civil rights movement. the civil rights movement prior to 1954 pre-1900 opposition to slavery in...
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Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights Movement prior to 1954Movement prior to 1954
Pre-1900
• Opposition to slavery in colonial days
• Abolition movement and Civil War
• Legalized racism after Reconstruction
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson allowed the segregation of African Americans and whites.
To 1930
• Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
• Founding of the NAACP in 1909
• African Americans suffered worse than others during the Great Depression.
• Roosevelt unwilling to push too hard for greater African American rights.
To 1940
• A. Philip Randolph forced a federal ban against discrimination in defense work.
• President Truman desegregated the armed forces.
• Brooklyn Dodgers put an African American—Jackie Robinson—on its roster.
Seeking Change in the Seeking Change in the CourtsCourtsThe NAACP attacked racism through the courts.
In the 1930s Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall began a campaign to attack the concept of “separate but equal.”
The NAACP began to chip away at the 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson—the legal basis for segregation.
Key Issues in the Supreme Court’s Key Issues in the Supreme Court’s ruling on ruling on Brown Brown v.v. Board of Education of Board of Education of Topeka, KansasTopeka, Kansas
Thurgood Marshall began to focus on desegregating the nation’s Thurgood Marshall began to focus on desegregating the nation’s elementary and high schools in the 1950s.elementary and high schools in the 1950s.
He found a case in Linda Brown of Topeka, Kansas.He found a case in Linda Brown of Topeka, Kansas.
The Supreme Court combined several school segregation cases The Supreme Court combined several school segregation cases from around the country into a single case: from around the country into a single case: Brown Brown v.v. Board of Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.Education of Topeka, Kansas.
The Supreme Court was aware of this case’s great significance.The Supreme Court was aware of this case’s great significance.
Brown Brown v.v. Board of Board of EducationEducationThe Supreme Court heard arguments over a two-year period. The Court also considered research about segregation’s effects on African American children.
In 1954 Chief Justice Earl Warren issued the Supreme Court’s decision.
All nine justices agreed that separate schools for African Americans and whites violated the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection of the law.
The Little Rock CrisisThe Little Rock CrisisIntegrationIntegration
The Supreme Court’s ruling did not The Supreme Court’s ruling did not offer guidance about how or when offer guidance about how or when desegregation should occur.desegregation should occur.
Some states integrated quickly. Some states integrated quickly. Other states faced strong Other states faced strong opposition.opposition.
Virginia passed laws that closed Virginia passed laws that closed schools who planned to integrate.schools who planned to integrate.
In Little Rock, Arkansas, the In Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor violated a federal court governor violated a federal court order to integrate Little Rock’s order to integrate Little Rock’s Central High School. Central High School.
When Federal troops are When Federal troops are sent to make states follow sent to make states follow federal laws, this struggle federal laws, this struggle for power is called for power is called federalismfederalism..
The Little Rock NineThe Little Rock Nine On September 4, 1957, angry On September 4, 1957, angry
whites harassed nine black whites harassed nine black students as they arrived at Little students as they arrived at Little Rock’s Central High School.Rock’s Central High School.
The Arkansas National Guard The Arkansas National Guard turned the turned the Little Rock NineLittle Rock Nine away and prevented them from away and prevented them from entering the school for three entering the school for three weeks.weeks.
Finally, Eisenhower sent the Finally, Eisenhower sent the 101101stst
airborneairborne to escort the Little Rock to escort the Little Rock Nine into the school.Nine into the school.
The events in Little Rock The events in Little Rock revealed how strong racism was revealed how strong racism was in some parts of the country.in some parts of the country.
Little Rock, Arkansas 1957Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
Emmett Till MurderEmmett Till Murder From Chicago, Illinois, visiting From Chicago, Illinois, visiting
his relatives in the Mississippi his relatives in the Mississippi Delta. Emmett was 14 years Delta. Emmett was 14 years old.old.
Spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the married proprietor Bryant, the married proprietor of a small grocery storeof a small grocery store
Days later Bryant's husband Days later Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam arrived at Till's great-Milam arrived at Till's great-uncle's house where they took uncle's house where they took Emmett Emmett
Taken to a barn he was: Taken to a barn he was: beat, they gouged out one of beat, they gouged out one of his eyes, then shooting him his eyes, then shooting him through the head.through the head.
His body was put in the His body was put in the Tallahatchie River, weighting Tallahatchie River, weighting with a cotton gin fan tied with a cotton gin fan tied around his neck with barbed around his neck with barbed wire.wire.
Bryant and Milam were Bryant and Milam were acquitted of Till's kidnapping acquitted of Till's kidnapping and murder and murder
Months later they admit to Months later they admit to the crimes protected by the crimes protected by Double Jeopardy Double Jeopardy
Emmett Till 14 years oldEmmett Till 14 years old
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
• In 1955 a local NAACP member named Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to white riders.
• The resulting Montgomery bus boycott led to a Supreme Court ruling that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.
• African Americans formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, or SCLC, to protest activities taking place all across the South.
• Martin Luther King Jr. was the elected leader of this group—which was committed to mass, nonviolent action.
Montgomery, AlabamaMontgomery, Alabama
Gandhi inspired KingGandhi inspired King
Violence never solves Violence never solves problems. It only creates problems. It only creates new and more complicated new and more complicated ones. If we succumb to the ones. If we succumb to the temptation of using violence temptation of using violence in our struggle for justice, in our struggle for justice, unborn generations will be unborn generations will be the recipients of a long and the recipients of a long and desolate night of bitterness, desolate night of bitterness, and our chief legacy to the and our chief legacy to the future will be an endless future will be an endless reign of meaningless chaos.reign of meaningless chaos.
--Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., --Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Facing the Challenge of a "Facing the Challenge of a New Age"New Age"
The Montgomery Bus The Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycott When Rosa Parks was arrested, the NAACP called for a one-day When Rosa Parks was arrested, the NAACP called for a one-day
boycott of the city bus system. boycott of the city bus system.
Community leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Community leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association and selected Martin Luther King Jr. as its leader.Association and selected Martin Luther King Jr. as its leader.
African Americans continued to boycott the bus system for a yearAfrican Americans continued to boycott the bus system for a year—which hurt the bus system and other white businesses.—which hurt the bus system and other white businesses.
After the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was After the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional, integration of the buses moved forward.unconstitutional, integration of the buses moved forward.
Non-Violent Protests during Non-Violent Protests during the Civil Rights Movementthe Civil Rights Movement Civil rights workers used several direct, nonviolent methods to confront Civil rights workers used several direct, nonviolent methods to confront
discrimination and racism in the late 1950s and early 1960s.discrimination and racism in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Boycotts, Sit-ins, and Freedom RidesBoycotts, Sit-ins, and Freedom Rides
Many of these non-violent tactics were based on those of Many of these non-violent tactics were based on those of Mohandas Mohandas GandhiGandhi—a leader in India’s struggle for independence from Great —a leader in India’s struggle for independence from Great Britain.Britain.
American civil rights leaders such as American civil rights leaders such as James FarmerJames Farmer of CORE, Martin of CORE, Martin Luther King Jr. of SCLC, and others shared Gandhi’s views.Luther King Jr. of SCLC, and others shared Gandhi’s views.
James Lawson, an African American minister, conducted workshops on James Lawson, an African American minister, conducted workshops on nonviolent methods in Nashville and on college campuses.nonviolent methods in Nashville and on college campuses.
The Strategy of NonviolenceThe Strategy of NonviolenceThe Sit-in MovementThe Sit-in Movement
Four college students in Greensboro, Four college students in Greensboro, North Carolina, stayed in their seats at North Carolina, stayed in their seats at a Woolworth’s lunch counter after a Woolworth’s lunch counter after being refused service because of their being refused service because of their race.race.
Over the next few days, protesters Over the next few days, protesters filled 63 of the 66 seats at the lunch filled 63 of the 66 seats at the lunch counter.counter.
The students were dedicated and well-The students were dedicated and well-behaved and ended each sit-in with a behaved and ended each sit-in with a prayer.prayer.
Over time, protesters in about 50 Over time, protesters in about 50 southern cities began to use the sit-in southern cities began to use the sit-in tactic.tactic.
Sit in taticsSit in tatics Dress in you Sunday best.Dress in you Sunday best. Be respectful to employees and Be respectful to employees and
police.police. Do not resist arrest!Do not resist arrest! Do not fight back!Do not fight back! Remember, journalists are Remember, journalists are
everywhere!everywhere!
The Freedom RidesThe Freedom Rides
In 1960 the Supreme Court In 1960 the Supreme Court ordered that bus station ordered that bus station facilities for interstate travelers facilities for interstate travelers must be open to all must be open to all passengers. But this ruling passengers. But this ruling was not enforced.was not enforced.
CORE sent a group of CORE sent a group of Freedom Riders on a bus trip Freedom Riders on a bus trip through the South to draw through the South to draw attention to this situation.attention to this situation.
Mobs angry at the Freedom Mobs angry at the Freedom Riders attempts to use white-Riders attempts to use white-only facilities firebombed a only facilities firebombed a bus in Anniston, Alabama and bus in Anniston, Alabama and attacked riders with baseball attacked riders with baseball bats and metal pipes in bats and metal pipes in Birmingham.Birmingham.
Freedom Riders Attacked Freedom Riders Attacked
Integration of Higher Education in the SouthIntegration of Higher Education in the South By 1960 the NAACP began to attack segregation in colleges and universities.By 1960 the NAACP began to attack segregation in colleges and universities.
In 1961 a court order required the University of Georgia to admit two African American In 1961 a court order required the University of Georgia to admit two African American students.students.
Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes suffered but both graduated in 1963.Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes suffered but both graduated in 1963.
In 1962 In 1962 James MeredithJames Meredith tried to enroll at the University of Mississippi. tried to enroll at the University of Mississippi.
He arrived on campus with 500 federal marshals and was met by 2,500 violent He arrived on campus with 500 federal marshals and was met by 2,500 violent protesters.protesters.
President Kennedy went on national television to announce that he was sending in President Kennedy went on national television to announce that he was sending in troops. troops.
The troops ended the protest but hundreds had been injured and two killed.The troops ended the protest but hundreds had been injured and two killed.
A small force of marshals remained to protect Meredith until he graduated in 1963.A small force of marshals remained to protect Meredith until he graduated in 1963.
In 1963 the governor of Alabama physically blocked Vivian Malone and James Hood In 1963 the governor of Alabama physically blocked Vivian Malone and James Hood from enrolling at the University of Alabama.from enrolling at the University of Alabama.
Results of Sit-ins and Results of Sit-ins and Freedom RidesFreedom Rides
• After the savage beatings in Birmingham, bus companies refused to sell the Freedom Riders tickets and CORE disbanded the Freedom Ride.
Sit-ins
• Succeeded at getting businesses to change their policies
• Marked a shift in the civil rights movement—showed young African Americans’ growing impatience with the slow pace of change
• Leaders formed the SNCC.
Freedom Rides
• SNCC continued the Freedom Rides.
• Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to Montgomery to protect the riders.
• The Interstate Commerce Commission finally forced the integration of bus and train stations.
Federal Intervention
The Albany MovementThe Albany MovementThe MovementThe Movement
SNCC began a sit-in in SNCC began a sit-in in Albany’s bus station.Albany’s bus station.
Over 500 demonstrators were Over 500 demonstrators were arrested. arrested.
The federal government was The federal government was informed but took no action.informed but took no action.
Local leaders asked Martin Local leaders asked Martin Luther King Jr. to lead more Luther King Jr. to lead more demonstrations and to gain demonstrations and to gain more coverage for the more coverage for the protests.protests.
He agreed and was also He agreed and was also arrested.arrested.
The ResultsThe Results The police chief had studied The police chief had studied
King’s tactics and made King’s tactics and made arrangements to counter-act arrangements to counter-act the nonviolent protest.the nonviolent protest.
When the press arrived, King When the press arrived, King was released.was released.
City officials would only deal City officials would only deal with local leaders until King with local leaders until King left.left.
Once King left, officials would Once King left, officials would not negotiate at all.not negotiate at all.
The nine-month movement The nine-month movement failed.failed.
AL Governor George WallaceAL Governor George Wallace ““In the name of the greatest In the name of the greatest
people that have ever trod this people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”tomorrow, segregation forever.”
From inaugural speech.From inaugural speech.
Attempted to stop de-Attempted to stop de-segregation of schools.segregation of schools.
Allowed violence against Allowed violence against those who stood for those who stood for change. His weapon change. His weapon Sheriff Bull Conner.Sheriff Bull Conner.
Why was Birmingham Why was Birmingham chosen after Albany?chosen after Albany?
The Birmingham The Birmingham CampaignCampaignThe CampaignThe Campaign Martin Luther King raised money Martin Luther King raised money
to fight Birmingham’s segregation to fight Birmingham’s segregation laws.laws.
Volunteers began with sit-ins and Volunteers began with sit-ins and marches and were quickly marches and were quickly arrested.arrested.
King hoped this would motivate King hoped this would motivate more people to join the protests.more people to join the protests.
White clergy attacked King’s White clergy attacked King’s actions in a newspaper ad.actions in a newspaper ad.
King wrote his “Letter from a King wrote his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.”Birmingham Jail.”
Fewer African Americans were Fewer African Americans were willing to join and risk their jobs.willing to join and risk their jobs.
The ResultsThe Results A SCLC leader convinced King to A SCLC leader convinced King to
use children for his protests.use children for his protests.
More than 900 children between More than 900 children between ages six and eighteen were ages six and eighteen were arrested.arrested.
Police Chief Eugene “Bull” Connor Police Chief Eugene “Bull” Connor used police and fire fighters to used police and fire fighters to break up a group of about 2,500 break up a group of about 2,500 student protesters.student protesters.
The violence of Connor’s methods The violence of Connor’s methods was all over the television news.was all over the television news.
Federal negotiators got the city Federal negotiators got the city officials to agree to many of King’s officials to agree to many of King’s demands.demands.
Letter From a Birmingham JailLetter From a Birmingham Jail
In the letter King justifies civil disobedience In the letter King justifies civil disobedience in the town of Birmingham.in the town of Birmingham. ““I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be
concerned about what happens in concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”threat to justice everywhere.”
““There can be no gain saying the fact There can be no gain saying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.”the courts.”
““Oppressed people cannot remain Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself.”freedom eventually manifests itself.”
““We know through painful experience We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressed. by the oppressed.
““Wait has almost always meant Wait has almost always meant 'never.‘”'never.‘”
Violence in Alabama Violence in Alabama
16th St. Baptist Church 16th St. Baptist Church “Bombingham” AL“Bombingham” AL
16th Street Baptist Church in 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama had Birmingham, Alabama had been a rallying point for civil been a rallying point for civil rights activities rights activities
Ku Klux Klan group, planted a Ku Klux Klan group, planted a box of dynamite with a time box of dynamite with a time delay under the steps of the delay under the steps of the church, church,
Sunday, September 15, 1963. Sunday, September 15, 1963. The explosion at the African-The explosion at the African-American church, which killed American church, which killed four girls four girls
Four KKK members are Four KKK members are eventually found guilty of eventually found guilty of the crimes. First trial in the crimes. First trial in 1971.1971.
March on Washington March 1963March on Washington March 1963 President Kennedy President Kennedy
was pushing for a was pushing for a civil rights bill.civil rights bill.
To show support, To show support, 500,000 African 500,000 African Americans went to Americans went to Washington D.C.Washington D.C.
The event was The event was highlighted by King's highlighted by King's "I Have a Dream" "I Have a Dream" speech in front of the speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial. Lincoln Memorial. August 28, 1963August 28, 1963
I Have A Dream SpeachI Have A Dream Speach
““I have a dream that one day this I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: - 'We hold true meaning of its creed: - 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.’”all men are created equal.’”
““I have a dream that one day even I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.”an oasis of freedom and justice.”
““I have a dream that my four little I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content color of their skin but by the content of their character.”of their character.”
““black men and white men, Jews and black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics - Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics - will be able to join hands and sing in will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: the words of the old Negro spiritual: "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"Almighty, we are free at last!"
Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Medgar Evers, the head of the NAACP in Mississippi, was shot dead in his front yard.
• Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith was tried for the crime but all-white juries failed to convict.
PresidentKennedy
• The events in Alabama convinced President Kennedy to act on civil rights issues.
• Kennedy announced that he would ask for legislation to finally end segregation in public accommodations.
MedgarEvers
• On August 28, 1963, the largest civil rights demonstration ever held in the United States took place in Washington.
• More than 200,000 people marched and listened to Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech.
Marchon
Washington
Passing the Civil Rights Passing the Civil Rights ActAct President Johnson supported passage of a strong civil President Johnson supported passage of a strong civil
rights bill.rights bill.
Some southerners in Congress fought hard to kill his Some southerners in Congress fought hard to kill his bill.bill.
Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2, 1964.July 2, 1964.
The law banned discrimination in employment and in The law banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations.public accommodations.
Gaining Voting Rights for Gaining Voting Rights for African Americans African Americans in the Southin the South
Voting rights for African Americans were achieved at great human Voting rights for African Americans were achieved at great human cost and sacrifice.cost and sacrifice.
President Kennedy was worried about the violent reactions to the President Kennedy was worried about the violent reactions to the nonviolent methods of the civil rights movement.nonviolent methods of the civil rights movement. Attorney General Robert Kennedy urged SNCC leaders to focus on Attorney General Robert Kennedy urged SNCC leaders to focus on
voter registration rather than on protests.voter registration rather than on protests.
He promised that the federal government would protect civil rights He promised that the federal government would protect civil rights workers if they focused on voter registration.workers if they focused on voter registration.
The Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed the practice of taxing The Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed the practice of taxing citizens to vote.citizens to vote.
Hundreds of people volunteered to spend their summers Hundreds of people volunteered to spend their summers registering African Americans to vote.registering African Americans to vote.
Gaining Voting RightsGaining Voting RightsRegistering VotersRegistering Voters
SNCC, CORE, and other SNCC, CORE, and other groups founded the groups founded the Voter Voter Education ProjectEducation Project (VEP) to (VEP) to register southern African register southern African Americans to vote.Americans to vote.
Opposition to African Opposition to African American suffrage was great.American suffrage was great.
Mississippi was particularly Mississippi was particularly hard—VEP workers lived in hard—VEP workers lived in daily fear for their safety.daily fear for their safety.
VEP was a success—by 1964 VEP was a success—by 1964 they had registered more than they had registered more than a half million more African a half million more African American voters.American voters.
Twenty-fourth AmendmentTwenty-fourth Amendment
Congress passed the Twenty-Congress passed the Twenty-fourth Amendment in August fourth Amendment in August 1962.1962.
The amendment banned The amendment banned states from taxing citizens to states from taxing citizens to vote—for example, poll taxes.vote—for example, poll taxes.
It applied only to elections for It applied only to elections for president or Congress.president or Congress.
Gaining Voting RightsGaining Voting RightsFreedom SummerFreedom Summer
Hundreds of college students Hundreds of college students volunteered to spend the volunteered to spend the summer registering African summer registering African Americans to vote.Americans to vote.
The project was called The project was called Freedom SummerFreedom Summer..
Most of the trainers were from Most of the trainers were from poor, southern African American poor, southern African American families.families.
Most of the volunteers were Most of the volunteers were white, northern, and upper white, northern, and upper middle class.middle class.
Volunteers registered voters or Volunteers registered voters or taught at summer schools.taught at summer schools.
Crisis in MississippiCrisis in Mississippi
Andrew Goodman, a Freedom Andrew Goodman, a Freedom Summer volunteer, went Summer volunteer, went missing on June 21, 1964.missing on June 21, 1964.
Goodman and two CORE Goodman and two CORE workers had gone to inspect a workers had gone to inspect a church that had recently been church that had recently been bombed.bombed.
President Johnson ordered a President Johnson ordered a massive hunt for the three massive hunt for the three men. Their bodies were men. Their bodies were discovered near Philadelphia, discovered near Philadelphia, Mississippi.Mississippi.
21 suspects were tried in 21 suspects were tried in federal court for violating civil federal court for violating civil rights laws.rights laws.
The Missing ThreeThe Missing Three
The Results of Project The Results of Project Freedom SummerFreedom SummerOrganizers considered Mississippi’s Freedom Summer project a success.
The Freedom Schools taught 3,000 students.
More than 17,000 African Americans in Mississippi applied to vote.
State elections officials accepted only about 1,600 of the 17,000 applications.
This helped show that a federal law was needed to secure voting rights for African Americans.
How did African American How did African American political organizing political organizing become a national issue?become a national issue?Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders wanted to help President Johnson defeat Republican Barry Goldwater in the 1962 election.
These leaders agreed to suspend their protests until after election day.
SNCC leaders refused, saying they wanted to protest segregation within the Democratic Party.
SNCC helped form the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. They elected sixty-eight delegates to the Democratic National Convention and asked to be seated instead of the all-white delegation sent by the state’s Democratic Party.
Political OrganizingPolitical OrganizingFannie Lou Hamer told the convention’s credentials committee why the MFDP group should represent Mississippi.
President Johnson offered a compromise—two members of the MFDP delegation would be seated and the rest would be non-seated “guests” of the convention.
The NAACP and SCLC supported the compromise. SNCC and the MFDP rejected the compromise.
The MFDP’s challenge failed in the end. It also helped widen a split that was developing in the civil rights movement.
The Voting Rights ActThe Voting Rights ActSelma Campaign
• King organized marches in Selma, Alabama, to gain voting rights for African Americans.
• King and many other marchers were jailed.
• Police attacked a march in Marion.
• King announced a four-day march from Selma to Montgomery.
Selma March
• 600 African Americans began the 54-mile march.
• City and state police blocked their way out of Selma.
• TV cameras captured the police using clubs, chains, and electric cattle prods on the marchers.
Voting Rights Act
• President Johnson asked for and received a tough voting rights law.
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed in Congress with large majorities.
• Proved to be one of the most important pieces of civil rights legislation ever passed.
Selma MarchSelma March
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights Movement Movement Expands to the NorthExpands to the North
The civil rights movement had done much to bring an end to The civil rights movement had done much to bring an end to de de jure segregationjure segregation—or segregation by law.—or segregation by law.
However, changes in law had not altered attitudes and many However, changes in law had not altered attitudes and many were questioning nonviolent protest as an effective method of were questioning nonviolent protest as an effective method of change.change.
In most of America there was still In most of America there was still de facto segregationde facto segregation——segregation that exists through custom and practice rather than segregation that exists through custom and practice rather than by law.by law.
African Americans outside the South also faced discrimination—African Americans outside the South also faced discrimination—in housing, by banks, in employment.in housing, by banks, in employment.
Expanding the MovementExpanding the MovementConditions outside the SouthConditions outside the South
Most African Americans Most African Americans outside the South lived in outside the South lived in cities.cities.
African Americans were kept in African Americans were kept in all-black parts of town because all-black parts of town because they were unwelcome in white they were unwelcome in white neighborhoods.neighborhoods.
Discrimination in banking made Discrimination in banking made home ownership and home home ownership and home and neighborhood and neighborhood improvements difficult.improvements difficult.
Job discrimination led to high Job discrimination led to high unemployment and poverty.unemployment and poverty.
Urban UnrestUrban Unrest
Frustration over the urban Frustration over the urban conditions exploded into conditions exploded into violence.violence.
Watts (Los Angeles) in 1965Watts (Los Angeles) in 1965
Detroit in 1967Detroit in 1967
President Johnson appointed President Johnson appointed the the Kerner CommissionKerner Commission to to study the causes of urban study the causes of urban rioting.rioting.
Placed the blame on poverty Placed the blame on poverty and discriminationand discrimination
The Movement Moves The Movement Moves NorthNorthThe riots convinced King that the civil rights movement needed to move north. He focused on Chicago in 1966.
The eight month Chicago campaign was one of King’s biggest failures.
Chicago’s African Americans did not share his civil rights focus—their concerns were economic.
King discovered that some northern whites who had supported him and criticized racism in the South had no interest in seeing it exposed in the North.
Fractures in the civil Fractures in the civil rights movementrights movement
Conflict among the diverse groups of the civil rights movement Conflict among the diverse groups of the civil rights movement developed in the 1960s.developed in the 1960s.
Many SNCC and CORE members were beginning to question Many SNCC and CORE members were beginning to question nonviolence.nonviolence.
In 1966 SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence.In 1966 SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence.
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther Party and Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther Party and called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation.called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation.
Malcolm X and the Black Muslims were critical of King and Malcolm X and the Black Muslims were critical of King and nonviolence.nonviolence.
Black Power
• Stokely Carmichael became the head of SNCC.
• SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence.
• Black Power became the new rallying cry.
• Wanted African Americans to depend on themselves to solve problems.
Black Panthers
• The Black Panther Party was formed in Oakland, California, in 1966.
• Called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation.
• Members carried guns and monitored African American neighborhoods to guard against police brutality.
Fractures in the Fractures in the MovementMovement Black Muslims
• Nation of Islam was a large and influential group who believed in Black Power.
• Message of black nationalism, self-discipline, and self-reliance.
• Malcolm X offered message of hope, defiance, and black pride.
Malcolm XMalcolm X Born in Omaha NebraskaBorn in Omaha Nebraska Father was killed by White Father was killed by White
SupremacistSupremacist Key leader in the Nation of Key leader in the Nation of
Islam Islam Malcolm X made constant Malcolm X made constant
accusations of racism and accusations of racism and demanded violent actions of demanded violent actions of self defenseself defense
““Be peaceful, be courteous, Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.”him to the cemetery.”
In 1964, during a pilgrimage In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm to Mecca, Malcolm discovered that orthodox discovered that orthodox Muslims preach equality Muslims preach equality among races.among races.
Malcolm’s new knowledge Malcolm’s new knowledge and growing distrust and growing distrust with the NOI, caused him with the NOI, caused him to desert his argument to desert his argument that all Whites are the that all Whites are the devil.devil.
In 1965 Malcolm X was In 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black assassinated by a Black Muslim at a New York Muslim at a New York City rally.City rally.
Elijah Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm XMalcolm X
The Death of Martin The Death of Martin Luther King Jr.Luther King Jr.King became aware that economic issues must be part of the civil rights movement.
King went to Memphis, Tennessee to help striking sanitation workers. He led a march to city hall.
James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he stood on the balcony of his motel.
Within hours, rioting erupted in more than 120 cities. Within three weeks, 46 people were dead, some 2,600 were injured, and more than 21,000 were arrested.
The Civil Rights The Civil Rights Movement after Martin Movement after Martin Luther King Jr.Luther King Jr.King realized that most African Americans were prevented from achieving equality because they were poor.
Ralph Abernathy, the new leader of the SCLC, led thousands of protesters to the nation’s capital as part of the Poor People’s Campaign.
The campaign turned out to be a disaster. Bad weather and terrible media relations marred the campaign.
The campaign also failed to express clearly the protesters’ needs and demands.
The Black Power MovementThe Black Power Movement The civil rights movement took place at the height of the Cold The civil rights movement took place at the height of the Cold
War.War.
FBI director J. Edgar Hoover created a secret program to keep FBI director J. Edgar Hoover created a secret program to keep an eye on groups that caused unrest in American society.an eye on groups that caused unrest in American society.
Hoover considered King and the Black Power movement a threat Hoover considered King and the Black Power movement a threat to American society.to American society.
The FBI infiltrated civil rights movement groups and worked to The FBI infiltrated civil rights movement groups and worked to disrupt them.disrupt them. Spread false rumors that the Black Panthers intended to kill SNCC Spread false rumors that the Black Panthers intended to kill SNCC
membersmembers
Forged harmful posters, leaflets, and correspondence from targeted Forged harmful posters, leaflets, and correspondence from targeted groupsgroups
The Decline of Black The Decline of Black PowerPower
The Black PanthersThe Black Panthers Believed violent revolution Believed violent revolution
was the only way to receive was the only way to receive freedom.freedom.
Urged African Americans to Urged African Americans to arm themselvesarm themselves
Hoover was particularly Hoover was particularly concerned about the Black concerned about the Black Panthers.Panthers.
Police raided Black Panther Police raided Black Panther headquarters in many cities.headquarters in many cities.
Armed conflict resulted, even Armed conflict resulted, even when Black Panther members when Black Panther members were unarmed.were unarmed.
By the early 1970s, armed By the early 1970s, armed violence had led to the killing violence had led to the killing or arrest of many Black or arrest of many Black Panther members.Panther members.
SNCCSNCC
SNCC collapsed with the help SNCC collapsed with the help of the FBI.of the FBI.
H. Rap Brown, the leader who H. Rap Brown, the leader who replaced Stokely Carmichael replaced Stokely Carmichael as the head of SNCC, was as the head of SNCC, was encouraged to take radical encouraged to take radical and shocking positions.and shocking positions.
Brown was encouraged to Brown was encouraged to take these positions by his take these positions by his staff—many of whom worked staff—many of whom worked for the FBI.for the FBI.
Membership declined rapidly.Membership declined rapidly.
Civil Rights Changes in Civil Rights Changes in the 1970sthe 1970s
Civil Rights Act of 1968—banned discrimination in the sale or rental of Civil Rights Act of 1968—banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing (also called the Fair Housing Act)housing (also called the Fair Housing Act)
Busing and political change—to speed the integration of city schools, Busing and political change—to speed the integration of city schools, courts began ordering that some students be bused from their courts began ordering that some students be bused from their neighborhood schools to schools in other areasneighborhood schools to schools in other areas
Busing met fierce opposition in the North.Busing met fierce opposition in the North.
Busing was a major cause of the migration of whites from cities to Busing was a major cause of the migration of whites from cities to suburbs.suburbs.
This development increased the political power of African This development increased the political power of African Americans in the cities.Americans in the cities.
Affirmative actionAffirmative action—programs that gave preference to minorities and —programs that gave preference to minorities and women in hiring and admissions to make up for past discrimination women in hiring and admissions to make up for past discrimination against these groupsagainst these groups
The New Black PowerThe New Black Power Black Power took on a new form and meaning in the 1970s.Black Power took on a new form and meaning in the 1970s.
African Americans became the majority in many counties in the South.African Americans became the majority in many counties in the South.
African Americans were elected to public office.African Americans were elected to public office.
African Americans who played roles in the civil rights movement provided African Americans who played roles in the civil rights movement provided other services to the nation other services to the nation
Thurgood Marshal became Supreme Court’s first African American Thurgood Marshal became Supreme Court’s first African American justice.justice.
John LewisJohn Lewis represented the people of Alabama in Congress. represented the people of Alabama in Congress.
Andrew YoungAndrew Young became Georgia’s first African American member of became Georgia’s first African American member of Congress since Reconstruction, U.S. ambassador to the United Congress since Reconstruction, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, and mayor of Atlanta.Nations, and mayor of Atlanta.
Jesse JacksonJesse Jackson founded a civil rights organization called Operation founded a civil rights organization called Operation PUSH and campaigned for the Democratic presidential nomination in PUSH and campaigned for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1980s.the 1980s.
Social Issues and Changes of the 60’sSocial Issues and Changes of the 60’s
Flower PowerFlower Power
““Flower Power” referred to an Flower Power” referred to an ideology centered around ideology centered around peace and nonviolence.peace and nonviolence.
Kent State Shooting…Kent State Shooting…
Why did it happen and what Why did it happen and what impact did it have?impact did it have?
J. Edgar HooverJ. Edgar Hoover First Director of the First Director of the
Federal Bureau of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Investigation (FBI)
1924-1972 1924-1972 Controlled the FBIControlled the FBI
How did he stay in control for How did he stay in control for so long? so long?
Harassed political dissenters Harassed political dissenters and activists.and activists.
Had secret files on political Had secret files on political leaders.leaders.
What is wiretapping and how What is wiretapping and how did Hoover use it to?did Hoover use it to?
Rachel Carson’s Silent SpringRachel Carson’s Silent Spring Carson was a former Carson was a former
U.S. Fish and Wildlife U.S. Fish and Wildlife biologistbiologist
Investigated DDT Investigated DDT
DDT proved just as effective DDT proved just as effective as an agricultural insecticide.as an agricultural insecticide.
Also could poison an area’s Also could poison an area’s plant life, water supply, and plant life, water supply, and wildlife. wildlife.
Her book Silent Spring Her book Silent Spring exposed the environmental exposed the environmental impact DDT had.impact DDT had.
Led to the Government Led to the Government regulation of insecticides.regulation of insecticides.
Led to modern environmental Led to modern environmental movement.movement.
Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez Labor activists had Labor activists had
tried to organize tried to organize Hispanic farm Hispanic farm workers.workers.
United Farm United Farm Workers (UFW)Workers (UFW)
Organized a Organized a boycott of boycott of California grapes California grapes that continued for that continued for five years.five years.
1970, the grape 1970, the grape growers finally growers finally agreed to a agreed to a contract.contract.
Helped to earn Helped to earn Hispanics a more Hispanics a more prominent place in prominent place in organized labor.organized labor.
JFK JFK
Impact of 1960 Impact of 1960 Election. TV impact?Election. TV impact?
Youngest PresidentYoungest President 11stst Catholic President Catholic President Assassinated on Assassinated on
November 22, 1963, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald. Harvey Oswald.
Jack Ruby kills Oswald Jack Ruby kills Oswald before trial takes place.before trial takes place.
Warren Commission findingsWarren Commission findings Who killed JFK?Who killed JFK? Former first lady Jacqueline Former first lady Jacqueline
Kennedy was talking with a Kennedy was talking with a journalist. She described the journalist. She described the years of her husband's years of her husband's presidency as an American presidency as an American Camelot, a period of hope Camelot, a period of hope and optimism in U. S. and optimism in U. S. history, and asked that his history, and asked that his memory be preserved. memory be preserved.
Robert “Bobby” Kennedy Robert “Bobby” Kennedy RFK RFK
Served as Attorney Served as Attorney General for his brother.General for his brother.
Stepped down from Stepped down from position to run for position to run for Senator for NY.Senator for NY.
Won the bid for the Democratic Won the bid for the Democratic National Primary for President.National Primary for President.
Shot and killed following a victory Shot and killed following a victory speech.speech.
What impact did the killing of JFK, What impact did the killing of JFK, RFK, and MLK have on society?RFK, and MLK have on society?
Youth International PartyYouth International Party
Called the YippiesCalled the Yippies, was , was a radically youth-a radically youth-oriented and oriented and countercultural countercultural revolutionary offshoot of revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-the free speech and anti-war movements war movements
Highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian Highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian and anarchist youth movement.and anarchist youth movement.
Known for street theater and Known for street theater and politically-themed pranks politically-themed pranks
According to ABC News, "The According to ABC News, "The group was known for street group was known for street theater pranks and was once theater pranks and was once referred to as the Groucho referred to as the Groucho Marxists'."Marxists'."
Carl Oglesby Carl Oglesby Leader of Students for a Leader of Students for a
Democratic Society Democratic Society Opposed the Vietnam War Opposed the Vietnam War
““Let Us Shape the Future,” delivered at Let Us Shape the Future,” delivered at an antiwar rally in Washington 1965, an antiwar rally in Washington 1965, considered a landmark of American considered a landmark of American political rhetoric. In it, he condemned the political rhetoric. In it, he condemned the “corporate liberalism”. “corporate liberalism”.
““we make no real effort at all to crack we make no real effort at all to crack through the much more vicious right-through the much more vicious right-wing tyrannies that our businessmen wing tyrannies that our businessmen traffic with and our nation profits from traffic with and our nation profits from every day.”every day.”
Proposed S.D.S. collaborate with the Proposed S.D.S. collaborate with the conservative group Young Americans for conservative group Young Americans for Freedom on antiwar demonstrations very Freedom on antiwar demonstrations very unpopular.unpopular.
Later voted out of leadership. S.D.S Later voted out of leadership. S.D.S would turn into the Weather would turn into the Weather Underground.Underground.
Ralph NaderRalph Nader American political activist American political activist Focused on consumer Focused on consumer
protection, protection, humanitarianism, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and environmentalism, and democratic government. democratic government.
In 1965 with the publication of In 1965 with the publication of Unsafe at Any SpeedUnsafe at Any Speed, a critique of , a critique of the safety record of American the safety record of American automobile manufacturers in automobile manufacturers in general. general.
Book was ranked 38 of 100 most Book was ranked 38 of 100 most influential pieces of journalism in influential pieces of journalism in the 20the 20thth century. century.
6 time Presidential Candidate6 time Presidential Candidate Has run on the Green Party ticket. Has run on the Green Party ticket.
Social Issues and Changes of the 70’sSocial Issues and Changes of the 70’s
Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger Paris Peace AccordsParis Peace Accords of 1973 of 1973 National Security Advisor and National Security Advisor and
later Secretary of State Henry later Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiates the treaty for Kissinger negotiates the treaty for the US to end the Vietnam War. the US to end the Vietnam War.
Wins Nobel Peace PrizeWins Nobel Peace Prize
Opening of ChinaOpening of China 1972 Summit1972 Summit
Ends 23 years of Ends 23 years of diplomatic isolation and diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility.mutual hostility.
Diplomacy led to Diplomacy led to economic and cultural economic and cultural exchanges between the exchanges between the two sides two sides
OPECOPEC Intergovernmental Intergovernmental
organization of 12 oil-organization of 12 oil-producing countriesproducing countries
Goal to pursue ways and Goal to pursue ways and means of ensuring the means of ensuring the stabilization of prices in stabilization of prices in international oil markets.international oil markets.
OPEC became effective OPEC became effective in determining in determining production and prices.production and prices.
How do they control prices?How do they control prices?
How much power does OPEC have? How much power does OPEC have? Ex. Oil Embargo 1973.Ex. Oil Embargo 1973.
NixonNixon
VP for Eisenhower for 8 VP for Eisenhower for 8 years.years.
Elected President in Elected President in 1968.1968.
Initiated Détente Initiated Détente Anti-Ballistic Missile Anti-Ballistic Missile
Treaty Treaty Wars on cancer and Wars on cancer and
drugs drugs Wage and price controls Wage and price controls Desegregation of Desegregation of
Southern schoolsSouthern schools Established the Established the
Environmental Environmental Protection Agency. Protection Agency.
Watergate ScandalWatergate Scandal Nixon Resigns Nixon Resigns Ford pardons NixonFord pardons Nixon
1970’s Stagflation1970’s Stagflation Stagflation can result when Stagflation can result when
the productive capacity of an the productive capacity of an economy is reduced by an economy is reduced by an unfavorable supply shock. unfavorable supply shock. An ex. is increase in the An ex. is increase in the price of oil for an oil price of oil for an oil importing country. Such an importing country. Such an unfavorable supply shock unfavorable supply shock tends to raise prices at the tends to raise prices at the same time that it slows the same time that it slows the economy by making economy by making production more costly and production more costly and less profitable. less profitable.
Impact of wage and price Impact of wage and price controls. Nixon.controls. Nixon.
1973 Oil Crisis1973 Oil Crisis Energy ShortageEnergy Shortage
Resulted in actual or relative Resulted in actual or relative scarcity of raw materials. The scarcity of raw materials. The price controls resulted in price controls resulted in shortages at the point of shortages at the point of purchase. purchase.
Carters Energy Conservation PolicyCarters Energy Conservation Policy SALT II SALT II Soviet invasion of Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan Afghanistan Iran hostage crisis Iran hostage crisis Three Mile Island Three Mile Island
Nuclear Accident Nuclear Accident 1979 Energy Crisis 1979 Energy Crisis In television speech moral In television speech moral
equivalent of war.equivalent of war. Solar water heating panels.Solar water heating panels. Turn down heat or use less Turn down heat or use less
AC. AC. Impact of policies? Impact of policies?
ERA and NOWERA and NOW Equal Rights Amendments Equal Rights Amendments Started in 1923 by Alice PaulStarted in 1923 by Alice Paul Felt the 19Felt the 19thth amendment hadn’t amendment hadn’t
gone far enough to help women.gone far enough to help women. "Equality of rights under the law "Equality of rights under the law
shall not be denied or abridged by shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State the United States or by any State on account of sex on account of sex
Introduced to congress for the first Introduced to congress for the first time in 1972.time in 1972.
In 1977 35 of 38 necessary states In 1977 35 of 38 necessary states had ratified the amendment.had ratified the amendment.
By 1982 failed to ratified by By 1982 failed to ratified by enough states and was never enough states and was never adopted. adopted.
National Organization of National Organization of WomenWomen
Founded in 1966.Founded in 1966. Supported the ERA in Supported the ERA in
1972.1972. Started a ratification Started a ratification
campaigns in the 50 campaigns in the 50 states.states.
The organization The organization remains active in remains active in lobbying legislatures and lobbying legislatures and media outlets on feminist media outlets on feminist issues.issues.
Social Issues and Changes of the 80’sSocial Issues and Changes of the 80’s
Carter Loses Reelection BidCarter Loses Reelection Bid Ted Kennedy’s Dem. Ted Kennedy’s Dem.
ambition to become ambition to become President.President.
Also had opposition Also had opposition from Center John from Center John Anderson and Right Anderson and Right Ronald Reagan.Ronald Reagan.
Had to deal with Stagflation Had to deal with Stagflation economy. economy.
Unemployment Rate 7.2%Unemployment Rate 7.2% Re-instating registration for Re-instating registration for
the draft.the draft. Defeated by Ronald Defeated by Ronald
Reagan. Reagan.
The Reagan YearsThe Reagan Years Invasion of GrenadaInvasion of Grenada 1986 bombing of 1986 bombing of
LibyaLibya Iran-Contra affairIran-Contra affair Evil Empire comes to Evil Empire comes to
an endan end 40% real increase in 40% real increase in
defense spending defense spending
"Reaganomics" "Reaganomics" Reduce tax ratesReduce tax rates Control money supply to Control money supply to
reduce inflationreduce inflation Deregulation of the Economy Deregulation of the Economy Reducing government Reducing government
spending spending Inflation drops from 12.4% to Inflation drops from 12.4% to
4.4%.4.4%. Unemployment from 7.5% to Unemployment from 7.5% to
5.4%5.4% federal budget deficits and federal budget deficits and
the national debt the national debt
Warren Court vs Rehnquist CourtWarren Court vs Rehnquist Court Liberal Chief JusticeLiberal Chief Justice Law as an instrument for obtaining Law as an instrument for obtaining
equity and fairness equity and fairness Warren Court expanded civil rights, Warren Court expanded civil rights,
civil liberties, judicial power, and civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic the federal power in dramatic ways.ways.
Ended racial segregation in the Ended racial segregation in the United States.United States.
Officially ended sanctioned Officially ended sanctioned voluntary prayer in public school.voluntary prayer in public school.
High point in judicial power High point in judicial power
Conservative Chief JusticeConservative Chief Justice Limit the power of the federal Limit the power of the federal
government .government . Increase the power of the state Increase the power of the state
government. government. Thus relied on the 10Thus relied on the 10thth amendment. amendment.
Federalism by providing that powers Federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the government nor prohibited to the States by the Constitution are States by the Constitution are reserved to the States or the people reserved to the States or the people
If it wasn’t in the constitution he If it wasn’t in the constitution he wanted to stay away from it.wanted to stay away from it.
Social Issues and Changes of the 90’sSocial Issues and Changes of the 90’s