CIVIL LITIGATIONIN COMPARATIVE

CONTEXTBy

Oscar G. ChaseRussell D. Niles Professor of Law

New York University

Helen HershkoffJoel S. and Anne B. Ehrenkranz Professor of Law

New York University

Linda SilbermanMartin Lipton Professor of Law

New York University

Yasuhei TaniguchiProfessor Emeritus, Kyoto University Faculty of Law

Professor of Law, Senshu UniversityMember, Appellate Body, World Trade Organization

Vincenzo VaranoProfessor of Comparative Law

Faculty of Law, University of Florence

Adrian ZuckermanProfessor of Civil Procedure

University of OxfordFellow of University College, Oxford

Oscar G. Chase and Helen HershkoffGeneral Editors

AMERICAN CASEBOOK SERIES®

THOMSON

WEST

Mat #40294871

Table of Contents

Page

PREFACE v

TABLE OF CASES xxvii

Chapter 1. An Introduction and Overview.-. 1I. Introduction — 1

A. Why Take a Global Approach to the Study of Civil Proce-dure? — 1

B. Categorizing the World's Legal Systems and Their Proce-dures — 3

II. An Overview of Different Procedural Systems 4A. The Civil Law System 4

1. Introduction 42. The Machinery of Justice: Courts and Judges in the

Civil Law Tradition 53. The Proceeding of First Instance 74. Special Proceedings — 105. Appeals 116. Enforcement of Judgments 137. The Performance of the Civil Law Procedural Model: A

Tentative Assessment 13B. The Common Law System—England 15

1. Introduction 152. Outline of a Litigation in England-- 15

a. Pre-action Protocols 15b. Commencing the Proceeding-- — 16c. The Defendant's Response 17d. Disposal of the Case Without Trial 17e. Interim Remedies ... 18f. Case Management 20g. Pre-trial Disclosure . 21h. Trial . - 23i. Appeal 23j . Costs - 24

C. The Common Law System—The United States— ----- 251. Introduction 252. Overview of a Lawsuit in the United States 26

a. Investigation and Fee Arrangements 26b. Choice of Court — 26

xiii

sdv TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageII. An Overview of Different Procedural Systems—Continued

c. Commencing the Proceeding and Serving the Defen-dant .... 27

d. Defendant's Responses 27e. Case Management and Pretrial Discovery-- 28f. Summary Judgment 30g. T r i a l - - _ 31h. Taking the Case From the Jury and Post-Verdict

Motions 32i. Appeals 33

3. Conclusion _ 34D. Japan — — 35

1. Introduction and Historical Background of JapaneseCivil Procedure 35

2. Post-War Reform —- 363. Civil Procedure in the Post-War Period 384. A New Trend of Judge-Lawyer Cooperation—Success-

ful Preparation and Concentration of Witness Exami-nation -. 40

5. Further Amendments in 2003 446. Prospects and Conclusion—The Need for Solid Infra-

structure 45III. Other Systems: An Apologia ~~ 48

Chapter 2. The Structure of the Legal Profession 51I. Introduction 51

II. The Education of Civil Lawyers 53Mirjan Damaska, A Continental Lawyer in an American Law

School: Trials and Tribulations of Adjustment 53III. The Legal Profession vs. The Legal Professions 58

John Henry Merryman, The Civil Law Tradition 58IV. The Structure of the Legal Profession in the Civil Law:

Germany, France, Italy, and Japan — 63Fundamental Law (Grundgesetz) of the Federal Republic of

Germany of 1949 — 64Peter L. Murray and Rolf Stumer, German Civil Justice 64The German Bar and Access to Civil Justice —- - 68Constitution of the Republic of France (1958) 74Catherine Elliott and Catherine Vernon, The French Legal

System - 76Constitution of the Italian Republic (1948) — 82Note on the Italian Legal Professions - - 84The Constitution of Japan (1946) 87Yukiko Hasebe, Civil Justice Reform: Access, Cost, and Expe-

dition. The Japanese Perspective, in Adrian A. S. Zucker-man, Civil Justice in Crisis —- 89

Yasuhei Taniguchi, Japan's Recent Civil Procedure Reform:Its Seeming Success and Left Problems in The Reforms ofCivil Procedure in Comparative Perspective — 89

TABLE OF CONTENTS xv

PageIV. The Structure of the Legal Profession in the Civil Law:

Germany, France, Italy, and Japan—ContinuedNote on Developments in Japan 93

V. The Structure of the Legal Profession in the Common Law:England and the United States 94

Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 95Note on Developments in England - — 95Constitution of the United States — 96Henry J. Abraham, The Judicial Process: An Introductory

Analysis of the Courts of the United States, England, andFrance —. 97

David S. Clark, Legal Education and the Legal Profession, inIntroduction to the Law of the United States - 101

Chapter 3. Organization of the Courts - 106I. Introduction 106

II. Civil Law Systems: Germany, France, Italy, and Japan 107Fundamental Law (Grundgesetz) of the Federal Republic of

Germany (1949) 107Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice 108John Bell, French Legal Cultures 116The Constitution of the Republic of Italy (1948)—- 122Notes-- - - - - - --- 122Constitution of Japan 125Note - - - - -- 125

III. Courts in the Common Law: England and the United States ... 126Henry J. Abraham, The Judicial Process 126Notes .— - —- - - 130Constitution of the United States - 132Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America ~ 133Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr. and Michele Taruffo, American Civil

Procedure: An Introduction 134Peter Hay, Law of the United States: An Overview 136Note - - - - - - 139

IV. Constitutional Courts 140John E. Ferejohn, Constitutional Review in the Global Con-

text - - - - ----- 140Fundamental Law (Grundgesetz) of the Federal Republic of

Germany (1949) ----- - 141Constitution of the Republic of Italy (1948) 143Mauro Cappelletti, The Judicial Process in Comparative Per-

spective 144Constitution of the Republic of France (1958! 147Mauro Cappelletti, The Judicial Process in Comparative Per-

spective - - — - - - 150

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PageV. Supra-National Courts — — — 152

A. Introductory Note . . - — 152B. The European Court of Justice 152C. The European Court of Human Rights —- 154

Peter L. Murray & Rolf Stumer, German Civil Justice 154Note 154

VI. Stare Decisis: A Comparative Perspective — — — 155Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, Introduction to Comparative

L a w - - 155Mauro Cappelletti, The Doctrine of Stare Decisis and the Civil

Law: A Fundamental Difference—Or No Difference at All?in Festschrift fur Konrad Zweigert zum 70 159

Chapter 4. Initiating a Law Suit, Defining the Issues,Gathering the Evidence 164

I. Introduction 164II. Initiating Proceedings — — — 164

Civil Procedure Rules 1998, Part 7—How to start proceedings 166Note on Pre-action Protocols Required in England ---- 168Jack H. Friedenthal, Arthur R. Miller, John E. Sexton, and

Helen Hershkoff, Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials 169Federal Rules of Civil Procedure — 170German Code of Civil Procedure — —- 171Takeshi Kojima, Japanese Civil Procedure in Comparative

Law Perspective 172The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 173

III. Notification of Proceedings 173Civil Procedure Rules 175Jack H. Friedenthal, Arthur R. Miller, John E. Sexton, and

Helen Hershkoff, Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials 176Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 4 Summons 178German Code of Civil Procedure — 180Hideyuki Kobayashi and Yoshimasa Furuta, Products Liability

Act and Transnational Litigation in Japan - 182The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 183

IV. Identifying the Issues 184Civil Procedure Rules — 185Note 186Civil Procedure Rules 186Note 187Jack H. Friedenthal, Arthur R. Miller, John E. Sexton, and

Helen Hershkoff, Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials 188Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A 189Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 192German Code of Civil Procedure 196Takeshi Kojima, Japanese Civil Procedure in Comparative

Law Perspective — 199Japanese Code of Civil Procedure —- 200Michele Taruffo, Civil Procedure and the Path of a Civil Case,

in Introduction to Italian Law 202Loi'c Cadiet, Civil Justice Reform: Access, Cost, and Delay. The

French Perspective, in Civil Justice in Crisis —- 204

TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

PageV. Learning the Facts—Discovery- - - - 207

Civil Procedure Rules 210Note on Respect for Confidentiality and Privacy 212Note on Search Orders - 213Jack H. Friedenthal, Arthur R. Miller, John E. Sexton, and

Helen Hershkoff, Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials 214Federal Rules of Civil Procedure — --.. 216German Civil Procedure Code 224Note on Privileges in Germany - 226German Civil Procedure Code - - 226Takeshi Kojima, Japanese Civil Procedure in Comparative

Law Perspective - — 227Note on Privileges in Japan - - - ... 230The Code of Civil Procedure in Japan — 230Note — - 231Note on Pre-action Discovery 234The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 235Note on Discovery Reforms-— - 237Nicolo Trocker and Vincenzo Varano, Concluding Remarks, in

The Reforms of Civil Procedure in Comparative Perspective 237Chapter 5. Resolving the Case in the First Instance Court:

The Trial and Analogous Processes 241I. Introduction 241

II. The Structure of the "First Instance" Proceeding 241John H. Langbein, The German Advantage in Civil Procedure 242Note - 245Neil Andrews, A New Civil Procedure Code for England:

Party-Control "Going, Going, Gone" 246Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16—Pretrial Conferences;

Scheduling; Management 252Civil Procedure Rules, Rule 1.4— - 252German Code of Civil Procedure — 253Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 253

III. The Role of the Judge and Attorney at the Hearing 254Oscar G. Chase, Law, Culture, and Ritual: Disputing Systems

in Cross-Cultural Context — 254Notes- 257Michele Taruffo, Recent and Current Reforms of Civil Proce-

dure in Italy, in The Reforms of Civil Procedure in Compar-ative Perspective - — 257

Note 258Frederique Ferrand, The Respective Role of the Judge and the

Parties in the Preparation of the Case in France, in TheReforms of Civil Procedure in Comparative Perspective 258

Note - - - 259Daniel Soulez Lariviere, Overview of the Problems of French

Civil Procedure - — - 259IV. Evidence and Presentation of Proof 260

Mirjan R. Damaska, Evidence Law Adrift 260Michele Taruffo, Civil Procedure and the Path of a Civil Case,

in Introduction to Italian Law 262Note - - - - - - - 263John H. Langbein, The German Advantage in Civil Procedure 263

xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageIV. Evidence and Presentation of Proof—Continued

Richard W. Hulbert, Comment on French Civil Procedure 267Note 268

V. Decision Makers 268Oscar G. Chase, Law, Culture, and Ritual: Disputing Systems

in Cross-Cultural Context 268Alan B. Morrison, Courts, in Fundamentals of American Law 269Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice 272Note 275

Chapter 6. Short-Cuts to Judgment and Provisional Reme-dies- - 276

I. Introduction 276II. Summary and Provisional Remedies: History and Contempo-

rary Context 277III. Short-Cuts to Judgment: Summary Remedies in England,

Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States 278Civil Procedure Rules, Part 24—Summary Judgment 279Neil Andrews, English Civil Procedure: Fundamentals of the

New Civil Justice System- 280German Code of Civil Procedure 281Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice 282Michele Taruffo, Civil Procedure and the Path of a Civil Case,

in Introduction to Italian Law 283Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice 284The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan — 284Takaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Procedure

in Japan 285Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 Summary Judgment 286Arthur R. Miller, The Pretrial Rush to Judgment: Are the

"Litigation Explosion," "Liability Crisis," and EfficiencyCliches Eroding Our Day in Court and Jury Trial Commit-ments? - 287

IV. Short-Cuts, Continued: Treatment of Small Claims in Eng-land, Italy, Japan, and the United States 288

Civil Procedure Rules, Part 26—Case Management—Prelimi-nary Stage 289

Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice — 289European Commission, European Judicial Network in Civil

and Commercial Matters (2006) 290The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 291Carl F. Goodman, Justice and Civil Procedure in Japan 292Bruce Zucker and Monica Her, The People's Court Examined:

A Legal and Empirical Analysis of the Small Claims CourtSystem - 293

TABLE OF CONTENTS xix

PageV. Provisional Remedies: Comparative Overview — 294

A. Justifications and Current Problems — 294Stephen Goldstein, Recent Developments and Problems in

the Granting of Preliminary Relief: A Comparative Anal-ysis — - — 295

George A. Bermann, Provisional Relief in TransnationalLitigation 296

B. Provisional Remedies in the European Union and OtherNational Examples — - 296

European Union, Council Regulation on Jurisdiction andthe Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments (2002) 297

Manuel Juan Dominguez, Using Prejudgment Attach-ments in the European Community and the U.S - 298

Civil Procedure Rules, Part 25 — — 300Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 301Loic Cadiet, Civil Justice Reform: Access, Cost, and Delay.

The French Perspective, in Civil Justice in Crisis: Com-parative Perspectives of Civil Procedure 302

German Code of Civil Procedure 304Manuel Juan Dominguez, Using Prejudgment Attach-

ments in the European Community and the U.S 305Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice — - - 307Vincenzo Varano, Civil Procedure Reform in Italy - 307Civil Provisional Relief Act 309Takaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Proce-

dure in Japan 312Federal Rules of Civil Procedure .— 314Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, and Mary Kay

Kane, 11A Federal Practice and Procedure 2d — —. 315New York Civil Practice Law and Rules 315David D. Siegel, New York Practice — 316

VI. Provisional Remedies, Continued: A Comparative Look at the"Marevd" Injunction — 317

Mark S. W. Hoyle and assisted by Mark Walsh, Freezing andSearch Orders —- — 318

Civil Procedure Rules, Part 25—Interim Remedies 319Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 319Mark S. W. Hoyle and assisted by Mark Walsh, Freezing and

Search Orders--- — - - — 320Jens Grunert, Interlocutory Remedies in England and Germa-

ny: A Comparative Perspective 322Yutaka Yazawa, The Importance of Effective Legal Systems—

Provisional Remedies in Litigation, in Commercial Law in aGlobal Context: Some Perspectives in Anglo-Japanese Law 324

David Capper, The Need for Mareva Injunctions Reconsidered 324

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageChapter 7. Appeal 327

I. Introduction - — 327ALI/UNIDROIT Principles of Transnational Procedure 328

II. European Appellate Systems in General 328J.A. Jolowicz, Introduction: Recourse Against Civil Judgments

in the European Union: A Comparative Survey, in RecourseAgainst Judgments in the European Union 328

Nicolo Trocker and Vincenzo Varano, Concluding Remarks, inThe Reforms of Civil Procedure in Comparative Perspective 335

Sergio Chiarloni, Civil Justice and Its Paradoxes: An ItalianPerspective, in Civil Justice in Crisis— 337

III. England - 338Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 338H.L. v. Canada (Attorney General)— 342Civil Procedure Rules 1998. Part 52—Appeals — 343

IV. The United States 345Alan B. Morrison, Litigation, in Fundamentals of American

Law— — - 345Note 347Jack H. Friedenthal, Arthur R. Miller, John E. Sexton, and

Helen Hershkoff, Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials 348Title 28, United States Code—Judiciary and Judicial Proce-

dure --. 349Federal Rules of Civil Procedure — 350

V. Germany 352Peter Gottwald, Civil Procedure in Germany after the Reform

Act 2001 352German Code of Civil Procedure. - 357

VI. France — 360Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, European Civil Justice ..- 360

VII. Japan 362Takeshi Kojima, Japanese Civil Procedure in Comparative

Law Perspective 362Note - 363Japanese Code of Civil Procedure - — 363Michele Taruffo, Civil Procedure and the Path of a Civil Case,

in Introduction to Italian Law - — - 367

Chapter 8. Aggregation of Parties, Claims, and Actions 369I. Introduction - - 369

II. The Function and Goals of Aggregation Devices 371Ernst J. Cohn, Parties, in International Encyclopedia of Com-

parative Law.- 371Richard D. Freer, Avoiding Duplicative Litigation: Rethinking

Plaintiff Autonomy and the Court's Role in Defining theLitigative Unit - 372

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi

PageIII. Permissive Joinder of Claims and Parties - 373

Civil Procedure Rules, Part 19—Parties and Group Litigation 374Civil Procedure Rules, Part 20—Counterclaims and Other

Additional Claims 374Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 374German Code of Civil Procedure —. 375Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice - - 375Mauro Cappelletti and Joseph M. Perillo, Civil Procedure in

Italy - - 376The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 376Takaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Procedure

in Japan 376Federal Rules of Civil Procedure — — 377Robert G. Bone, Mapping the Boundaries of the Dispute:

Conceptions of Ideal Lawsuit Structure from the Field Codeto the Federal Rules — — 378

IV. Mandatory Joinder of Claims and Parties —- 379Civil Procedure Rules, Part 19—Parties and Group Litigation 380Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 381Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice 381Michele Angelo Lupoi, Italy, International Encyclopaedia 382Mauro Cappelletti and Joseph M. Perillo, Civil Procedure in

Italy - 382The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 382Takaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Procedure

in Japan 383J. Mark Ramseyer and Minoru Nakazato, Japanese Law: An

Economic Approach 384Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 19 Joinder of Persons Needed

for Just Adjudication 384Carl Tobias, Rule 19 and the Public Rights Exception to Party

Joinder— — — — - - - 385V. Joinder and the Right to Recover Reimbursement: The Exam-

ple of Impleader — 386Civil Procedure Rules, Part 20—Counterclaims and Other

Additional Claims - - — - 387Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice - 387German Code of Civil Procedure- 388Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice 388Mauro Cappelletti and Joseph M. Perillo, Civil Procedure in

Italy - - - — 388Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 14 Third Party Practice 389Jack H. Friedenthal, Mary Kay Kane, and Arthur R. Miller,

Civil Procedure - - - 389VI. Collective or Representative Actions - 390

A. Justifications for Collective or Representative Actions - 392Mauro Cappelletti, Vindicating the Public Interest

Through the Courts: A Comparativist's Contribution 392Thomas D. Rowe, Jr., Foreword—Debates Over Group

Litigation in Comparative Perspective: What Can WeLearn From Each Other? 393

Michele Taruffo, Some Remarks on Group Litigation inComparative Perspective —. 394

B. Class Actions: The United States Approach - ----- 395

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Page

VI. Collective or Representative Actions—ContinuedFederal Rules of Civil Procedure 23 Class Actions 396Linda Silberman, The Vicissitudes of the American Class

Action—With a Comparative Eye 400Richard B. Cappalli and Claudio Consolo, Class Actions for

Continental Europe? A Preliminary Inquiry 404C. Collective Actions on Behalf of Consumers and Others:

Developments Within the European Union and Else-where 405

Directive 98/27/EC of the European Parliament 406Edward F. Sherman, Group Litigation Under Foreign Le-

gal Systems: Variations and Alternatives to AmericanClass Actions 408

Christopher Hodges, Europeanization of Civil Justice:Trends and Issues 409

Civil Procedure Rules, Part 19—Parties and Group Litiga-tion 410

Neil Andrews, English Civil Procedure: Fundamentals ofthe New Civil Justice System 410

Edward F. Sherman, Group Litigation Under Foreign Le-gal Systems: Variations and Alternatives to AmericanClass Actions 411

Christopher Hodges, Europeanization of Civil Justice:Trends and Issues — 412

Act on the Initiation of Model Case Proceedings — 413Michael Sturner, Model Case Proceedings in the Capital

Markets—Tentative Steps Towards Group Litigation inGermany 415

Richard H. Dreyfuss, Class Action Judgment Enforcementin Italy: Procedural "Due Process" Requirements- —- 420

The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 421Yasuhei Taniguchi, The 1996 Code of Civil Procedure of

Japan—A Procedure for the Coming Century? - 422Carl F. Goodman, Japan's New Civil Procedure Code: Has

It Fostered a Rule of Law Dispute Resolution Mecha-nism? 423

Note 423D. Legislative Approaches to Collective Harms 423

Linda S. Mullenix, Lessons From Abroad: Complexity andConvergence- 424

Anita Bernstein, Formed by Thalidomide: Mass Torts as aFalse Cure for Toxic Exposure 424

Kenneth R. Feinberg, Speech: Negotiating the September11 Victim Compensation Fund of 2001: Mass Tort Reso-lution without Litigation 426

VII. Aggregation of Cases Within a Judicial System: ExamplesFrom England, Japan, and the United States 428

Civil Procedure Rules, Part 3—The Court's Case ManagementPowers 429

Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 429The Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 430

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxiii

PageVII. Aggregation of Cases Within a Judicial System: Examples

From England, Japan, and the United States—ContinuedTakaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Procedure

in Japan 430Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 42 Consolidation; Separate

Trials — 430United States Code--- 431Judith Resnik, From "Cases" to "Litigation," Law and Con-

temporary Problems - 431

Chapter 9. Finality and Preclusion. - 435I. Introduction 435

II. Preclusion Doctrine as Applied by National Courts 438Notes and Comments — 441Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 442Notes and Comments - - 446Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice 447Notes and Comments - - - 450Japanese Code of Civil Procedure 451Takaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Procedure

in Japan- 453Notes and Comments - - - 453Richard H. Field, Benjamin Kaplan and Kevin M. Clermont,

2005 Supplement to Materials for a Basic Course in CivilProcedure-- — 455

Notes and Comments - - — 457Ley 1/2000 - - 459Robert C. Casad, Issue Preclusion in the Law of Spain: Cosa

Juzgada Positiva, in Law and Justice in a Multistate World:Essays in Honor of Arthur T. von Mehren 460

Notes and Comments 461General Observations - 461

Chapter 10. Enforcement of Judgments 463I. Introduction 463

II. Agents Responsible for Execution 463Wendy Kennett, Enforcement: General Report, in Procedural

Laws in Europe: Towards Harmonization 464III. The Concept of "Execution Title" in Civil Law 467

Wendy Kennett, Enforcement: General Report, in ProceduralLaws in Europe: Towards Harmonization 468

Note on the European Union 469Japanese Civil Execution Act - — 469Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice 470Elisabetta Silverstri, Enforcement of Civil Judgments and

Orders in Italy: An Overview 471Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice - - - 471Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice 472

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Page

IV. Enforcement of Money Claims and Non-Money Claims Com-pared— - - 472

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69—Execution 474Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice - 474Civil Procedure Rules, Schedule 1, Rules of the Supreme

Court Order 45 — 475Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice 476Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice — — 477Elisabetta Silverstri, Enforcement of Civil Judgments and

Orders in Italy: An Overview - 478Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice - 479V. Proceedings for Execution of Money Claims 480

A. Preliminary Remarks— — 4801. Availability of Discovery of Debtor's Asset 4802. Treatment of Competing Creditors 4813. Exemptions- - — 4824. Enforcement of Security Rights 482

B. Execution on Variety of Properties 4821. Execution on Chattels - 4822. Execution on Claims ~ ~ 4833. Execution on Real Property 484

Carl F. Goodman, Justice and Civil Procedure in Japan 486Japanese Civil Execution Act 486Takaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Pro-

cedure in Japan 488Civil Procedure Rules, Part 71 and Part 70 489Zuckerman on Civil Procedure: Principles of Practice ... 490Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Jus-

tice- - - 491Astrid Stadler and Wolfgang Hau, The Law of Civil

Procedure in Introduction to German Law 492Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European

Civil Practice 493Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 494Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European

Civil Practice - 495VI. Relief From Execution - — 496

Peter L. Murray and Rolf Sturner, German Civil Justice 498Astrid Stadler and Wolfgang Hau, The Law of Civil Procedure,

in Introduction to German Law 498Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European Civil

Practice —- 499

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxv

PageVI. Relief From Execution—Continued

Civil Procedure Rules, Rules of the Supreme Court Order 47,Rule 1—Power to stay execution by writ of fieri facias 489

Civil Procedure Rules, Part 72.7—Arrangements for debtorsin hardship — 499

Alexander Layton and Hugh Mercer, eds., European CivilPractice - - 500

Japanese Civil Execution Act - 500Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 62 Stay of Proceedings to

Enforce a Judgment —. 502VII. Concluding Note — - 503

Chapter 11. Transnational Litigation- 504I. Introduction 504

II. Forum Access: Jurisdiction 505German Code of Civil Procedure 505Notes and Comments ~ — - — 507Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 - 508Notes and Comments - ~ 511Michele Angelo Lupoi, Italy, International Encyclopaedia 512French Civil Code —.. 513French Code of Civil Procedure 513Notes and Comments - . .- - 513Takaaki Hattori and Dan Fenno Henderson, Civil Procedure

in Japan 514Notes and Comments - 517Civil Procedure Rules 517Notes and Comments - 519Janet Walker, Beyond Real and Substantial Connection: The

Muscutt Quintet, in Annual Review of Civil Litigation 523Notes and Comments ~ - - - 525

III. Forum Access: Forum Non Conveniens/Lis Pendens 529Notes and Comments — 531

IV. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments 532Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 533Notes and Comments 534German Code of Civil Procedure 534Notes and Comments — 535Law 218/95 [Reform of the Italian System of Private Interna-

tional Law] 537Notes and Comments 537Code of Civil Procedure of Japan 538Notes and Comments 539Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act (1962) — . 539Notes and Comments 541Adrian Briggs and Peter Rees, Civil Jurisdiction and Judg-

ments 543

xxvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageW. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments—Contin-

uedNotes and Comments 545ALI, Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments:

Analysis and Proposed Statute 2006 548Notes and Comments 561

Chapter 12. Harmonization of Civil Procedure: Prospectsand Perils 562

I. Introduction 562II. Is Harmonization Desirable? 563

Geoffrey P. Miller, The Legal-Economic Analysis of Compara-tive Civil Procedure 563

Note 564Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., International 'Harmonization' of Pro-

cedural Law 564Notes 568Gerhard Walter and Samuel P. Baumgartner, Utility and

Feasibility of Transnational Rules of Civil Procedure: SomeGerman and Swiss Reactions to the Hazard-Taruffo Project 569

Notes 574John H. Langbein, The German Advantage in Civil Procedure 575Mirjan Damaska, The Uncertain Fate of Evidentiary Trans-

plants: Anglo-American and Continental Experiments 576III. Treaties as Instruments of Harmonization 578

Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale v. United StatesDistrict Court for the Southern District of Iowa 578

Notes 588TV. Current Trends 589

Nicolo Trocker and Vincenzo Varano, Concluding Remarks,The Reforms of Civil Procedure in Comparative Perspective 589

INDEX 599