coastof Jutland as well as coastal areas of the islands with the rich est soil and mildest climate in the country have around 50 percentof the farm land in grain and only about 25 percent in pasturesand hay. Sugar beets and root seed crops are specialized cropsof particular importance in this region. But dairying and porkproduction remain the chief source of income.

3. Around the western part of the Lime Tjord in northernJutland is another fertile clay loam area. The climate is,}|7 Elnar Jenaen. Danish Agriculture, x>. 297.


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however, somewhat different from the already described regions-windier and with more rainfall and a larger percentage of the

land is in pastures. While the number of cattle per unit ofland is as high as anywhere in the country, the number of dairycows is not as high, and beef production is here an importantsource of income together with dairying and pork production.

4. On the sandy soils of western Jutland (south of theLime Fjord) cereals claim only 35 percent of the farm land andyields are fairly low while pastures take up a full 50 percent.Cattle raising emphasizes beef production as well as dairying.Hog numbers are smaller than in the first mentioned three sec tions of the country.

5. In central Jutland are the poorest soils (partlythe glacial outwash plains). The relative share of land ingrains, pasture and roots is somewhat like that of wet tarn Jut land. Dairying is the main farm enterprise, btef production isnot important, an d the number of hogs is smaller than in mostother sections of the country.

6. The fenlands on the west coast of southern Jutland,when drained, provide excellent pasture. There agriculture isdistinctly different from that in the rest of the country withfattening of cattle at the farmers 1 primary occupation.C. The farms

In 1933 there were 204,231 farms in Denmark with a totalagricultural area of 3,176,000 ha. (table 2). This gives an


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Table 2. BE1IMABK: Distribution of farms according to size, 1933

Farms Land in farmsSize-group otal number Percent Total area Percentagehectares hectares-0.55 1 3309 1.6 3442 0.1-1 1.5- 4785 2.3 5889 0.21.5 3 19899 9.7 43904 1.4f

3-5 27730 13.6 111303 3*5i

5-10 50054 24.5 360891 11.4-10 15 26860 13.2 333715 10.515-30 45492 22.3 973787 30.730-60 21406 10.5 844828 26.660-120 3769 1.8 290087 9.1120-240 740 0.4 119172 3.7240 and over 287 0.1 89939 2.8Total 204231 100.0 3175957 100.0

Source: Statistiske Meddelelser. 4 Raefcke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte, wArealanvendelseog Kreaturhold efter Ejendqmsstdrrelse 1933".Office of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943


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average size of about 15 hectares, a glance at the table showsa great concentration of farms of 16 to 30 ha. This group comprises 22,3 percent of all farms and 30.7 percent of the totalagricultural land. Farms of 30 to 60 ha. claim 10.5 percentof the farms with 26,6 percent of the area. Another large groupfrom the point of view of number of farms is that of 5 to 10 ha.with almost one- fourth of the farms, but only 11.4 of the agricultural area* This small farm type has been favored by legislation, providing loans for the establishment of small holdings,the so-called Stats-Husmandsbrug. The legislation, which datesback to 1899, first aimed at the establishment of much smallerholdings, which would prdvide only part-time occupation for itsowner. The intention was partly to tie more agricultural laborto the land, but this policy later gave way to one of establish

-ing holdings of a size, which under Danish conditions with-emphasis on livestock production would provide a complete livelihood for the family.

Tables 3 and 4 provide a description of the land useon farms by size groups. The similarities in the land use onlarge and small farms are more striking than the differences.The area in grain is very close to 40 percent of the agriculturalland on farms of all sizes. The more intensive livestock production on smaller farms is, however, reflected in the fact thatfarm 8 of less than 10 ha. have 20 to 28 percent of their land


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Table 3. DENMARK! Land use on farms by size groups, 1933

Grain Roots Other Fallow Grass and Grass an d Total agricrops green feed green feed culturalin the outside the areaSize-group rotation rotationhectares 1,000 hectares- '0.55 11-1.5 12 11 ... ... 12 ...1 361.5 -.3 18 10 1 ... 12 3 44

3-5 48 24 11 29 8 1115-10- 156 74 2 4 91 34 36 110 15 142 62 1 5 83 41 33415-30 408 164 5 15 233 148 97330-60- 344 125 6 ' 14 183 172 84460 120- 113 37 4 4 56 77 291120 240 48 15 3 2 19 31 118240 and over 37 11 6 3 13 21 91Total 1,317 524 29 48 722 536 3,176

Table 4. DENMARK: Land use on farms by size groups, 1933 (percentage distribution)'Grain Roots Other . Fallow Grass an d Grass and Total agricrop green feed green feed culturalin the outside the areaSize-group rotation rotationhectares percent-0.55- 1 34.4 28.2 6.3 0.7 22.3 8.1 100.01 1.5 38.1 23.7 3.0 0.8 26.4 8.0 100.0-1.5 3 4i.6 22.6 1.8 0.9 27.2 5.9 100.0

3-5 43.3 21.6 0.9 1.1 26.2 6.9 100.05-10 43.2 20.4 0.4 1.1 25.3 9.6 100.010-15 24.9 12.2 100.0- 42.5 18.6 0.4 1.415 - 30 41.9 16.8 0.5 1.6 23.9 15.3 100.030 - 60 40.7 14.8 0.7 1.7 21.7 . 20.4 100.060 -120 38.9 12.8 1.2 1.3 19.3 26.5 100.0120 240 40.3 12.9 2.8 1.8 16.2 26.0 100.0240 and over 41.0 11.9 6.3 2.9 14.2 23.7 100.0Total 41.5 16.5 0.9 1.5 22.7 16.9 100.0Source: "Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter E,jendomsBtorrelse 1933, M StatlstlskeMeddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte.Office of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943


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in root crops while the percentage for farms of more than 10 ha.is 12 to 18. A similar though less pronounced difference existsin respect to grass and green feed in the rotation, for grassand green feed outside the rotation the trend is reversed.

The more intensive livestock production on small farmsis also brought out in table 6. In this table all categories oflivestock on farms have been placed on a comparable basis by con version into a common denominator, a "livestock unit. 1 3/ (Actuallivestock numbers are given in table, 5. ) They are then presentedas ttnumber of livestock units per 100 ha. N in farms of all sizes.Small holdings of less than 5 ha. have from 200 to 350 such live stock units per 100 ha. As might be expected the small holdingeare particularly well stocked with chickens and hogs. In respectto cattle, the concentration per 100 ha. is only twice as greaton the smallest farms as on the largest. The importance of home grown coarse fodder (grass, roots, and green feed) is, of course,much greater in the case of cattle than in the case of hogs andchicken, so that the size of farm sets definite limits to thenumber of cattle kept, while a large number of hogs or chickenmay be kept on purchased concentrates even on a very small farm.In this fact lies the basis of one of the outstanding differencesbetween the economic organization of the large and small farms in

3/ The scale according to which each type of livestock has beenconverted into livestock units is as follows: 1 livestock unit ;1 horse over 2 years !;Sepl^B 1 dairy 2*25 heads ofu25a0 cowyoung cattle 6 hogs 4HHMKNMBHHto*ee P*


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Table 5. DENMAiIK: Livestock on farms of different sizes

Size-groiap Horses Cattle Sheep Hogs ChickensTotal Cowshectares-

1000 heads0.55 1 1 3 2.. 8 2141-1.5 2 8 6 .. 15 314-1.5 3 12 56 42 2 101 1,4113-5 34 138 98 3 246 2,1625-10

-87 405 264 11 656 4,339

10 15 56 355 209 17 516 2,70415-30 144 997 543 56 1,372 5,653-30

-60 111 779 400 55 1,005 3,338

60 120 31 236 117 18 294 662'120-240 10 91 49 6 96 153

240 and over 7 63 37 4 56 63Total 495 3,131 1,767 172 4,365 21.0J.3Source: "Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter Ejendomsstdrrelsetlske Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte.Office of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1942

1933," Statis


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\u 2 5 a 0Tatle 6. DENMARK: "Livestock units" per 100 hectares, 1933

Horses Cattle Hogs Sheep Chickens TotalSize of farm Total Cowshectares19,60.55-1 105.6 94.1 52.0 1.4 175.1 353.7

1-1.5 30.9 112.3 97.4 42.2 0.8 106.8 283.01.5-3 23.2 110.8 96.6 38.5 0.7 64.3 237.53-5 26.4 104.0 87.8 36.9 0.4 38.8 206.55-10 20.5 90.5 73.1 30.3 0.4 24.0 165.7'10-15 15.2 82.2 62.8 25.8 0.7 16.2 140.115-30 13.9 76.4 55.7 23.5 0.8 11.6 126.230-60 12.4 67.2 47.3 19.8 0.9 7.9 108.2-60 120 9.9 58.7 40.5 16.9 0.9 4.6 91.0120-240 8.1 56.6 41.0 13.5 0.7 2.6 81.5240 and over 8.0 54.0 41.1 10.3 0.6 1.4 74.3

Total 14.2 74.7 55.6 22.9 0.8 13.2 125.8

Source: "Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter Ijendomsstflrrelse 1933," StatistiskeMeddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haeft*.

Office of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943

If See footnote 3, page 11.


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Denmark: the large farm - with about 40 percent of its areain cereals - grows more grain than it uses and is therefore aseller of grain while the small farm - also with about 40 per-cent of its area in grain - grown much less grain than is neededfor feed, and it becomes a purchaser of grain.

The difference in production intensity as between smalland large farms is further illustrated in the intensity of theapplication of labor. Table 7 gives the number of full-timeemployed men on farms of various sizes, both in absolute numbersper farm, and in numbers per 100 ha. of agricultural land ineach size group. All labor has been converted into this commondenominator, the "man year of labor." Leaving the very small holdings of less than 3 ha. out of consideration, it will be seen thatthe application of labor per unit of land is 2 to 3 times as greaton farms of 10 ha* or less as on farms over 60 ha.

The different intensity in the livestock production onthese farms as reflected in the figures of table 6 provide in partthe explanation of this fact. It willbe noted, for instance,that farms of 5 to 10 ha. have 2.2 times as many livestock unitsper 100 ha. as the largest farms (over 240 ha.) and 2*3 times asmuch labor. Similarly, farms of 10 to 15 ha. have 1.9 times asmuch livestock and I*B times as much labor per land unit as thefarms over 240 ha.

In spite of these differences, the fact remains thatthere is an essential similarity in the type of farming on Danish


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Table 7. SKNHIKKi Man-years of labor per farm and per 100 hectares ofagricultural land in farms of all siies, 1934

Man-years per Man-yearsSi ge-group 100 hectares per fainhectares0.55 -1.6 93.9 0.9-1.5 3 48.5 I*o3-5 32.4 1.25-10 21.5 1.5-10 15 17.4 2.115-30 14.6 3.1-30 60 11.6 4.560-120 8.9 6.8

-120-240 9.0 14.6240 and CTer 9.5 29.1Total 15.1 2.3Source; "Landbrugets Arbejdskraft 1934 og 1935, \u25a0 Statlstlske Meddelelser.4 Baekke, 102 Bind, 3 Haefte.

Office of foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943


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farma of all sizes. All groups depend on mixed farming withdaily cattle and hogs fed on home-grown coarse feed, supplementedwith purchased concentrates (imported oil cake and domestic orimported grain) the main source of income.D. Corn-position of farm labor. Qwnershi

It is a common observation that the family size farmor the farm with one or two hired helpers is characteristic ofDanish farming. Table gives on a percentage basis the amountof man-years of farm work supplied by the owner (operator), othermembers of the family, and various types of hired labor. In thecountry as a whole 56.2 percent of the labor was supplied by -theoperators of the farms or their relatives, but this percentagevaried f*?om 87.1 on the smallest holdings to 4.2 percent on thevery largest. On farms of 15 to 30 ha*, which as stated beforecomprise 22.3 percent of the number of farms and 30.7 percent ofthe agricultural land, the farmer and his family supplied aboutone-half of the number of man-years worked, while hired help, liv in g on the farm, provided 44.6 percent and day laborers only 3*5percent. Socially there are significant differences between thevarious categories of hired helpers. Those men who work on smallor medium sized farms and live on the farm are often sons offarmers for whom this work is training for their later occupationas independent farmers, while those employed on larger farms andthe day laborers are to be^onsideredasagri cultural laborersproper.


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Table 8. ESKMARK: Composition of farm labor "by farm size groups, 1934

Owner's Children and Hired help Day Qcca- Grandla"bor on other relatives -permanent ~k ! labor- sional totalhis own Male Female Total Male Female Total ers helpSize-grouo farmhectares percent0.55-1.5 67.7 8.3 11.1 19.4 4.6 6.7 11.3 0.4 1.2 100.01.5-3 64.4 9.7 11.5 21.2 5.3 6.8 12.1 0.7 1.6 100.03-5 63.7 10.7 11.1 21.8 6.0 5.6 11.6 1.2 1.7 100.05-10 57.5 13.7 11.1 24.8 9.1 6.1 15.2 0.7 1.8 100.010-15 41.0 14.6 11.4 26.0 20.1 10.6 30.7 0.6 1.7 100.0.15-30 27.4 13.9 10.6 24.5 29.5 15.1 44.6 1.? 2.3 100.030-60 18.3 10.5 7.7 18.2 39.2 16.5 55.7 5.0 2.8 100.0.60-120 12.7 7.4 5.9 13.3 42.8 17.0 59.8 10.5 3.7 100.0'120-240 5.4 2.7 1.2 3.9 44.3 16.6 60.9 23.4 6.4 100.0 240 and 2.4 0.6 1.2 1.8 44.6 16.2 60.8 28.5 6.5 100.0.over

100,0'll farms 34.6 12.0 9.6 21.6 25.6 12.5 38.1 3.3 2.4Source: "Landbrugets Arbejdskraft 1934 og 1935," Statistiske Meddelelser. 4 Raekke,102 Bind, 3 Haefte.


1/ Farm laborers who live on the farm where they are employed.


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Viewed from a different angle it is found that in 1984,57 percent of the Danish farms with 47 percent of the agriculturalland engaged no farm laborers at all "but were operated entirely bythe farmer and his family. Another 19 percent of the farms (with19 percent of the land) had only one hired man, while 24 percentof the farm8 employed two or more laborers.-Ownership. The great majority of Danish farms areowner-operated. Slowly amortized mortgages, carrying low interesthave been easy to obtain through credit institutions organised on-a cooperative basis a fact which has encouraged ownership con siderably. In 1919 the percentage of owner-operated farms was 94.3,and it is known that this percentage has Increased since then.E. Land use and crop rotation

The use of the farm land is Intimately tied up with totalagricultural production of both plant and livestock products sincethe major part of the crop on Danish farms is fed to livestock onthe farms where it is grown. It is a well known fact that duringthe half century preceding; the present war Danish agricultureunderwent a pronounced development In the direction of more andmore intensive livestock production. Around 1860 the country wasstill a grain exporter, but 20 years later the increasing emphasison dairy cattle and pigs made grain Imports necessary. This didnot mean a decrease in the area devoted to grain growing Thenas now about 40 percent of the agricultural land was In grains,


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but the grain is now fed on the farm, generally not sold. Wheat andrye are grown, but barley, oats, and a mixture of barley and oatsclaim a much larger share of the acreage in grain. The wheat and ryearea in 1937 was 129,000 ha. and 139,000 ha. respectively, whilebarley, oats, and mixed grained acreage was 369,000, 376,000, and309,000 ha. Under favorable soil and climatic conditions wheat andbarley give much higher yields than rye and oats, but the latter willdo relatively better on the less fertile and more acid soils.

The larger part of the wheat and barley areas are therefore found on the islands (table 9) while Jutland claims approximatelyfour-fifths of the rye and mixed grain area and more than two-thirdsof the area in oats, practically all of the wheat is winter wheat*

inter rye is also dominant. The area in roots is approximately ofthe same relative magnitude on the islands and in Jutland. As toindividual root crops there are considerable differences, however,with potatoes and rutabagas claiming a larger relative share of theroot acreage in Jutland than on the islands, while the situation itreversed in respect to sugar beets and mangels.

The less fertile soil of Jutland is reflected in the lar ger area devoted to grasslands both in and outside the rotation. Out6f the total agricultural land in Jutland such grassland constitutes44 percent, while the corresponding percentage for the islands isonly 31.

Crop rotation practices are fairly uniform throughout thewith, for Instance,ountry. A seven or eight year rotation is common


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Table 9. DENMARK: Land use in 1937

Item Islands Jutland Denmarkhectares hectares hectaresWheat 74131 55014 129145Bye 22458 116760 139218Barley 201506 167086 368592Oats 111660 264599 376259Mixed grain 60416 248777 309193Leguminous plants 2234 1495 3729Total grain 472405* 853731- 1326136Potatoes 16902 63797 80699

\u25a0Mangels 56707 87246 143953Fodder sugar beets 8618 8560 17178Rutabagas 39638 157771 197409Turnips 2086 14374 . 16460Carrots 783 3346 4129Sugar beets:for sugar production 38815 1183 39998for feed 4309 11423 16232Chicory 269 107 376Total roots 168627. 347807- . 516434'Other crops 1/ 34795 13604 48399Tallow 30595 17304 37899Grass and green feed in the rotation:

Green feed 5072 3408 8480Lucerne 14430 3639 18069and grass:Cloverfor hay 73532 205583 279115for pasture 98510 306700 405210Total 191544- 519330- 710874.Grass outside the rotation:Meadows, permanent grasslandfor hay 15730 120041 135771for pasture 85034 218176 303210Outlying grasslands 22122 100993 123115Total 122886- 439210- 562096Total agricultural area 1010852* 2190986, 3201838Source? "Landbrugsstatistik 1937," Statistiske Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 106 Bind,4 Haefte.Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations *December 19431/ Seed, buckwheat, flax, etc.


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3 or 4 fields of grain, 2 or 3 fields of clover and grass mix tures, and one or two root or potato fields.- The smaller thefarm, the more roots and the less grass in the rotation, fallowis quite insignificant. The sequence of crops varies greatly.Combating of weeds and plant diseases are important considera tions. Foot rot, for instance, is particularly likely to develop if wheat and barley occur too frequently and the oatnematide may become serious if oat is used more often thanevery sth and 6th year in the rotation. Grass in the rotationis often triennial, but is rarely of longer duration, and maybe annual. The duration of the grass in the rotation has tendedto become shorter since the introduction of roots.y. machineryse of fertilizers and

fertilizers.- The use of artificial fertilizers hasgreatly increased in Denmark in the last 25 years before thewar. Nevertheless the application of plant food by means ofartificial fertilizers was not nearly as great in Denmark as inHolland and Belgium, and Germany. The intensive use of farm yard manure in Denmark no doubt accounts for this fact.

Tor 1933-34 a comparison is available 4/ of the re spective amounts of plant food supplied by farmyard manure andfertilizers (table 10). The predominant importance of Jianureis evident. It supplied 86 percent of the nitrogen, 62 percent

\u26664/ The Agricultural Council. Denmark Agriculture 1935


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Table 10. DENMARK: Total quantities of plant food applied 1933-34

Item K2OK 20 P2051,000 metric tons

Farmyard manure 166 89 189Fertilizers 28 53 30

Total 194 142 209

Percentage figuresFarmyard manure 86 62 90Fertilizers 14 38 10

Total 100 100 100

Source: The Agricultural Council. Denmark Agriculture 1935

Office of Foreign AgricultureDecember 1943


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of phosphoric acid and 90 percent of the potash. All fertilizercompounds, or in the case of superphosphate the raw materialfrom which it was produced, were imported.

In terms of plant foods the applications per ha. in1933-34 in 1938-39, respectively, was as follows:

kgs. per ha.1933-34 1938938-39N*25K2OK 20

9.3 11.917.86.8 21.313.7The figures indicate a rather considerable increase in

the use of fertilizers in the years immediately pre ceding the war, particularly in respect to potash fertilizers.Trade figures support this fact and further show that duringthis period there was a decrease in the imports of superphosphate,"but a more than corresponding increase in the amount of phosphaterock imported.

As to the use of fertilizers and manure fo r individualcrops, the following (juot&tion from a publication by the DanishAgricultural Council j5/ provides an illustration of its dig' tribution in an ordinary rotation of crops on good clay loamsoil:1. Wheat. 200 kgs. superphosphate, 200 to 400 kgs. of limeper ha.2. Swedes: Farmyard manure and liquid manure, 200 kgs. superphosphate per ha.5' See footnote 4.


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3. Barley: 100 to 200 kgs. superphosphate, oto 100 kgs.nitrate of lime per ha.4. Mangels: Farmyard manure, 200 kgs. superphosphate, 200 kgs.nitrate of soda.5. Barley with grasses and trifoils: 200 kgs. superphosphate,100 kgs. potash, 0 to 100 kgs. nitrate of lime.6. Clover grass; 100 to 200 kgs. superphosphate, 100 kgs.potash per ha.7. Biennial grass: liquid manure8. Oats: 200 kgs. superphosphate, 100 to 300 kgs. sulphate

ammonia per ha.9. Permanent pastures: 100 to 300 kgs. superphosphate andpotash per ha.

Machinery.- In view of the special character of Danishfarming one might expect that it did not lend itself particularlywell to mechanization. As a matter of fact, however, "both laborand machinery intensity is great, and Denmark is considered oneof the countries where machinery is most extensively used. Thisis due partly to the fact that such a large share of the agri cultural land is arable, partly to the great number of farms inrelation io total area. Furthermore, much machinery is used inthe preparation of feed on account of the great number of live stock on farms. High cost of labor is also a contributing fac tor to the extensive use of machinery.

Straw choppers are used on more farms than any othertype of machinery, namely on 139,728 farms (table 11) or 70.6percent of all farms. Some type of thresher is used by 71.7


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Table 11. DENMARK: Utilization of agricultural machinery, 1936Percentage of farms in each size group using machinery.hectares0.55 3 5 10 15 30 60 120 240to to to to to to to to and AllType 2 5 10 15 30 6o 120 240 over farms

numbers percentTotal numberof farms: 203F)00Number of farmsusing machinery:Tractors 6660 2.4 3.6 3.0 1.2 1.7 5.4 22.6 58.3 78.5 34Steam engines 1268 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.8 8.7 28.2 0.6Electro-motors 735H lO.b 20.6 26.7.38.8 53.5 65.0 69.2 60.5 71.9 37.1Internal combustionengines 22.834822 4.8 6.4 18.4 21.9 21.7 21.5 33.9 40.0 17.6Power windmills 1.2 5,9 6,42587 0.4 3.9 8.3 9.9 12.3 14.7 12.9Windmills forwater pumps 2927 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.4 1.9 3.8 5.4 12.1 24.8 1.5G-raiif threshers,double screening 13888 4.7 6.5 5.4 4,3 6.7 10.7 30.1 72.4 90.0 7.0Grain threshers,

single screening 4.8 12.2 36.89752 3.1 7.3 24.4 38.0 18.8 6.3 15.0Smaller, singlescreening thresh- 65380 4.3 14.6 31.7 44.8 48.6 42.0 24.4 7.7 1.5 33.0eraThreshers withoutcleaning equipment 33163 IA..J 26.9 2A.5 18.7 10.3 4.8 2.9 2.3 0.7 16.7Straw balers 29295 b.O 8.4 8.1 10.7 19.8 32.9 45.5 69.8 75.6 14.8Straw presseswithout ties 14501 0.8 2.1 4,0 8.3 12.4 13.8 15.6 19.^ 20. 4 7.3Feed mills 86083 5.3 13.3 30.2 R0.7 68.2 78.4 81.0 Bl.f 84. A 43.5Straw choppers 139728 20.2 55.0 73.3 00.8 85.2 87.7 88.4 92.5 92.6 70.6Root washers 0.8 1.12191 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.3 2.4 3.5 5.1 10.0Root cleaning machines 3354. 0.3 1.1 2.3 R.J 11.2 15.4. 23,3 1.7Milkingmachines 3638 0.1 0.6 3.0 b.b 11.2 13.8 21.1 1.0Drills 112237 138 354 513513 bO 5 75 57.7 94-.q 95.6 95.6 56.7Broadcast seeders 15823 0.3 O.b 1.1 3.3 12.9 20.2 38 .8 63.4 70.7 8.0Potato planters 2620 0.2 I,* 5.0 13.4 24.3 28.1 1.3Fertilizerdistributors 8902 0.1 0.3 1.3 6.A 15.5 35.6 67.9 84.8 4.5Horse-drawn sprayers 3063 0.2 0.4 1.0 l.b 4.2 13.5 30.4 45.2 1.5Liquid manuredistributors 5499 0.1 0.5 0.9 2.7 4*3 7-4 11.4 16.5 17.8 2.8


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Mowers 115915 54 17*7 46.9 73.6 88.5 96.2 98,7 94.5 95.9 58.5Heaping attach ments 0.7 6.2 19,2 26.2 18.6 8.6 6.5 7.0 4,1 14.99412Reapers 8.20b24 0.7 A.I 5.5 5.9 3,4 5.3 10.4 36.3 S ABinders 82303 4.3 8.1 21.3 43.7 70.0 90.4 96.4 95.0 95.6 41.6diggers 0,2Potato 7133 0.1 0.4 1.0 4.4 13.9 27.4 44.0 57.7 3.6Beet lifters 19954 0.3 0.8 27 6.4 15.6 31.0 47.5 67.0 78.1 10.1Liquid manurecisterns 174418 56.7 82.7 91.8 93.6 95.2 96.4 98. 0 92.3 83.7 88.1Silos 1218 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 l.b 3.1 8.4 9.0 0.6

Source : Statistiske Meddelelser, 4 Rakke, 10 b Bind, Hafte, "Anvendelaen af Landbrugsmaskiner 193b."Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations'December 1943


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U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE NEG.256 OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS


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percent of all farms, but there is probably some overlapping inrespect to threshers where the same farm may use more than onetype. 115,915 farms (58.5 percent) used mowers, while 82,303used binders and 10,624 reapers. 112,237 farms reported the useof drills, and 15,323 furthermore used broadcast seeders.

Electro-motors are in general use, and combustion motorsare not uncommon. Only 6,660 farms used tractors. Only amongfarms over 240 hectares are they at all commonly used, whilethey were used by 58.3 percent of the farms of 120 to 140 ha.Attention is called to the fact that Danish machinery statisticsdo not give machinery figures, but number of farms using eachparticular type of machinery.

Table 12 gives total agricultural area in those farmswhich use specified types of machinery, both in hectares and asa percentage of total agricultural land. Since large farms aremore intensively mechanized than small farms, it is found, forinstance, that while 71.7 percent of all farms use some type ofthresher, these farms comprise 87*0 percent of all agriculturalland. Similarly, that 58.5 percent of the farms which usedmowers Claimed 82.4 percent of the agricultural area. A com parison of tables 11 and 12 discloses further examples of thesame trend.

With the exception of binders, reapers, and tractorswhich are normally imported from Great Britain, Denmark producesits own agricultural machinery.


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Table 12. DENMARK: Agricultural land in farms using specified types ofmachinery, 1936Area in fame using specified

a of machine1000 hectares percent of allfarmlandTractors $.185Electro-motors ljb 52,5'Internal combustion engines G9B 22*1Grain threshers, double screening 451 14*3Grain threshers, single screening 755Smaller single screening threshers 1197 38.0 Threshers without cleaning equipment 337 10*7Straw balers 021 26.0Straw presses without ties 368 11.7Feed mills 2634 64.5Straw choppers 2622 83*2Milkingmachines 156 5.0Drills . 2369 75.2Broadcast seeders 20.0030Potato planters IJ2 4*BFertilizer distributors 4&0 . 14..6Mowers 2598 82*4Reaping attachments 452 IA.JReapers 208 o.bBinders 215? 68.4Potato diggers 348 11.0Beet lifters 743 23,6

Source: Statistiske Meddalelser, 4 Rakke, 106 Bind, 3 Hafte, "Anrendelsen af*brugsmaskiner 193b. 1



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Part IIS AGRICULTURE USD POOD BCOHOMY PRIOR TO WORLD WAR II

A. IntroductionWithin the framework of "basic conditions which has been

outlined in the preceding chapter, Banish farming has taken theshape of a highly commercialized type of agriculture, which forcontinued existence in its pre-war structure and volume was dependent on Imports of such saw materials as concentrates andfertilizers and on exports of livestock products* The parti cular use of the land and the crops was adjusted to this situ ation. While bread grains were grown, most of the domesticproduction was normally used fo r feed; for reasons of quality,wheat and rye for human consumption were imported. The otherdomestic grains were also fed to livestock, of the area in-root crop 8 only a fraction perhaps one-seventh, served directhuman consumption. The remaining agricultural area was usedfor the production of absolute feed.

In order to evaluate the output of grass and green feedand to apply a common denominator to all crop production, Danishstatistics make use of the Scandinavian "feed unit.* A feedunit represents the feed value of 1kilogram barley, and allcrops are converted into this unit. They are, in other words,compared on the basis of their value as livestock feed. This is


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not unreasonable under Danish conditions where such an over whelming share of the crop is fed to livestock, a detailedaccount of the crop, its composition and utilization as well asof the livestock population and the production of animal food stuffs will be given in the following section.B. Crops

A total agricultural area of about 3 million hectaresin 1933-1937 (not including fallow land, some outlying fields,etc.) produced a total crop of 3,353,000 metric tons of grain,of which only 600,000 tons were bread grains; 1,300,000 tons ofpotatoes; 1,300 fOOO tons of sugar beets; and 22,360,000 tons ofroots for feed (table 13). In addition, 2 million tons of hayand 4,5 million tons of straw were grown, and an estimated2,7oo, rail.feed units were obtained from grass and green feed*

These crops represent high yields per acre, as table 13reveals. Wheat and barley yielded crops which averaged close to30 metric quintals per hal, while oats yielded around 25 quintals,rye 17. In respect to roots it will be seen that the yield offeed roots is 570 quintals per ha. as compared with 326 fo rsugar bests. The dry matter content of the sugar beet is, how ever, much higher than that of feed roots (mangels, turnips,rutabagas) , namely 22 to 24 percent as compared to 12 to 14 per cent. Potato yields averaged 169 quintals per ha. There aresignificant differences between Jutland and the islands In


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Table 13 . EBKMAHK: Acreage, yield, and production of specified crops

Crop 1933-37 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943Acreage (IQQQ hectares)

Wheat 119 134 82 82 6 46Hye 145 137 139 192 ISO 226Barley 356 421 397 377 413 393Oats 378 376 347 342 338 328Others, mainly mixed grain 333 307 329 328 376 320Total grain 1331 1375 1294 1321 1323 1313PotatoesSugar beets 7741 7040 6444 7346 9945 1/ 128 45Roots for feed 401 415 410 393 395 385Total roots 519 525 518 512 539 553Natural and cultivatedmeadows for hay 398 358 325 267 223(Trass and green feed 750 816 875 960 950

Yield (100 kilograms per hectare)Wheat 29.2 31.4 23.1 23.2 35.1 39.1Hye 17.3 17.6 19.5 15.2 21.5 22.1Barley 28.2 29.7 29.2 24.4 33.6 32.3Oats 25.8 26.8 26.1 21.0 . 29.6 31.7Others, mainly mixed 23.3 22.8 21.9 17.7 25.3 27.8Potatoes 169.2 176.0 209.6 180.8 172.9 151.2Sugar beets 325.9 399.7 361.0 344.8 320.8 291.1Feed roots 569.6 598.5 573.7 520.0 550.0 542.9Hay 50.5 44.3 43.3 33.8 38.1Straw 34.1 34.4 31.0 29.5 29.0Orass (100 feec? units per ha.) 35.9 35.6 32.1 28.1 27.8

production (1000 metric tons)Wheat . 348 419 189 190 20 180Hye 252 241 272 310 410 500Barley 1004 1249 1159 920 1390 1270Oats 977 1011 907 720 1000 1010Others, mainly mixed 777 70 2 720 580 950 890Total grain 3353 3622 3247 2720 3770 3880Potatoes 1306 1224 1352 1320 1700 1940Sugar beets 1339 1583 1570 1593 1450 1310Hoots for feed 22860 24868 23546 20447 21700 30900Total roots 25505 27675 26468 23360 24850 24150Kay 2009 1588 1408 900 850 2110Straw 4538 4731 4003 3900 3845Grass and green, feed(million feed units) 2696 29C8 2809 2700 2640Source: Partly official statistics; rsartly U. S. foreign service reports based

on official Danish statistics.Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. December 19431/ According to one informant. Other sources indicate a potato area of roughlythe same magnitude as in 1942.


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respect to potato yields* In 1937, for instance, the yield inJutland was 171 qu. per ha.; on the islands it was only 137. Inother years the difference was even greater. A comparison between the yields per ha. of grains and roots, on the basis offeed units, shows that roots in general provide twice as manyfeed units per ha. as do grains (including the feed value of thestraw).

These high yields do, however, involve a high input oflabor, fertilizer, and animal draft power. 6/ Furthermore, whileroot 8 provide the main succulent cattle feed in winter time,they must "be consumed on the farm where they are produced*There is, therefore, no incentive for a farmer to increase hitroot production, except as his cattle numbers increase.

Production statistics for seeds are not available.Denmark is, however, self-sufficient in respect to seeds withthe exception of the seeds of some leguminous plants in thegrass fields, such as lucerne, early clover, kidney vetch, etc.There are, on the other hand, significant exports of root andgrass seeds*0. Utilisation of cro

Jeed*- JL* already emphasized, the major part of theDanish crop is fed to livestock. X comparison of the crop figures

6/ Cost of production per ha* of feed roots was normally about50 percent higher than that of grain; for sugar beets and potatoesalmost twice as high.


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of table 13 and the livestock feed figures in table 14 show towhat extent this statement holds good. It will "be seen that 83percent of wheat, rye, and "barley production was fed to live stock, while the corresponding figures for oats and mixed grainwere 90 and 88, respectively (the remaining 1G to 12 percentbeing mainly seed and waste)

In respect to potatoes it was found that 44 percent ofthe crop was fed* Feed roots, hay, straw, grass, and green feedwere* of course, altogether used as feed. No allowance has beenmade for waste in respect to coarse feed. In the case of rootsit is probably considerable.

The average amount of feeds tuffs available annuallyduring the pre-war years from domestic as well as foreign sourcesis shown in table 14 Amounts are given both inmetric tonsand converted into feed units. An equivalent of a little over11 billion feed units were fed annually. If the milk fed topigs and calves is included, the total figure is 12 billion.Of this, home grown coarse, feed provided 7 billion, domesticallyproduced concentrates 2.7 billion, and imported concentrates 1.5billion. The bulk of the imported feed was o il cake, of whichthe annual imports averaged 0.9 billion feed units, while cornprovided 0.4 billion and grains and bran 0.2 billion. On thebasis of their feed unit value the imported feeds tuffs, thereforedo not appear to have been or^N^P^jM^BVftrtance. On thisbasis only 12*5 percent of all feed (including milk) was imported


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Table 14. DENMARK: Available feed, average 1933-1937

Domestic Imported total Domestic Imported . Totalfeed feed feed feed feed feed___^ 1,000 metric tons million feed unitsConcentrated feeds:Wheat 289 90 379 289 90 379

Hye 209 33 242 209 33 242~Barley 835 1/ 835 835 835Oats 882 7 889 741 6 747Mixed grains 690 690 621 621illgrains 2,905 130 3,035 2,695 129 2,824Legumes 7 .. ' 7 7 .. 7Com 352 352 373 373

Bran 8 2/ 87 95 7 70 77Feed meal from grains 2 12 14 2 12 14Other feed meals 17 17 17 17Oil cake 4' 759 3/ 911 759 911feeds 2,710 1,513 4,223otal concentratedCoarse fodder: ~Potatoes for feed 578 578 151 151Feed roots 22,860 22,860 2,396 2,396Hay 2,009 2,009 846 846

~Straw 4,538 4,538 967 967

~

Grass and green feed 2,696 -- 2,696Total coarse fodder 7,056 7,056 Total feed of vegetable origin 9,766 1,513 11,279

Milk for feed (all types) 820 820Source: Based on official statisticsOffice of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943

1/ There was an export of 28,193 tons of barley.2j Imported as bran or produced from imported grain.3/ 246 .mi11i0n f.v. produced domestically from imported oilseed.4/ 205,000 tons produced domestically from imported oilseed.


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However, the contribution of the imported feeds tuffs to theprotean rea to Danish livestock was of much greater significance. Domestic feed is low in protein. This is particularlytrue of roots which supply only about 36 grams of protein perfeed unit, while the feed of a high-yielding dairy cow shouldcontain around 125 grams of protein per feed unit. The proteindeficit was therefore made up through the feeding of importedo il cake, on the "basis of protein content imported feeds tuffsprovided about one- fourth of the total supply as compared withonly one-eighth on a feed unit basis*

Ifmeasured against the protein content of cattle feedalone, the share contributed by Imported feed may be estimatedat about one- third. This Is the more realistic comparisonsince most of the imported o il cake is actually fed to dairycattle. Itmeans that the large export surplus of butter to agreat extent was not a genuine surplus but was directly dependent on the importation of oil cake. Similarly a considerablepart of the exports of bacon and eggs was dependent on importedcorn. When in the early 1930*8 the foreign markets for Danishlivestock products became increasingly unfavorable as expressedin low prices and Import restrictions (more particularly theBritish bacon quota), the question of how to bring the production of livestock products more in line with domestic feedproduction was taken up for serious considerations The warand the resulting stoppage of feed imports made a complete


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adjustment necessary. Its consequences in respect to Danishlivestock numbers and production of livestock products will bediscussed later.

Hunan consumption.- Out of the total grain crop of3,358,000 tons only 59,120 tons, or less than 2 percent, wereused for direct human consumption. Half of this amount waswheat, so that approximately 8 percent of the wheat crop appearsto have "been used for human consumption. Less than 13,000 tonsof domestic rye or 5 percent of total production was used forthe production of rye flour.

The pre-war utilization of the total supply of grains-domestic and imported is given in table 15. A total of 424,000tons of grains was used for the production of flour and groats,of which 365,000 tons were imported. Furthermore, 47,000 tonsof domestic barley went into industrial uses (beer production).With milling percentages of 72.6 for wheat, 90 for rye, 65 forbarley, and 60 for oats a total of 335,000 tons of flour andgroats were produced. Wheat and rye flour production were ofpractically the same magnitude, namely 156,000 tons of wheatflour and 161,000 tons of rye flour. There was, however, anaverage import of 17,000 tons of wheat flour, whereas 5,000 tonsof rye flour were exported. Total consumption of wheat flourthus was about 10 percent higher than that of rye flour. On aper capita basis the total annual consumption of flour, groats,and rice was 97 kilograms.


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pre-warTable 15. DENMARK: grain balance, average 1933-1937

Wheat Rye Barley Oats Mixed Corn Rice Allrain rains1000 metric tons

Supply Production 347 252 1,004 978 769 3,350Seed and waste 31 30 83 87 73 304Net production 316 222 921 891 6.96 3,046Net "trade +278 +199 -28 +17 +356 + 832Total supply 594 421 893 908 696 356 3,868

Utilizationconsumption

as grain orflour in terms Human

of grain V 215 179 11 19 424Other human consumption 47 47Industrial con- \ u25a 0sumption 4 4Feed 379 242 835 889 696 352 3,393Total consumption 594 421 893 908 696 356 3,868

Human consumption Grain for flour 215 179 11 19 424Percentage of extraction 72.6 90 65 60

Flour eauivalent 156 161 7 11 335Imported as flour, groats, etc. +17 -5 +2 +1 +11 +26Total human consumption of grainas flour, grainor groats in terms of flour 173 156 9 12 11 361

Source: Based on official statisticsOffice of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943

V Of this 27,100 tons of wheat, 12,600 tons of rye, 10,880 tons of barley, 8,840tons of oats, or a total of 59,120 tons were of domestic origin.


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The pre-war "balances for legumes, "potatoes, and sugarare given in table 16. Total domestic production of legumes,which after deduction for seed and waste amounted to 6,600 tons,was fed to livestock. Out of an import of 2,200 tons only 1,800was used fo r human consumption. This amounts to only one-halfkilogram per person per year.

Of a total potato production of 1,300,000 tons, accordingto estimates "by Danish authorities, 300,000 tons were used fordirect human consumption. In addition to this the potato equivalent of the annual consumption of potato flour was 65,000 tons.In the first year of the period, that is 1933, there was an importof 6,000 tons of potato flour, "but since 1934 the Danish potatoflour industry has been able to cover total domestic consumption*.

Sugar-beet production averaged 1,700,000 tons of which

an average of 1,300,000 tons were used for sugar production.This figure varies greatly from year to year due to great variations in yields, Furthermore, the sugar content of the beetsis subject to considerable variations. In some years there havetherefore been significant imports of sugar, while other yearsshowed an export surplus. On the average for the three yearperiod there was an import of only 3,150 tons of refined sugar

refined sugar equivalent of imported raw sugar. Domesticproduction averaged lfe,ooo tons of the refined products. Theresult Is a very high per capita sugar consumption, namely 49.9kgs. per year.


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Table 16. EENMAEK: Pre-war 'balance of legumes, potatoes, and sugarrerage 1933^-1937

Legtmes Potatoes Sugar (refined)metric tons

Bupply

Production 7740 1306040306040 181710Seed and waste 1161 319980Net production 6579 986060- 181710Net trade \u2666 2213 14308 + 3150Total supply 8792 971752 184860UtilisationHuman consumption (direct) 1793 300000 2/ 184860Other human consumption 65269Industrial consumption 28027feed 6999 578456Total consumption $*1752 184860792Source: Based on official statisticsOffice of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943

1/ Total sugar beet production was 1,724,740 tons (1933-1937 arerage), of which1,337,600 tons were used in sugar production, while 387,140 tons were fed.if Including sugar used in industries, of which the ultimate products are domestically consumed.


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The degree of self-sufficiency In respect to foodstuffsof vegetal origin may "be illustrated with a few figures, JLnestimate has been mad on the basis of calorie content of flour, .groats, and other breadstuff s (including rice) to ascertain theextent to which the Danish crap in normal tines contributes tothe domestic consumption of breads tuffs. The same has been donefor other vegetal and animal foodstuffs* It was found that thetotal annual consumption of 360,000 tons of breadstuff s amountedto 1.224 billion calories. Of these only 42,000 tons or 142 bil-lion calories, not quite 12 percent was of domestic origin. Thecorresponding calculation for other vegetal foodstuffs gave thefollowing results: of potato consumption (including potato flour)98 percent was of domestic origin, of sugar 98 percent, of fruitsand nuts 72 percent, and of vegetables 100 percent, while all ofthe consumption of vegetable oil, cocoa beans, and legumes wasof foreign origin. Almost 90 percent of the calories derivedfrom alcohol consumption (hard liquor, wine, and beer, all Interms of pure alcohol) was of domestic origin. It was finallyfound that out of a total human consumption of 2,826 billioncalories of foodstuffs of vegetal origin only 46 percent werederived from Danish resources. The heavy dependence on imported grains for flour production was the main, contributing factor tothis low self-supply percentage in respect to vegetal foodstuffs.although this dependence was more apparent than real, as will6a/later be explained in detail. Considerable imports of vegetable6a/ See pa*e 56.

>*


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oils for margarine production were also an important factor inthe country's deficit in vegetal products.D. Livestock numbers

The feed situation described in the preceding sectionprovided the "basis for a considerable livestock industry withemphasis on dairy cows and bacon pigs. The numbers of animalskept on Danish farms are given in table 17. It should be men tioned that the average figures for the 1933-1937 periodconceal some significant trends. For instance, while the aver age number of pigs on farms was 3,413,000, there was a drop from4,407,000 in 1933 to 3,061,000 in 1934. UJhe hog figure had cul mluated in 1931 with 5,455,000 on the basis of which 7 to 8million pigs were slaughtered annually. But severe reductionsin the bacon quota granted Denmark by England brought about thedrastic adjustment in the 1934 census figures.

While total cattle numbers were steadily around 3,100,000during the period, there was a significant reduction in the numberof dairy cows from 1,770,000 in 1933 to 1.574,000 in 1937 anda corresponding increase in the number of other cattle. Thenumber of horses underwent a slow but steady growth, and chickenfigures reached a high of 28.6 million in 1935, fell to 26.5million in 1937, and increased again to 32.4 million in 1939.Sheep were not of great importance.

The livestock situation on farms of various sizes hasbeen described earlier (see tables 5 and 6).


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-Table 17. DENMARK: Livestock on farms July censusType 1933-37 1939 , 1940 1941 1942 1943

Horses 1/ 523 594 594 589 596 2/ 600Cattle: 'Dairy cows 1664 1642 1619 1456 1391Other cattle 1428 1684 1660 1548 1474Total 3092 3326 3279 3004 2865 2980Hogs:

Boars 22 18 17-11 9 9Sows 395 390 336 240 172 231Suckling pigs 823 856 761 440 253 429Other pigs 2173 1919 2104 1079 772 1342Total 3/ 3413 3183 3218 1770 1206 2011Chickens:Hens 12136 13530 13731 6850Other chickens 14736 18869 10837 5098Total 26872 32399 24568 11948 11478 14000 Sheep 4/ 187 147 171 180Source: 1933 to 1940 official statistics; 1941-1943 U. S. foreign servicereports, based on official Danish statisticsOffice of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943

T7 The number of horses outside of rural districts was as follows: 1933, 19,0001939, 17,000; and in April 1941 it was estimated at at least 24 f OOO.2/ It is not definitely stated that this figure refers to horses on farms, butit seems likely.3/ There was a drop from 4,407,000 in 1933 to 3,061,000 in 1934.4/ Figure refers to 1937 only.


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B. LlTestoek productsAverage annual production figures for the main livestock

products are presented in table 18. The previous discussion offeed supplies brought out the fact that the export surpluses ofbutter, bacon, and eggs were dependent on imported feed suppliesto a considerable extent. In order to evaluate this dependencein terms of the final product, an allocation of imported feedstuffs to the various types of livestock has been made and thespecific production resulting from this allocated imported feedwas estimated. It goes without saying that such allocations aresomewhat arbitrary and can be presented only with reservations.Nevertheless they are believed to give a fair approximation tothe actual relationship. The results are presented in table 19as "-production from imported feed.* It wil l be seen that overhalf of the butter production or 97,000 tons was attributed toforeign feed, This leaves a production from domestic resourcesof 83,800 tons, of which only 33,300 tons were domestically con sumed. 7/ The genuine export surpluses were also considerable inthe case of pork and eggs. Total pork production was 346,000tons, with 185,000 tons from purely domestic sources and a dom estic consumption of only 117,000 tons. 8/ Total eggs productionwas 96,000 tons 9/, production from domestic feed alone 66,000 tonsand domestic consumption only 20,000 tons. 8/7/ See table 21, pre-war edible fats and oils balance.8/ See table 22, pre-war meat, fish, and eggs balance.9/ Official Danish estimate. In view of later data, productionat this time appears to have been underestimated by roughly 10,000tons. Added to the original estimate,, this would leave a domesticegg consumption of 30,000 tons or 8.1 kgs. per capita.


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Table 18. EENMAEK: Production of animal foodstuff s

Foodstuff 933"37 19 ?9 1940 1941 1942 1943 2'1000 metric tons

Milk 5281 5245 4615 3606 3330 3600Butter 181 183 163 125 108 115Cheese 29 273 34 33 33te8 1/ 96 135 113 59 38 38Pork 346 190 11509 , 316 140Beef and veal 149 155 16603 146 110Ift** 17 13 11 8 62/5Source: Based on official statistics

"~"

Table 19. EHHMABX: Pre-war production of animal foodstuffs from domesticand imported feed, average 1933-1937

Production from Production from Tota3 productionFoodstuff imported feed domestic feedmetric tons metric tons metric tonsMi3Jc 3/ 2278000 3003000 5261000Butter . 97000 83800 180800Cheese 29320 29320Stefi* 30000 66004 96004rk 161500 184967 346467Beef and veal 149429 149429I**** 8600 8860 17360Office of Foreign Agricultural EelationsDecember 1943

\J There was a steady increase in the production of eggs during the period.2/ Estimated.Intermediate product% utilized in production of that- 97,000 tons of butterwhich is attributed to imported fSed./r1/ (contd.) See also footnote 9, pca*c 43.


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With an average number of dairy cows of 1,664,000 totalannual milk production came to 5,281,000 tons annually or 3,174kg6. per cow. The utilisation of this milk is given in the pre war milk "balance (table 20). About 80 percent of the milk wasused for the production of butter. Of the skim milk resultingfrom this production, a small part, 182,000 tons, was used incheese production, and a similar amount* it tyas been estimated,is used for direct human consumption. By far the greater parthowever, is used for the feeding of calves and pigs. In additionto the skim milk, 138,000 tons of whole milk was used in cheeseproduction. Direct human consumption claimed 650,000 tons freshmilk, and 250,000 tons of whole milk were fed to calves. Asmall amount, 25,000 tons, was used for the production of condensedmilk, of which practically all was exported. Approximately 80percent of the butter production and 30 percent of the cheeseproduction were also exported. If these dairy products are converted into their milk eauivalent, it is found that 3,500,000tons or two- thirds of the milk produced was exported. Of this2,278,000 tons or 43 percent of total milk production were pro duced from imported feed. Domestic human consumption claimed atotal of 1,529,000 tons of milk, consumed as butter, cheese, andwhole milk. Butter consumption on a per capita basis worked outat 9 kgs. annually, cheese at 5.6 kgs., and whole milk at 175 kgs.

The importance of butter in the total fats supply situationof the country may be seen in table 21. Of a total fat consumption


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Table 20. DENMARK:: Pre-war milk balance, average 1933-1937

Supply and Milk Butter Cheese Condensed Fresh milk Teeddisposition milk Consump- Consumption "by tion "by-producer others1000 metric tons production 5,281(Jtil ization of milk 1/ 4,218 138 25 150 500 250Ultimate production 181 2/29Net trade -3,502 -148 -8 3/-25Domestic utilization 1,779 33 21 150 500 250Human consumption 4/ 1,529 33 21 150 500Based on Official statistics; partly estimated.Office of Foreign Agricultural RelationsDecember 1943

1/ As per DanmarkB Me.ierl-Statistik 1933 to 1938 inclusive.~ZI In the production of this cheese was also used 182,200 tons skim and butter milk.Zj Fresh milk equivalent.4/ Fresh milk equivalent of all dairy products.


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Table 21. BENMABK: Pre-war edible fats and oils balance, average 1933-1937

" Olive Other Marine Slaughter Butter All fatsvegetable oils fats and oilsItem ; oils metric tonsDomestic production 1/ 39966 22097 180800 242863Net trade *47 +2246 4-14270 -13524 -147506 -144467Net supply 47 42212 14270 8573 33294 98396Utilization:

For margarine 42212 14270 2537 . 59019 Other food uses 47 6036 33294 39377

Total utilization 47 42212 14270 8573 33294 98396

Source: Based on official statistics


4J Refined domestically or produced from imported oilseed


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-of 98,000 tons, i.e. 26.5 kgs. per capita annually buttersupplied slightly over one-third. Vegetable oils provided42,000 tons and whale oil 14,000 tons. Both of these productswere used in margarine production. Slaughter fatsfor 8,600 tons* Itmight be added, that of the hog fats, onlylard is included in these figures. Other hog fa t is includedin the pork figures*

Table 22 finally presents production, trade, and consumption statistics for meat, fish, an d eggs. Of a total meatproduction of 553,000 tons, pork accounted fo r 346,000, beefand veal for 169,000. Exports totaled 281,000 or just aboutone-half. Exported live animals were converted into theirslaughter weight equivalent an d included in these figures. Theextent to which the export surplus of pork, as well as of eggs,is derived from imported feed has already been discussed. Dom estic consumption of all meat was at 252,000 tons, which givesthe very high per capita annual average of 68 kgs. The annualfish catch averaged 89,000 tons of which 34,000 were exported,leaving a per capita consumption of around 15 kgs. Total eg*consumption was 20,000 tons annually 10/ or 5*4 kgs* per person.

While it was found that only 46 percent of the foodstuffsof vegetal origin consumed were home produced, there is a surliie production of all livestock product as milk, butter, cheese.

10/ See footnote 9, page 43.


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Table 22. DENKABK: Pre-war meat, fish, and egg "balance, average 1933-1937

Beef Pork Lamb Poultry Offals Total Pish Eggsan d and meat --Item veal mutton metric tonsDomesticproduction 169229 346467 1/ 3600 1/ 14000 2/ 20000 553^96 88575 96004Net trade -42653-229573 +293 -2180 -7340 -281453 -34050 -75846Total supply 126576 116894 3893 11820 12660 271843 54525 20158Industrial ~utilization 3/ 19800 19800Humanconsumption 106776 116894 3893 11820 12660 252043 54525 20158Source: Based on official statistics.


1/ Estimate for 1933 by Danish authorities.2/ Estimate for 1933 by Danish authorities. Includes l iver, hearts, kidneys, andrpork tenderloin.3/ For production of meat meal, bone meal, technical fat, etc.


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meat, slaughter fats, and eggs. Fish, is also on an exportbasis. Only one animal foodstuff is imported, namely whaleoil for the production of margarine. 11/ A calculation on acalorie basis shows that production of animal foodstuffs fromdomestic resources (with production from imported feed left outof consideration) was as high as 337 percent of domestic consumption in the case of eggs, 251 percent in the case of butter,159 percent for slaughter fats, 155 percent for meat and poultry,and 142 percent for cheese. Total annual fish catch was 163percent of domestic fish consumption. Tor all foodstuffs ofanimal origin taken together (including whale oil) the percentage was 146*5.P. Livestock "breeds 12/

Horses.- The chief objective in Danish horse breedinghas been to develop a medium heavy draft horse suitable- for agricultural work, and the native Jutland horse was found to providegood material tor such breeding. Efforts to improve this breedhave been in progress since the middle of the last century. Asa result, the Jutland breed now provides excellent work horsesthat mature early. They are broad and heavy, generally red withlight-colored manes and tails. Stallions entered at shows weigharound 1,000 kgs. or more. These horses are particularly commonin Jutland as table 23 indicates, but they are also in general*"'"iuse on the Island of Funen. '^W11/ See table 21. Pre-war fats and oils balance.12/ Based on Denmark Agriculture. The Agricultural Council.


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Table 23. DENMARK: Livestock breeds, 1933 (numbers)

Jutland

Breeding CowsTrolls

12178 34448414444 335360803 9093243 388674 15849028 1934481283 68323554 7375011214 12024749821 1150175.Breeding Maresstallions

57 7 58342242 346270 576773 142353 126430 316116 806071 41875. 78634Rams Ewe's22.65 18612377 28773951 539136593> 75402

3,300, mares ovef

Denmark

Breeding Cowsbulls

12420 * 34525536585 881378913 9879457 831098 32149052 1938021292 68634729 7858717993 20907879539- 1798137Breeding Maresstallions

695 72447676 12359122 .16780254 9773136 382345 487147 130321080

l/ 3154- 1/128701,

Rams %wes2916 26154436 34934533 633717885 93016

3 years of age

Type

CattleBlack and unite JutlandcattleRed Danish milk cattleHolland cattleJersey cattleJersey crossingsShorthorn cattleShorthorn crossingsOthers and mixedUnknown1-otal

HorsesJutland raceBelgian raceOthers and mixed (heavy)Frederiksborg raceForeign half-bloodPure bloodOthers and mixedUnknownTotal

Shee-p

Oxford Down raceLeicester raceOthersTotal


1/ Total number of stallions over 3 years was226,100

Aarbog.Source: Statlstisk 1936

Islands

BreedingTrails

242221411102142424

91756779

29718Breedingstallions

118433521818315313661279Ram 8

65 1595821292

Cows

77154601878 644241630354311483788831647962Mares14105889711013835025591714972 5006?Ewes

7542616945817616


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On Sealand the Belgian type of haavy work horse wasintroduced in 1894 and has "been crossbred with local animals.While the horses developed are not always equal to those ofpore Belgian breed* the breeding of these Dano-Belgian horseshas been steadily progressing, A third breed of work horse isthe Oldenburg breed.

JLs a carriage and riding horae. the Jrederiksborg horse

is the dominant "breed. It is derived from the old Royal Frederiksborg Stud in North Sealand. Around the middle of the lastcentury, when the stud was deteriorating, English thoroughbredstallions and stallions of pure Arab blood were introduced andmated with Sealand mares related to the stud horses. The resulting Trederiksborg horse is dark red with a height orer thewithers of from 160 to 175 cm. She head is small, the neck erect,and the horse on the whole of a harmonious shape*

Besides these horses, bred in Denmark, there is a fairsomber of small horses of foreign origin used on small holdings.They are generally Imported from Iceland, Russia, the BalticStates, or Poland. In 1933 there were 89,700 such small horsesinDenmark. In northern Jutland there is some breeding of smallWeat-Horwegian horses*

Cattle.- There are two national Danish breeds of oattlethe Red Danish Milk Cattle and the Black and White Jutland Cattle.Between them they account 'for shfm^WSlil^itthn of the Danishoattle population. The Jutland Cattle is the older breed of


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the twjo and until around 1865 it was considered the superior"breed. But as the work to develop a pure "breed within the do-main of the Red Danish Milk Cattle progressed with a view,-particularly, to high milk yield this race gained ground, andit is now two to three times as numerous as the Jutland cattle.The remainder of the stock of cattle consists of Shorthorn Cattlewhich account for about 17 percent, Jersey and Dutch Cattle whicheach account for about one-half percent, plus various crossingsof these breeds. Table 23 gives an indication- of the numbers ofcattle of each breed in 1933.

The Red Danish Milk Cattle is a horned type of cattle oflight red to dark red coloring. Markings are fairly rare. Theweight of a fully grown cow from an ordinary herd is generallyaround 500 kgs. while a cow from an outstanding herd may weigha hundred kilograms more, A prize bull may weigh around 950 kgs.In 1933-34 the average milk yield of 290,000 controlled cows ofthis breed was 3,584 kgs. with a fat content of 3.92 percent or140.6 kgs. butterfat (157 kgs. butter), while the correspondingfigures for the highest yielding cow was 12,326 kgs. with a fatcontent of 3.82. The highest fat content recorded for that yearwas 6 percent. The Black and White Jutland Cattle, which isalso horned, is of about the same size as the Red Milk Cattle,but the milk yield is somewhat lower, the average milk yieldof 102,000 controlled cows was 3,327 kgs. in 1932-33, with a fatcontent of 3,74 or 124.4 kgs. butterfat (139 kgs. butter). Thehighest yielding cow gave 10,394 kgs. milk with 4.35 percent fat.


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Pigs.- When in the 1880 's the Banish hog raisers "beganto cater to the English market a change of breed became necessary with a view to production of lean "bacon. The medium- sizedYorkshire pig and the Berkshire pig had been used extensivelybut were not suited for this specific purpose while a cross between a local native breed and the large Yorkshire pig provedmore satisfactory. From 1896 on this breeding was placed on ascientific basis. Separate pedigree breeding centers were established for the old Danish Landrace and the large white Yorkshire pig, whereupon Yorkshire boars and Landrace sows from thesecenters were mated, combining the bacon qualities of the Yorkshires with the ability of the Landrace to produce large litters.A generation of work along these lines resulted in the breed ofan excellent bacon pig.

An indication of the breeds of sheep found in Denmarkis given in table 23.G. Total food self-sufficiency

According to the preceding analysis, only 46 percent ofthe foodstuffs of vegetal origin consumed in Denmark were ofdomestic origin while the country's output of livestock productsexceeded its consumption by 46 percent. In order to coordinatethese data and arrive at an estimate of the general food self-sufficiency table 24 has been computed. This table gives ahighly summarized account of production, trade, and consumptionOf vegetal and animal foodstuffs on a calorie basis. It will


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"\u25a0** OO

Table 24. DENMARK: Summary of pre-war food production and consumptionCalculation A Calculation B(domestic wheat and rye (domestic wheat and ryeconsidered as feed) considered as food)Vegetal Animal Total Vegetal Animal TotalItem foodstuffs foodstuffs food foodstuffs foodstuffs foodbillion calories

Domestic productionof food from:Domestic resources 1294 2264 3558 2339 2093 4432Imported feeds tuffs 1250 !?59 1421Allsources 1294 3514 4858 2339 35H 5553-Direct net imports 1532 -1969 437 486 -1969 -1483Consumption 2826 1545 4371 2825 1545 4370

percent percent percent percent percent percent

Calories consumedin percent of total 64.6 35#4 100.0 64.6 35.4 100.0Domestic productionfrom all sources inpercent of consumption 110.0 82.85.8 227.5 227.5 134.0Domestic productionfrom domestic sourcesin percent of con sumption 45.8 146.5 81.4 82.8 135.5 101.4



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be seen (calculation a) that total domestic production ofvegetal foodstuffs I/ was 1,294 billion calories, that ofanimal foodstuffs from domestic feed 2,264 billion calories,and animal foodstuffs from imported feed 1,250 billion calories.Total production in terms of its ultimate food use . thereforewas 4,808 billion calories.- Imported vegetal foodstuffs supplied 1,532 billion calories while exports of animal foodstuffsamounted to 1,969 billion calories; thus there was a net tradesurplus of 437 billion food calories. Since, however, production of animal foodstuffs from imported feed supplied 1,250billions of the animal foodstuff calories, there was actuallya deficit of a little over 800 billion calories. As a resultit willbe seen that while total domestic consumption was 4,371billion calories annually, total domestic production of foodstuffs from purely- domestic sources was only 3,558 billioncalories or 81.4 percent.

This, however, is not at all an adequate expressionof the country's degree of food self-sufficiency. It representsthe actual utilization of domestic crop production as it wasat the time, but Ignores the fact that a large crop of breadgrain was raised which could have been used for human consumption rather than as feed for livestock. From thqpoint of viewof the caloric value of the resulting foodstuffs, this use ofthe crop for feed makes domestic production appear very low13/ This comprise 8 breadstuff s (mcl. rice) , potatoes, sugarlegumes, fresh vegetable^frMt, and vegetableo^^oils.


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since roughly six-sevenths of the calories are "lost* intheir utilization for feed. The Danish 'bread-grain crop,which was almost entirely used as feed, appears in this calculation, in terms of its resultant equivalent in livestock

4products, with only around one-seventh of the' caloric value ofthe original c

civil affairs handbook denmark section 7

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