civil war in indian territory

CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORY TERRITORY

From Trail of Tears to Civil War From Trail of Tears to Civil War 1840s 1840s

Golden Age of Indian History in Oklahoma Golden Age of Indian History in Oklahoma White Man thought as Great American White Man thought as Great American

Desert Desert Four Forts of the Forties Four Forts of the Forties

CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN CIVIL WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORYTERRITORY

Missionaries Missionaries Baptist, Methodist and PresbyterianBaptist, Methodist and Presbyterian

Samuel Worcester and SequoyahSamuel Worcester and SequoyahSchools Schools

Paid for by the TribePaid for by the Tribe Run by the ChurchRun by the Church ReputationReputation

TownsTowns GovernmentsGovernments


18481848 Gold Rush in CaliforniaGold Rush in California California RoadCalifornia Road Mexican-American WarMexican-American War Texas Road US Highway 69Texas Road US Highway 69


18541854 Discuss creation of state of “Neosho”Discuss creation of state of “Neosho” CIVIL WAR gets in the way of statehoodCIVIL WAR gets in the way of statehood


CIVIL WARCIVIL WAR Sides: Sides:

North; United States of America; Union; Blue; North; United States of America; Union; Blue; YankeesYankees

South; Confederate States of America; South; Confederate States of America; Confederacy; Grey; RebelsConfederacy; Grey; Rebels

Causes: SlaveryCauses: Slavery EconomicsEconomics States RightsStates Rights

TariffsTariffs


18541854Kansas –Nebraska ActKansas –Nebraska Act Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas Republican PartyRepublican Party

1856—Presidential election1856—Presidential electionLincoln is nominee and says, Lincoln is nominee and says,

““first thing I will do when elected President first thing I will do when elected President is abolish slavery”is abolish slavery”


Lincoln loses but is elected in Nov. of Lincoln loses but is elected in Nov. of

18601860 18601860

South Carolina secedes and is closely South Carolina secedes and is closely followed by others.followed by others.

March of 1861March of 1861


Lincoln’s inaugural addressLincoln’s inaugural address ““House Divided”House Divided” Confederate States of America is createdConfederate States of America is created Jefferson Davis is PresidentJefferson Davis is President Other states join ConfederacyOther states join Confederacy Robert E. Lee is selected to serveRobert E. Lee is selected to serve Commanding General of Confederate ForcesCommanding General of Confederate Forces April of 61April of 61


Davis and Lee meetDavis and Lee meet How can we win?How can we win? Must have Indian Territory with usMust have Indian Territory with us Why?Why?

Provides men, horses, salt, lead, food, outlet to Provides men, horses, salt, lead, food, outlet to West and protect Texas. Hire Albert Pike West and protect Texas. Hire Albert Pike to convince 5 tribes to join Confederacyto convince 5 tribes to join Confederacy

How?How? South will take over treaty responsibilities of the South will take over treaty responsibilities of the

North; have same history and culture; can have North; have same history and culture; can have homes back after war; only fight in IT.homes back after war; only fight in IT.


Hire Albert Pike to convince 5 tribes to join Hire Albert Pike to convince 5 tribes to join ConfederacyConfederacy

How?How? South will take over treaty responsibilities of South will take over treaty responsibilities of

the North; have same history and culture; the North; have same history and culture; can have homes back after war; only fight in can have homes back after war; only fight in IT.IT.


1861 (May and June)1861 (May and June) Pike goes to IT Pike goes to IT

Cherokee: John Ross says no Cherokee: John Ross says no Surrounded by Union and location of Ft. GibsonSurrounded by Union and location of Ft. Gibson Few Cherokees had slavesFew Cherokees had slaves Treaty Party was closer to ConfederacyTreaty Party was closer to Confederacy

Creeks: Opothleyahola says no Creeks: Opothleyahola says no ““Civil War is White Man’s War”Civil War is White Man’s War” Indians should remain neutralIndians should remain neutral


Pike is 0 for 2 and rides south to meet Pike is 0 for 2 and rides south to meet with Choctawswith Choctaws Is stopped by Roley McIntosh and Motey Is stopped by Roley McIntosh and Motey

Kenard (lower Creeks)Kenard (lower Creeks) They will sign Treaty.They will sign Treaty.

Pike now 1 for 2.Pike now 1 for 2. June: Choctaws and Chickasaws have June: Choctaws and Chickasaws have

already joined South already joined South


Indian Territory alliances are in trouble without Indian Territory alliances are in trouble without Cherokee.Cherokee.

1861—August1861—August Battle of Wilson’s CreekBattle of Wilson’s Creek

Southwest MissouriSouthwest Missouri Major Confederate VictoryMajor Confederate Victory Union leaves Ft. Gibson to help at WCUnion leaves Ft. Gibson to help at WC South renames Ft. DavisSouth renames Ft. Davis

After Confederate Victory, Cherokees are After Confederate Victory, Cherokees are surrounded by Confederatessurrounded by Confederates

Cherokees join Confederacy Cherokees join Confederacy


What about the neutral Creeks? What about the neutral Creeks? Opothleyahola invites neutrals from all tribes Opothleyahola invites neutrals from all tribes

to join him on his land north of to join him on his land north of Okmulgee.Okmulgee.

@ 3000 neutrals arrive@ 3000 neutrals arrive


Douglas Cooper is commander of Douglas Cooper is commander of Confederate Forces in Indian TerritoryConfederate Forces in Indian Territory

Believes that Tribes have agreed that 15 year old Believes that Tribes have agreed that 15 year old males will join Confederate Army. males will join Confederate Army.

When they are with Opo, Cooper feels that When they are with Opo, Cooper feels that they are AWOL. they are AWOL.


Sept. 1861---Cooper visits Opo and tells Sept. 1861---Cooper visits Opo and tells him that young men are to report for duty him that young men are to report for duty with Conf. army at Ft. Washita.with Conf. army at Ft. Washita.

Very few arrive by end of October, so Cooper Very few arrive by end of October, so Cooper goes to get themgoes to get them

No one is at Opo’s home, they have headed to No one is at Opo’s home, they have headed to KansasKansas

Cooper goes after them with an army of 1,000.Cooper goes after them with an army of 1,000. This begins the “LITTLE CIVIL WAR”This begins the “LITTLE CIVIL WAR”


BATTLE OF ROUND MOUNTAINBATTLE OF ROUND MOUNTAIN Cooper finds Neutrals at Round Mountain Cooper finds Neutrals at Round Mountain

Where Cimarron flows in to the Arkansas RiverWhere Cimarron flows in to the Arkansas River November 19, 1861.November 19, 1861. Cooper orders men to fire into the air.Cooper orders men to fire into the air. Attempted intimidation to get young men to see Attempted intimidation to get young men to see

that Cooper is serious, Cooper backs off to Ft. that Cooper is serious, Cooper backs off to Ft. Washita to await neutrals arrivalWashita to await neutrals arrival

Don’t Show.Don’t Show.


Cooper’s search goes to TulsaCooper’s search goes to Tulsa BATTLE OF BIRD CREEK (Caving Banks)BATTLE OF BIRD CREEK (Caving Banks)

Dec. 9, 1861Dec. 9, 1861 LocationLocation

Woodland Hills MallWoodland Hills Mall Tulsa Union HighTulsa Union High US 169 and South 71st.US 169 and South 71st.

Cooper advances and backs off 3 times forcingCooper advances and backs off 3 times forcing Neutrals to use much of their ammo.Neutrals to use much of their ammo. @1000 neutrals die and or injured.@1000 neutrals die and or injured. Neutrals use their food and medicine and head NorthNeutrals use their food and medicine and head North for protection from the Unionfor protection from the Union


BATTLE OF CHUSTENAHLAHBATTLE OF CHUSTENAHLAH Dec. 26, 1861Dec. 26, 1861 North on US 169 15 milesNorth on US 169 15 miles

South of OwassoSouth of Owasso Cooper attacks 3 times again.Cooper attacks 3 times again.

Is ordered to attack a 4th time, but does notIs ordered to attack a 4th time, but does not Stand Watie does.Stand Watie does.

Of 3000 Neutrals, less than 100 survive and Of 3000 Neutrals, less than 100 survive and most are sick or injured.most are sick or injured.


South takes no prisoners, “let em go and South takes no prisoners, “let em go and die”die”

@50 Neutrals reach Ft. Scott in Kansas.@50 Neutrals reach Ft. Scott in Kansas. Opo asks North to get even with the Opo asks North to get even with the

South for what they had done to his South for what they had done to his people.people.


New Years, 1862New Years, 1862 High water mark for South during CWHigh water mark for South during CW Lincoln wants answersLincoln wants answers Union changes military leaders and new Union changes military leaders and new

planplan ANACONDAANACONDA


AnacondaAnaconda The Union will take control of Miss. RiverThe Union will take control of Miss. River Divide and ConquerDivide and Conquer

Surround like a snake and chokeSurround like a snake and choke

Effects on Indian TerritoryEffects on Indian Territory Winfield ScottWinfield Scott


Winfield ScottWinfield Scott Union commander at Ft. ScottUnion commander at Ft. Scott

Ordered to gain control of Ark River to Miss River Ordered to gain control of Ark River to Miss River by winter of 1862.by winter of 1862.

Feb of 62 leaves Ft. Scott with 5000 menFeb of 62 leaves Ft. Scott with 5000 men Goes to MissouriGoes to Missouri


Why?Why? South gets to decide when to stop invasion of South gets to decide when to stop invasion of

Yankees.Yankees. Battle of Pea RidgeBattle of Pea Ridge

March 1862March 1862 North ArkansasNorth Arkansas Large cleared fieldLarge cleared field South has 10000 men so they want to fight in the South has 10000 men so they want to fight in the

openopen 2 weeks of fighting2 weeks of fighting

CIVIL WAR VIDEOCIVIL WAR VIDEO


Union VictoryUnion Victory Exploding cannon ballsExploding cannon balls South gets reinforcements from Ft. Davis;South gets reinforcements from Ft. Davis; Indians fight in ArkansasIndians fight in Arkansas Don’t handle losing very wellDon’t handle losing very well

Jesse JamesJesse James Stand WatieStand Watie

TURNING POINT OF WAR IN INDIAN TURNING POINT OF WAR IN INDIAN TERRITORYTERRITORY

Not another Confederate victory during War in Not another Confederate victory during War in ITIT


Indian ExpeditionIndian Expedition June 1862June 1862 Union invasion of IT to payback South for OpoUnion invasion of IT to payback South for Opo James Blunt is commander of Union invasion forceJames Blunt is commander of Union invasion force 2 pronged attack so that Watie cant stop.2 pronged attack so that Watie cant stop. Battle of Locust GroveBattle of Locust Grove

Guerilla WarfareGuerilla Warfare Union advances to take Tahlequah from SouthUnion advances to take Tahlequah from South Arrest John Ross and take to PhiladelphiaArrest John Ross and take to Philadelphia


Watie declares self to be Chief of CherokeeWatie declares self to be Chief of Cherokee Union marches on to take Ft. Davis and Union marches on to take Ft. Davis and

rename Ft. Bluntrename Ft. Blunt Dog doesn’t know what to do when he catches Dog doesn’t know what to do when he catches

the car.the car.

Nov. 62 ---Union leaves Indian Territory.Nov. 62 ---Union leaves Indian Territory. New Years 1863New Years 1863


New Years 1863New Years 1863 Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Lincoln abolishes slavery in SouthLincoln abolishes slavery in South Weaken southern army, strengthen union Weaken southern army, strengthen union

armyarmy

Cowskin Prairie CouncilCowskin Prairie Council Feb. 63Feb. 63


Cowskin Prairie CouncilCowskin Prairie Council Feb. 63 Feb. 63 Union CherokeesUnion Cherokees

Denounce Confederate TreatiesDenounce Confederate Treaties Denounce Stand Watie as chief.Denounce Stand Watie as chief. Abolish slavery in Cherokee Nation Abolish slavery in Cherokee Nation

Union returns to control Ft. Gibson and Indian TerritoryUnion returns to control Ft. Gibson and Indian Territory Never surrender control despite efforts of SouthNever surrender control despite efforts of South

BATTLE OF HONEY SPRINGSBATTLE OF HONEY SPRINGS July 63July 63 Control of Ft. Gibson and Indian TerritoryControl of Ft. Gibson and Indian Territory


Union wins so nothing changes (militarily)Union wins so nothing changes (militarily) Social ChangeSocial Change

First Kansas Colored InfantryFirst Kansas Colored Infantry Actions at BattleActions at Battle

End of WarEnd of War April 1865—Lee surrenders to GrantApril 1865—Lee surrenders to Grant June of 65—Watie becomes last Confederate June of 65—Watie becomes last Confederate

General to surrender.General to surrender. July 65—Choctaws surrenderJuly 65—Choctaws surrender August 65—Camp Napoleon CouncilAugust 65—Camp Napoleon Council


August 65—Camp Napoleon CouncilAugust 65—Camp Napoleon Council All tribes of Indian Territory send 1 rep All tribes of Indian Territory send 1 rep Verden, OklahomaVerden, Oklahoma Indians Unite as 1 so White Man will not take Indians Unite as 1 so White Man will not take

land. Good Luckland. Good Luck

Union Won – They get to choose how to Union Won – They get to choose how to end warend war


Reconstruction—Union plan to reunite Reconstruction—Union plan to reunite NationNation

In Indian Territory: Reconstruction In Indian Territory: Reconstruction Treaties Treaties Each tribe mustEach tribe must

1. abolish slavery1. abolish slavery 2. allow “Freedmen” into tribe2. allow “Freedmen” into tribe 3. let the Railroads have land free3. let the Railroads have land free 4. surrender western lands4. surrender western lands


a) Union gives Western Land to Plains a) Union gives Western Land to Plains IndiansIndians

Reconstruction Treaty with ChoctawsReconstruction Treaty with Choctaws Allen WrightAllen Wright OklahomaOklahoma

civil war in indian territory

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