cjwf/0fftds lgb {]lzsf - international labour organization · team-based maintenance of rural roads...

Team-based maintenance of rural roads - Conceptual guide

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g

;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t ;Def/

cjwf/0ffTds lgb{]lzsf

;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t ;Def/

cjwf/0ffTds lgb{]lzsf

Serge Cartier van Dissel

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] g]kfnl:yt sfof{no /f]huf/ d'ns nufgL sfo{s|d -O{=cfO{=cfO{=kL=_

k|ltlnlk clwsf/ © cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g @))(

k|yd ;+:s/0f @))(

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g;Fu ljZjJofkL k|ltlnlk clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] k|f]6f]sf]n @ cGtu{tsf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ 5 . h] xf];, ;|f]t ;"lrt ul/g] v08df s'g} clwsf/ lagf o;sf ;fgf c+zx? k'gM k|sflzt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] k'gM k|sfzg jf cg'jfbsf] clwsf/sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g k|sfzg -clwsf/ tyf cg''dlt_, cGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{no, CH-!@!! h]g]ef @@, l:jh/NofG8nfO{ b/vf:t ug{'k5{ jf [email protected] df Od]n ug{ ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{non] To:Tff b/vf:tx?nfO{ :jfut ub{5 . k'gM k|sfzgsf clwsf/sf nflu btf{ ePsf k':tsfnox?, ;+:yfx? / cGo k|of]ustf{x?n] of] p2]Zosf nflu pgLx?nfO{ lbOPsf] Ohfhtkqsf cg';f/ o;sf] k|ltlnlkx? agfpg ;S5 . tkfO{+sf] b]zdf k'gM k|sfzgsf] clwsf/sf] nflu www.ifrro.org j]a;fO6 x]g'{xf];\ . CARTIER VAN DISSEL, Serge ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ – cjwf/0ffTds lgb{]lzsf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] g]kfn l:yt sfof{no tyf /f]huf/ d'ns nufgL sfo{s|d -O{=cfO{=cfO{=kL=_, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, @))(, $) k[i7

k|sfzg tYof+sdf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;"rLs/0f

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] cEof; u/]cg';f/ Ps?ktf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf k|sfzgx?df k|of]u ul/Psf gfd / ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|:t'tLn] b]zsf], If]qsf] jf Onfsfsf] h] h:tf] ePtf klg ToxfFsf clwsf/Lx?sf] sfg'gL cj:yf ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{nosf] s'g} klg wf/0ff JoQm ub{}g .

x:tfIf/ ul/Psf n]v, cWoog / cGo of]ubfgx?df JoQm ul/Psf wf/0ffx?sf] lhDd]jf/L k"0f{ ?kdf n]vs;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 / ToxfF JoQm ePsf wf/0ffx?nfO{ k|sfzsn] ;dy{g u/]sf] x'Fb}g .

s'g} sfof{no jf Jofkfl/s pTkfbgx? jf k4ltx?sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{non] ;dy{g lbPsf] eGg] cy{ lbb}g / s'g} klg ljz]if sfof{no, Jofkfl/s pTkfbg jf k4ltsf] pNn]v ug{ 5'l6Pdf Tof] c:jLs[ltsf] ;+s]t xf]Og .

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g k|sfzg tyf o;;Da2 ljB'tLo n]vg ;fdu|Lx?, d'Vo k':ts laqm]tfx? jf ljleGg b]zsf :yfgLo cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf sfof{nox? jf ;f]em} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g k|sfzg, cGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{no, CH-!@!! h]g]ef @@, l:jh/NofG8af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . gofFF k|sfzgx?sf] ;"rL lgMz'Ns ?kdf dfly pNn]lvt 7]ufgf jf Od]n 7]ufgf [email protected] af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfd|f] j]a;fO6 x]g'xf];\ M www.ilo.org/publns g]kfndf d'lb|t

;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ – cjwf/0ffTds lgb{]lzsf

ljifo;"rL

kl/ro ................................................................................................................................................... !

!= u|fdL0f ;8ssf] dd{t–;Def/ .....................................................................................................................@ !=! ;8s Iflos/0f ................................................................................................................... @ !=@ ;8s dd{t–;Def/ ...............................................................................................................$ !=# g]kfndf dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/x? ................................................................................................ ^

@= ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ .............................................................................................& @=! dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x ................................................................................................................ & @=@ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?....................................................................................... & @=# pks/0fx?, ;'/IffTds ;fwg tyf ;fdfu|Lx? .................................................................................. !!

#= dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] u7g .......................................................................................................................!# #=! ;d"xsf] cfsf/ ................................................................................................................... !# #=@ ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] 5gf]6 ......................................................................................................... !# #=# dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] btf{ .......................................................................................................!$ #=$ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] tflnd....................................................................................................!%

$= s/f/ Joj:yfkg ................................................................................................................................. !* $=! k|bz{gsf] cfwf/df s/f/ ........................................................................................................!* $=@ dd{t–;Def/sf] s/f/ ...........................................................................................................!* $=# dd{t–;Def/ sfdsf] of]hgf ....................................................................................................!( $=$ dd{t–;Def/ sfo{sf] lg/LIf0f...................................................................................................@) $=% e'QmfgL ..........................................................................................................................@!

%= dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] nfut / ljQLo ;xfotf .............................................................................................@# %=! ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] nfut ........................................................................................ @# %=@ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] ljQLo ;xfotf ............................................................................. @$

kl/lzi6x?

kl/lzi6 ! ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? ..............................................................................@( kl/lzi6 @ pks/0fx? tyf ;'/IffTds ;fwg .......................................................................................#) kl/lzi6 # s/f/ gd'gfsf] pbfx/0f .................................................................................................. #! kl/lzi6 $ sfo{of]hgf gd'gfsf] pbfx/0f ............................................................................................#% kl/lzi6 % dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx?sf] ;dfof]hgf ............................................................................... #^ kl/lzi6 ^ k|bz{gsf ;"rsx?........................................................................................................ #& kl/lzi6 & lg/LIf0f kmf/d............................................................................................................#*


1

kl/ro

of] lgb{]lzsfn] ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf] af/]df cjwf/0ffx?sf] kl/ro lbG5, h;n] ;–;fgf dd{tx?af6 ljleGg ;8sx?sf] ;fdfGo ;kmf ug{] sfd b]lv lnP/ ;8ssf] 5]p5fpdf a:g] afl;Gbfx?n] agfPsf] dd{t–;Def/ ;d'xsf] k|f/lDes ;8s ;'wf/ sfo{ ;Dd ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;n] ;8ssf ljleGg tTjx?n] /fd|/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 eg]/ ;'lglZrt u/]/, cem uDeL/ ;d:ofx? gcfcf];\ eGgfsf nflu ;–;fgf dd{tx? u/fO{ ;8snfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug{ cfwf/e"t ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] lgdf{0f u/]/ ;8sdf uDeL/ Ifltx?nfO{ /f]Sg] nIosf ;fy g]kfnsf] ;8sx?sf nflu lskmfotL dd{t–;Def/nfO{ nfu" u/fpgsf nflu Jojxfl/s tl/sfx? leqfpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] ;dodf p2]Zo eg]sf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] k};f / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;Gbe{df sd;]sd nfut/ ToxLF ;dodf ufpFsf u/Lax?sf nflu /f]huf/L / cfDbfgL lbg] u/L bL3{sfnLg ?kdf u|fdL0f ;8sx?nfO{ /fd|f] / plrt cj:yfdf /fVg] k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f ug{' xf] . of] g} ;a} ;d]6\g] dd{t–;Def/ /0fgLlt xf]Og, / o;nfO{ kl/0ffdd''lv agfpg cfjlws ?kdf zf]wg dd{t–;Def/x? af6 k"/f ug{' kg]{ x'G5. g]kfndf ;d"xsf] dd{t–;Def/sf] cfjwf/0ffnfO{ ;g\ @))( df cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ljsf; u/]/ k/LIf0f u/]sf] xf] . of]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ oL ljleGg kl/j]zx?df k/LIf0f ug]{ p2]Zosf nflu g]kfnsf b'O{ lhNnf /fd]5fk -kxf8_ / wg'iff -t/fO{_ df of] sfo{s|d nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] . x/]s lhNnfdf ljleGg u'0fsf] b'O{ k/LIf0f ;8sx? 5flgPsf lyP . k/LIf0f ;8ssf] s'n nDafO !)# lsnf]ld6/ lyof], h;df u|fen u/]sf] / sRrL af6f] b'j} lyP . x/]s ;8ssf nflu dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x ag]sf lyP, h;n] $( hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L lbO{Psf] lyof] / ;g\ @))( sf] d] / l8;]Da/sf] aLrdf s/La (,))) sfd ug{] lbgx?sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;du|df ;8ssf] cj:yf cGo jif{x?sf] t'ngfdf w]/} /fd|f] ePsf] / jif{sf w]/} lbgx? ;8s uf8Lx?sf nflu v'nf /x]sf] s'/faf6 k/LIf0fx?n] cjwf/0ff ;kmn ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . Ifltsf] /f]syfd / ;–;fgf dd{tx?sf sf/0f k"/s zf]wg dd{t–;Def/sf]

cfjZostfdf sdL cfPsf] 5 1 . u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] nufgLnfO{ gofF lgdf{0f, ;'wf/ / k'g:{yfkgfdf nufpg] jt{dfg k|j[lQ / plrt cg'kftdf /f]syfdd"ns / zf]wg dd{t–;Def/sf] nflu lgb{]lzt 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{] sfd ce}m klg d'Vo afwfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L of] lgb{]lzsfdf elgP h;/L lskmfotL /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/x?nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/]/ dfq u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf nflu pknAw nufgLsf] ;Dk"0f{ Ifdtf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 / cfwf eGbf a9L u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfndf df]6/ hfg g;Sg] ljifdj[Q lgdf{0f–If]los/0f–k'glgdf{0fnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . ;8s lgdf{0fdf ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/nfO{ cem /fd|/L a'em\g of] lgb{]lzsfn] 5f]6s/Ldf u|fdL0f ;8ssf] Iflos/0f / dd{t–;Def/sf ljleGg kIfx?sf af/]df / g]kfndf dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/x?sf af/]df 5nkmn u/]/ ;'? u/]sf] 5 . To;kl5 o;n] ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf] kl/ro lbg yfN5 / To;kl5 ;d"xdf sfd ugf{sf] kmfObf, pgLx?sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf kg]{ sfdx? / pgLx?n] k|of]u ug{] pks/0f / ;fwgx?sf af/]df AofVof u5{ . t];|f] cWofon] oL ;d"xx?nfO{ s;/L agfOG5, ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ s;/L r'lgG5, / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu cfjZos btf{ / tflndsf af/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg u5{ . rf}yf] cWofon] k|bz{gsf cfwf/df ul/g] s/f/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] kl/ro lbFb} s/f/sf Joj:yfkgx?, s/f/sf] plrt b:tfj]hsf] cfjZostf, dd{t–;Def/sf] sfdsf] of]hgf / lg/LIf0f, / dd{t–;Def/sf ;d"xnfO{ lbg kg{] e'QmfgLsf af/]df JofVof ub{5 . clGtd cWofo ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf] nfut / ljQLo ;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt 5, / o;df nfUg] ljleGg nfutx? / ljQo ;|f]tsf] af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbG5 . clGtd efun] pknAw sf]ifsf] plrt efu, ljz]ifu/L of] lgb{]lzsfdf pNn]lvt h:t} /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf nflu, ;8s dd{t–;Def/df lgb{]lzt x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ kg{], dfly atfOPsf] d'Vo afwfsf] af/]df klg JofVof ub{5 . of] lgb{]lzsf ljz]ifu/L lhlj;x?df lgb{]lzt 5 lsgls ltgLx? u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfnsf nflu d'Vo lhDd]jf/ ePsf] x'gfn] ltgLx? g} of] tl/sf nfu" ug{] d'Vo lgsfo xf] . oBkL of] tl/sfnfO{ c? lgsfox?n] klg nfu" ug{ ;S5g\, h:t} uflj; jf u|fdL0f ;8s cfof]hgfx? . To;}n] oxfF lhlj; elgP tfklg s/f/sf lgsfox?nfO{ klg hgfOPsf] xf] .

1 ælgjf/sÆ ;Def/nfO{ g]kfndf k|of]u ul/g] æ/f]syfdd"nsÆ ;Def/;Fu em'lSsg x'Fb}g . oxfF Tof] zAb Iflt eO;s]kl5 To;sf] dd{t ug{] ultljlwdf nlIft zf]wg ultljlwx?sf] ljkl/t ;8sdf -cem_ a9L Iflt /f]Sgdf nlIft dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? kl/eflift ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] .


2

!= u|fdL0f ;8ssf] dd{t–;Def/

g]kfndf cg'dflgt #),))) lsld u|fdL0f ;8sx? /x]sf 5g\ hxfF clwstd sRrL af6f] /x]sf] 5 / pNn]vgLo dfqfsf ;8sx?df u|fen ul/Psf] ;tx /x]sf] 5 -u|fdL0f ;8ssf] s]xL ;fgf efudf dfq sfnf]kq nufOPsf] 5_ . ljut s]xL jif{ b]lv :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?sf nflu -lhlj; / uflj;_ sf]ifsf] kl/0ffd a9\b} uO/x]sf] sf/0fn] x/]s lbg u|fdL0f ;8ssf] nDafO al9/x]sf] 5 . Tof] sf]ifsf] 7"nf] efu eg] gofF u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] lgdf{0fdf nfutx'g] u/]sf] 5 . csf{] tkm{ dd{t–;Def/sf] sdLsf sf/0fn] u|fdL0f ;8ssf ;+hfn 5l/tf] ?kdf Iflos/0f eO/x]sf 5g\, h;dWo] s]jn cfwf hlt ufpFsf ;8sx? uf8L rNg ;Sg] l:yltdf 5g\ . of] dd{t–;Def/sf] sdL lg/Gt/ eO/Xof] eg] ;8s Iflos/0fsf sf/0f ;DklQsf] gfz rfF8} g} u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ;+hfndf x'g] s'n nfut a/fa/ x'g ;S5 . of] cWofon] To;}n] ;8ssf] Iflos/0fsf] k4lt / Iflos/0fsf] k4ltnfO{ l9nf] agfpg] jf /f]Sg] lskmfotL tl/sfsf ?kdf dd{t–;Def/sf] e"ldsf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof u5{ / to;kl5 g]kfndf 5'6\ofOPsf dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/x?sf] af/]df JofVof u5{ .

!=! ;8s Iflos/0f ;dosf] qmddf ljz]ifu/L kfgL / uf8Lx?sf sf/0f ;8sx?sf] Iflos/0f x'G5 . kfgLn] ;8ssf] ;txdf, ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf, / ;8ssf] cfwf/df klg Iflos/0f ug{ ;S5 / ;8ssf] ef}lts ;+/rgfdf klg Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 . of] ls t e"Iflos/0fsf sf/0f x'G5 h;df ;8ssf tTjx? aufOG5g\ / ef}lts ;+/rgfx? lvOG5g\, jf Tof] l:y/Ls/0fsf sf/0fn] klg x'g ;S5 h;df ;8s / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/x? kfgLsf] k|efjsf sf/0f sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfG5g\ . uf8Lsf] ;Gbe{df, uf8Lsf 6fo/x?sf sf/0fn] ;txsf] tTjsf] Ifltsf sf/0f Iflos/0f x'g] u5{ h;n] ;8ssf] cfwf/ c/lIft x'G5 / uf8Lsf] ef/sf sf/0fn] ;8ssf] ;tx lau|G5 h;n] ;8sdf lns, vfN8fv'N8L agfpF5 / ;8s 5'6\ofpF5 . ;8ssf] Ifltsf oL b'O{ sf/0fx?n] Ps csf{nfO{ pQ]lht agfpF5g\ lsgls kfgLn] sdhf]/ agfPsf] ;8s uf8Lx?af6 lau|gsf nflu ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5, / To;} u/L uf8Ln] lauf/]sf] ;8sdf kfgL ;'/lIft tl/sfn] aUg ;Sb}g h;n] ubf{ e"Iflos/0f / kfgLsf] l:y/Ls/0f a9\5 .

;8ssf] ;txsf] e"Iflos/0f ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ePsf] e"Iflos/0f

uf8Lx?n] agfPsf] lns uf8Lx?n] agfPsf] vfN8fv'N8L


3

kfgL hd]sf] 7fpFdf a]gsf] lns vfN8fv'N8Lx?df hd]sf] kfgL ;8s Iflos/0f klxn] cln l9nf] x'G5 / Tolt b[Zo klg x'Fb}g / o;n] ;fdfGo dSsfpg] / km6fpg] u5{ / ;8ssf] ;tx / lgsf; k|0ffnLdf ;fdfGo Iflt k'¥ofpF5 -tnsf] u|fkmsf] r/0f s_ . cnlUuPsf ;–;fgf c;kmntfdf qmlds j[l4sf afjh'b ;8ssf pkef]Qmfx?n] Iflos/0fnfO{ Tolt Wofg lbFb}gg\ . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k of] r/0fdf Iflos/0fsf] hfFr gePsf] x'g ;S5 h;n] ubf{ /fd|f] jf 7Ls}sf] cj:yfaf6 ;8s Iflos/0f x'Fb} hfG5 . of] ;dodf ;8ssf] cfwf/ ef}lts ;8s ;+/rgfsf cfwf/x? k|efljt x'g yfn]kl5 Iflos/0fsf] ult a9\b} hfG5 -r/0f v_ . of] ljz]ifu/L aqmtf / hn lgsf;sf] k|0ffnLsf] Iflos/0fsf sf/0f ;'/lIft ?kdf kfgL 6f9f gnluPsf sf/0fn] kfgLn] ubf{ x'G5, h'g ToxLFF /lx/xG5 / e"Iflos/0f u/fpF5, h;n] ;8snfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpFb} / sdhf]/ agfpFb} uf8Lx?af6 x'g] xfgLsf nflu ;Dj]bgzLn agfpF5 . ;8ssf] Iflt of] r/0fsf] ;'?jftdf :yfgLo ?kdf dfq l;ldt ePsf] h:tf] b]lvP tfklg k"/} ;8s sdhf]/ l:yltdf guP;Dd of] ;Dk"0f{ ;8sdf km}lnG5 . ;8ssf] l:ylt Ps k6s sdhf]/ ePkl5 uf8Lsf] dfqf sd x'Fb} uPkl5 / ToxfF Iflos/0f x'gsf nflu s]xL afFsL gePkl5 Iflos/0f sd x'Fb} hfG5 -r/0f u_ . ;8ssf] Iflos/0fn] ubf{ ofqf ug{] ;do / nfuta9\5 / cGTodf ha ;8s uf8L rNg} g;Sg] ePkl5 oftfoft ;Dk"0f{ tl/sfn] aGb x'g ;S5 .

lrq ! M ;8s Iflos/0f

;do → Psbd /fd|f]

/fd|f]

7Ls}

v/fa

Psbd v/fa

A B C

l9nf] / Tolt b[Zo gePsf] Iflos/0f

l56f] Iflos/0f / c;kmntf

;Dk"0f{ c;kmntf


4

!=@ ;8s dd{t–;Def/ zf]wg dd{t–;Def/x?sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;8ssf] l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;8ssf] ;tx / lsgf/fx¿df, kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] k|0ffnL / cGo ;8s ;+/rgfx?df dd{t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;8ssf] l:yltsf] ;'wf/n] ;fdfGotof ofqfsf] ;do / nfutnfO{ sd u/fpF5 / ;8sf] Iflos/0f r/r/fx6af6 ;'? x'g] x'gfn] ;8s Iflos/0fsf] ultnfO{ klg 36fpF5 . oBkL ;8s hlt Iflos/0f x'G5 To;sf dd{tx? Tolt g} uxg / dx+uf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;8s cem} klg /fd|f] jf 7Ls} l:yltdf -/]vf !_ /x]sf] ;dosf] zf]wg dd{t–;Def/n] vfN8fv'N8Lx?nfO{ k'g{ ;S5, ;8ssf] ;txnfO{ >]0fLa4 ug{] / kfgLsf] lgsf;df / cGo ;8s ;+r/gfx?df ;–;fgf dd{tx? ug{ ;S5 eg], ;8s Psbd g/fd|f] cj:yfdf k'uL;s]kl5 zf]wg dd{t–;Def/ ugf{n] -/]vf @_ ;8ssf] 7"nf vfN8fv'N8Lx?sf] k"0f{t k'glg{df{0f x'G5 / kfgLsf] lgsf; ;+/rgfsf] ;Dej k'g:yf{kgf / ;8ssf] cfwf/sf] k'gM lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . ;8ssf] cj:yfsf] ;+s]t lbO/x]sf] sfnf] /]vf b]lv OR5fOPsf] ;8ssf] /fd|f] jf Psbd /fd|f] cj:yfsf] b'/Ln] zf]wg dd{t–;Def/sf] cfjZostfsf] :t/ b]vfpF5 / To;/L g} dd{t–;Def/sf] nfutsf] klg ;+s]t lbG5 . zf]wg dd{t–;Def/sf cfjZostfx?nfO{ af/Daf/ ug{ kb{5, / ;8s k"0f{ ?kn] g/fd|f] cj:yfdf k'Ug] ;do;Dd kv{g' eGbf ;8ssf] cj:yf /fd|f] jf 7Ls} cj:yfdf ul/g] dd{t–;Def/ af/Daf/ ug{ kg{] eP tfklg o;n] dd{t–;Def/sf] k"0f{ nfutnfO{ sd u/fpF5 .

lrq @M zf]wg dd{t–;Def/

zf]wg dd{t–;Def/ afx]s ;8s Ps k6s Iflos/0f eO;s]kl5, lgjf/s2 dd{t–;Def/ ug{ ;Dej x'G5 h'g ;8ssf] Iflos/0fnfO{ l9nf] agfpg]] sfddf nlIft x'G5 . To:tf dd{t–;Def/x? lg/Gt/ b}lgs ?kdf ug{] ul/G5 / To;df k|fylds ?kdf ;8ssf] Iflt /f]Sgsf nflu ;kmf ug{] ultljlw x'G5 / ;fy} uDeL/ Ifltx? x'gaf6 arfpgsf nflu ;8ssf] ;tx / ;8ssf] ;+/rgfsf] ;–;fgf dd{t klg /x]sf] x'G5 . To:tf /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf kmn:j?k ;8ssf] Iflos/0f pNN]vgLo dfqfn] l9nf] ePsf] 5, h'g tnsf] u|fkmdf b]Vg ;lsG5 -/]vf #_ . kl/0ffd:j?k, zf]wg dd{t–;Def/ cln sd dfqfdf cfjZos x'G5 -/]vf !_ h;n] ;Dk"0f{ dd{t–;Def/ nfutnfO{ sd u/fpF5 / ;8s ;fdfGotof cem /fd|f] cj:yfdf x'G5 h;n] ofqfsf] ;do / nfutnfO{ 36fpF5 .

2 ælgjf/sÆ ;Def/nfO{ g]kfndf k|of]u ul/g] æ/f]syfdd"nsÆ ;Def/;Fu em'lSsg x'Fb}g . oxfF Tof] zAb Iflt eO;s]kl5 To;sf] dd{t ug{] ultljlwdf nlIft zf]wg ultljlwx?sf] ljkl/t ;8sdf -cem_ a9L Iflt /f]Sgdf nlIft dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? kl/eflift ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] .

;do → Psbd /fd|f]

/fd|f]

7Ls}

v/fa

v/fa

! @


5

lrq #M /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ To:tf lg/Gt/ /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf] yk nfutx? zf]wg dd{t–;Def/df cfjZostfdf cfpg] l9nfO / ;8sdf x'g] nufgLdf cfpg] sdLsf sf/0f nfutsf artx?af6 Ifltk"lt{ x'g ;S5 . ;DklQsf] d"Nosf] Ifltdf /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf] k|efjnfO{ tknsf] u|fkmdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

0%

50%

100%

nufgL /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ;d]t /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ afx]s

3f6f nfUg] d'No

af+sL d'No

lrq $ M ;DklQsf] d"Nosf] /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf] k|efj k|fs[lts k|ljlQ eg]sf] g/fd|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx?df s]lGb|t x'g' xf] h;n] ubf{ ltgLx?nfO{ lgoldt zf]wg dd{t–;Def/sf] dfWodaf6 cem /fd|f] cj:yfdf Nofpg ;lsG5 h;n] ofqfsf] nfut/ ;do arfpF5 . of] /0fgLltn] u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfndf ;a}eGbf pRr c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 lsgls o;/L ;d:of lbO/x]sf ;8sx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/, of] wf/0ffn] ;8ssf] cj:yf ;dofg';f/ kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] s'/f / g/fd|f] cj:yfdf ePsf ;8sx?df nfUg] pRr nufgLsf] kl/0ffd:j?k 5f]6f ;8sx?nfO{ Wofg lbOG5 / 7Ls} cj:yfdf /x]sf nfdf ;8sx?nfO{ s]xL ul/OFb}g h;n] ubf{ Tof] cem pRr b/df Iflos/0f x'Fb} hfG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}g . cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] xf] eg] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] ljsNk eg]sf]

/f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;DklQsf] d"Nosf] IfltnfO{ l9nf] agfpg 7Ls} b]lv /fd|f] cj:yfdf3 /x]sf ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu nufgL ug{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{' xf] . o;n] cln sd vlr{nf] ;'/IffTds tl/sfx?sf] k|ofu u5{ h;n] cem nfdf] nDafOsf ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ x'g lbG5, h;n] of] cEof;sf] cGTodf cem nfdf ;8sx? /fd|f] b]lv 7Ls} cj:yfdf /fVg d2t u5{ . /fd|f] b]lv 7Ls} cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8ssf] ;+/If0fsf nflu nufgL ul/;s]kl5 afFsL /x]sf sf]ifx?nfO{ g/fd|f cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx?sf] dd{tsf nflu nfutug{ ;lsG5, h'g cGttuf]Tjf /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ k|0ffnLdf hfg ;S5 . k'glg{df{0fsf] Wofg g/fd|f b]lv Psbd g/fd|f ;8sx?df x'G5 eg] dd{t–;Def/sf] Wofg Iflos/0f geO;s]sf ;8sx?df /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f g} k'glg{df{0f / dd{t–;Def/ aLrsf] d'Vo leGgtf xf] .

3 v/fa cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx?df /f]syfdd"ns ;Def/n] ;dfg k|sf/sf] kmfObf Nofpg ;Sb}g lsgls Iflos/0fsf] ult klxn]sf] Iflos/0fsf sf/0f tLI0f eO;s]sf] x'G5 / ToxfF lg/f]ws ;Def/sf] Go"g k|efj dfq k5{ .

;do → Psbd /fd|f]

/fd|f]

7Ls}

v/fa

Psbd v/fa

!#


6

!=# g]kfndf dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/x? ;+nUg x'g] ljleGg ultljlwx? -/f]syfdd"ns jf zf]wg, lg/Gt/ jf af/Daf/_, ltgLx?sf] hl6nntf -cfjZos pks/0f / ;Lksf] :t/_ / ltgLx?sf] tLI0ftf -k|lt lsldsf] nufgL, lglZrt 7fpFsf] ;'wf/sf] lj?4 k"0f{ k'glg{df{0f_ sf cfwf/df ljleGg dd{t–;Def/sf

k|sf/x?nfO{ 5'6fOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf lgDg k|sf/sf dd{t–;Def/x? ljeflht 5g\4 M lgoldt dd{t–;Def/ eGgfn] ;8ssf] IfltnfO{ /f]Sgk|lt nlIft ultljlwx?sf] lg/Gt/ nfu"sf ;fy} s]xL ;–;fgf -Ifl0fs_ dd{tx? eGg] a'lemG5 . o; k|sf/sf] dd{t–;Def/ ;fdfGotof lsnf]ld6/ k|lt lglZrt nfutdf u/fOG5 / o;sf nflu s'g} bIf >lds jf pks/0fsf] -s]jn xft] pks/0fx?_ cfjZostf kb{}g . o;sf ultljlwx?df kfgLsf] lgsf;, k'n];f]x¿ (culvert) ;kmf ug{], klx/f]nfO{ x6fpg], ?vx? sf6\g] / slxn]sfxLF ;fgf vfN8fv'N8Lx? k'g{] h:tf sfd k5{g\ . k6s] dd{t–;Def/ eGgfn] cfjZostf cg';f/ jif{sf] lglZrt ;dodf ul/Og] zf]wg dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx? x'g\ . of] dd{t–;Def/sf] k|sf/sf nflu nfutsf] cg'dfg ug{'kg{] x'G5 / bIf >lds / pks/0fsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o;sf ultljlwx?df kfgLsf] lgsf;, k'n];f]x¿ ;kmf ug{], cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ug{], / ;8ssf] ;tx / lsgf/fx¿ dd{t ug{] -lns jf vfN8fv'N8Lx? k'g{], t/ >]0fLa4 ug{] / l3;fg{] klg_ h:tf sfd k5{g\ . /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ eGgfn] ;8ssf] ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ ug{ nlIft ultljlwx? x'g\ / oL sfo{x? :jod\ ;8s eGbf ;8ssf] jl/kl/ s]lGb|t x'G5 . o:tf dd{t–;Def/sf] k|sf/x? cfjZostf cg';f/ ul/G5 / o;sf] s'g} lglZrt lgTotf 5}g / o;sf nflu bIf >lds / pks/0fx?sf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 . o;sf ultljlwx?df e"Iflos/0faf6 le/fnf] hldgx?nfO{ arfpg], kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] dd{t / afFwx?sf] hfFr ug{], 6]jf kvf{n / cGo ;'/IffTds ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t / h}ljs OlGhlgol/ªsf sfdx? k5{g\ . cfjlws dd{t–;Def/ eGgfn] d'Vo zf]wg dd{t–;Def/x? x'g\ h'g ;8ssf] ;txsf] k|s[lt -sfnf]kq nufOPsf], u|fen, sRrL_ / ;8ssf] u'0fx?sf cfwf/df k|To]s b'O{ b]lv ;ft jif{sf] aLrdf Ps k6s ug{] ul/G5 . of] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu nfutsf] cg'dfgsf] tof/L ug{'k5{ o;sf nflu lglZrt ?kdf bIf >lds / pks/0fx?sf] cfjZostf k5{ . o;sf ultljlwx?df sfnf]kq nufOPsf] ;txsf] dd{t, k'gM u|fen ug{] / l:6nsf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ug{] h:tf sfd x'G5g\ . cfsl:ds dd{t–;Def/ eGgfn] ;8s ;fdfGotof k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f cj?4 ePsf] jf cgk]lIft ?kdf sfl6Psf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ vf]Ng] ultljlwx? x'g\ . of] ;jf/Lx?nfO{ axfn ug{] / cfwf/e"t pkfox?af6 ;8sx?nfO{ yk Ifltaf6 arfpg] s'/fk|lt nlIft /x]sf] 5 . ;8snfO{ To;sf] df}lns cj:yfdf kmsf{pg' of] k|sf/sf] dd{t–;Def/;Fu ;DalGwt 5}g . k'g:yf{kgf, pGglt / gofF lgdf{0fx? dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/sf] ?kdf dflgOFb}g / ltgLx?nfO{ ah]6sf] dfly atfOPeGbf leGg tl/sfdf /flvPsf] 5 .

4 logLx?nfO{ 8f]nL8f/ n] tof/ u/]sf] u|fdL0f ;8s dd{t–;Def/ lgb{]lzsf / u|fdL0f ;8s dd{t–;Def/ k|fljlws xft]k':tsdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .


7

@= ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/

cl3Nnf] cWofodf atfOPsf dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/x?n] ;Dk"0f{ dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx?nfO{ ;d]6\5 / ltgLx? u|fdL0f ;8ssf] Iflos/0fnfO{ l9nf] agfpg jf /f]Sg Ps csf{sf] k"?ssf ?kdf sfd ug{ nlIft x'G5g\ . dd{t–;Def/sf nflu l;ldt sf]if 5'6\ofOPsf] clxn]sf] ;dodf, oL ljleGg k|sf/sf dd{t–;Def/x?sf] tfnd]n ldln/x]sf] 5}g . jt{dfg dd{t–;Def/sf k|oTgx? d'VotM cfjlws / cfsl:ds dd{t–;Def/sf nflu l;ldt ePsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 hasL k|fyldstf eg] /fd|f] b]lv 7Ls} cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx? eGbf g/fd|f] cj:yfsf ;8sx?sf nflu lbOPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f /fd|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8ssf] lg/Gt/ / /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf dxTjk"0f{ ;Defljt kmfObfx?nfO{ Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] 5}g . of] cWofon] :yfgLo :t/df pknAw dfgj tyf ljQLo ;+;fwgx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/dfkm{t /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/nfO{ nfu" ug{] Pp6f ;/n / Jofjxfl/s tl/sfsf ?kdf kl/lrt u/fpg vf]h]sf] 5 .

@=! dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf] Pp6f Psbd dxTjk"0f{ u'0f eg]sf] of] lg/Gt/ x'G5 eGg] xf] . IfltnfO{ arfpgsf nflu ToxfF sf]xL geP;Dd IfltnfO{ arfpg ;lsFb}g, / Iflt slt v]/ x'G5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'Fb}g, To;}n] lg/Gt/ pkl:yltsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . s]xL lglZrt b]zx?n] jif{sf] lglZrt ;dodf dd{t–;Def/sf sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;8ssf] /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf nflu s/f/df /fVg] k|0ffnL /fv]sf 5g\, t/ o;n] cem} klg ;8ssf] Iflos/0fnfO{ aLrsf] ;dodf cfpg] cj;/ lbO/xG5 . g]kfn ;lxt w]/} b]zx?n] To;}n] ;fdfGotof cfjlws kxnx? eGbf cln sd ;+Vofdf dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] lg/Gt/ pkl:ylt /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf /fli6«o / ;xfos ;8sx?sf nflu nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{] /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf] k|0ffnL klxn] b]lv g} /x]sf] 5 hxfF x/]s sfdbf/nfO{ lglZrt nDafO 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 h;nfO{ p;n] dd{t–;Def/ ug{' kg{] x'G5 . ;f]xL k|sf/sf] k|0ffnL u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf nflu klg k|:tfljt ePsf] 5 . nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{]x?sf] k|0ffnLdf w]/} b]zx?sf] cg'ejn] /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf] k|of]u / ;8ssf] Iflos/0fnfO{ l9nf] agfpgsf nflu of] lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . t/ To:tf] x/]s sfdbf/sf nflu 5'§} s/f/, ;'kl/j]If0f, of]hgf / lg/LIf0fsf] cfjZostf x'g] x'gfn] cg'ejn] o; k|sf/sf] k|0ffnLsf] k|zf;lgs ef/ Psbd pRr ePsf] klg b]vfPsf] 5 . o;sf] kmn:j?k ;'kl/j]Ifssf] ;+Vof a9\5 / dd{t–;Def/sf] nfutklg a9\5 . ;fdgf ul/Psf] bf];|f] ;d:of eg]sf] ;a} ;8ssf] efu ;dfg x'Fb}g hxfF s]xL efux? cGo eGbf a9L ;d:ofu|:t x'G5g\ . x/]s nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{] JolQmn] ug{ kg{] sfdsf] dfqf To;}n] km/s x'G5 hxfF sf]xL ;lhn} ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 eg] c?n] sfd ;sfpgsf nflu cltl/Qm 3G6f sfd ug{ kg{] x'G5 . s]xL dfldnfdf sfdbf/x? cfkm\gf sfd ;sfpg klg ;Sb}gg\ / ;xof]u ug{sf nflu ;'kl/j]Ifsx?n] cGo sfdbf/x?nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug{'k5{ . nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{] k|0ffnLdf clGtd cjnf]sg eg]sf] sfdsf] JolQmut k|s[lt / slxNo} g;lsg] sfdsf] ef/n] ubf{ To;df pTk|]/0ff Psbd sd x'G5 . To;}n] nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{] k|0ffnLsf ljleGg :j?kx? agfOPsf 5g\ h;af6 lglZrt ;8ssf sfdbf/x? ;Fu} ;d"xdf /flvG5g\ / pgLx? ;d"xsf ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ ;8ssf] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ eg] cem nfdf ;8sx?sf nflu ToxLF ;d"x leq leGg ;d"x agfOG5 . o;sf] kmfObf s] x'G5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;8ssf nflu s/f/, ;'kl/j]If0f, of]hgf / lg/LIf0f eO/xg] x'gfn] o;sf] k|zf;lgs ef/ pNn]vgLo dfqfdf 36\5 . cem, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k'gM:yflkt ul/G5 h;n] pgLx?nfO{ ;d:ofu|:t ;8ssf efux?sf nflu yk ;do lgwf{/0f ug{ lbG5 . o;sf] yk kmfObf s] xf] eg] ;d"xdf sfd ubf{ pgLx?n] sfd ubf{ s'/f ug{ kfpF5g\ / To;n] ubf{ ldn]/ sfd ubf{ sfdsf] dfqf ;sfpg ;lsg] h:tf] b]lvg] x'gfn] sfdbf/x?sf] pTk|]/0ff a9\5 . oL kmfObfx? ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ hxfF ;8s ;fdfGotof sRrL ;8s jf u|fen ul/Psf] x'G5 / ltgLx? To:tf ;d:ofu|:t :yfgdf l:yt x'G5g\ h;sf nflu yk Wofgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . cem, tL ;8sx?sf nflu lhDd]jf/ :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?n] kof{Kt nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{] sfdbf/x?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ dfgj / ljQLo ;+;fwgdf sdL u/fpg vf]h]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . ;fd"lxs k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf b]zx?df of] lgs} ;kmn ePsf] 5 / Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf of] /fli6«o,

dfWolds / u|fdL0f ;8sx?df k|of]u ul/Psf] x'gfn] /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/sf nflu of] cfbz{sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .5

@=@ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx? lgwf{/0f ubf{, s'g} lglZrt k|sf/sf] dd{t–;Def/ k|sf/nfO{ lgo'Qm ug{sf nflu dfkb08x? agfOPsf] 5}g, t/ pgLx?s} bIftfsf cfwf/df lglZrt ultljlwx? lbOPsf] lyof] . oxfF d'Vo dfkb08 eg]sf] cbIf sfdbf/x? / xft] pks/0fx? -cf}hf/x? xf]Og_ sf] k|of]u ug{' lyof] . oL b'O{ dfkb08sf] l;ldttf leq r'lgPsf ultljlwx? u|fdL0f ;8ssf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] ;8ssf] IfltnfO{ arfpg / ;8ssf] ;d:of/lxt k|of]u u/fpgsf nflu ljz]ifu/L kfgLsf] lgsf; / 6]jf kvf{nx?sf nflu ;8ssf] ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] plrt ;+rfngk|lt nlIft /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ xf] . cfwf/e"t ?kdf o;df ;8ssf] ;tx, lsgf/f / ef}lts ;8s ;+/rgf ;kmf ug{] / vfnL agfpg] h:tf sfd x'G5g\ .

5 oxfF o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ljsf; sfo{qmd, ljZj a}+s, cfO P l8 aL -cGt/ cd]l/sL ljsf; a}+s_, CAF -Corporación Andina de Fomento_ / aL l; cfO O -cfly{s ;+of]hgsf nflu cd]l/sL s]Gb|Lo a}+s_ x?n] leqfP/ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf x'g\ .


8

lg/f]wfTds dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx? != afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] @= kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] gfnfx? ;kmf ug{] #= lr/fx? ;kmf ug{] $= k'n];f] ;kmf ug{] %= k'n ;kmf ug{] ^= ?vx? sf6\g] / ;kmf ug{] &= ;8ssf] ;txdf kfgLsf] t6x¿ x6fpg] *= ;8s dflysf] le/fnf]af6 sdhf]/ ;fdu|Lx? x6fpg]

klx/f] x6fO/x]sf] kfgLsf] gfnfx? x6fO/x]sf]

af]6la?jf x6fO/x]sf] k'n];f] ;kmf ul//x]sf]

;8s / ;8s;Fu ;DalGwt ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] plrt sfo{ ;'lglZrt ug{ afwfx?nfO{ x6fpg nlIft oL k"0f{tM /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? afx]s /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/df ;8sdf cem uDeL/ Iflt x'gaf6 arfpg nlIft ;–;fgf dd{t sfo{x? klg x'G5g\ . To;}n] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf dfkb08 leq g} dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? ;8ssf] ;tx, lsgf/fx¿ / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/e"t dd{tsf nflu klg lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . ;–;fgf dd{tx?

(= kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] ;+/rgfsf] dd{t !)= lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx?sf] dd{t !!= vf]Nrf / sGb/fx? (gully) sf] dd{t !@= ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fsf] dd{t !#= 6]jf kvf{nx?sf] dd{t !$= k'n];f]sf Aofslkmnx?sf] dd{t


9

lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx?sf] dd{t ;8ssf] lsgf/fsf] dd{t

6]jf kvf{nsf] dd{t k'n];f]sf Aofslkmnx?sf] dd{t dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ultljlwx?nfO{ ;fdfGotof s'g} klg b]zsf] ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ k|0ffnLdf ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . t/, oL

dWo] clwstd cg'ejx?df dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?sf nflu xfn;fn} k'g:yf{lkt ul/Psf] ;'wf/ ul/Psf]6 ;8sx? lgwf{/0f ul/OG5 h;sf] kmn:j?k ToxfF plrt kfgLsf] lgsf; / cGo ef}lts 6]jf ;+/rgfx? x'G5g\ h;n] ;8snfO{ arfpF5 / slxn]sfxLF dfq lgoldt ;kmfO jf ;–;fgf dd{tx?sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . t/, g]kfndf l:ylt cln km/s 5 lsgls oxfF ljz]ifu/L gofF v'n]sf ;8sx?df, u|fdL0f ;8sx?df plrt lgsf; k|0ffnL / ef}lts ;xof]u ;+/rgfx?sf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?n] ;fdgf u/]sf ;d:ofx? ;8s ;'/Iff pkfox?sf] Iflos/0f geO{ To:tf pkfox?sf] sdL xf] . le/fnfx? / ;8s lsgf/fx?nfO{ Ifltu|:t x'gaf6 arfpg kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ;8s jf ef}lts ;xof]u ;+/rgfaf6 lgsfNg] plrt lgsf; k|0ffnL gePsf] cj:yfdf dd{tsf cfjZostfx? PSsf;L cfpg] u5{g\ / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ Tof] ;dfwfg ug{ c;Dej x'g hfG5 . To:tf dWod b]lv d'Vo dd{tx?nfO{ cGo dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx? cGtu{t cfjlws ?kdf ug{ ;lsg] eP tfklg ;'?df To:tf Ifltx?sf] /f]syfd ;w}+ lskmfotL x'G5g\ . To;}n] g]kfnsf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? lhDd]jf/ ePsf ultljlwx?n] ;8ssf] IfltnfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu nlIft cfwf/e"t ;8s ;'/IffTds ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0fnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . oL ;+/rgfx? k|s[ltdf Psbd ;/n 5g\ h;n] ubf{ cbIf >ldsx?n] klg xft] pks/0fx?sf] dfWodaf6 o;nfO{ ;lhn} lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ / Ps k6s lgdf{0f ePkl5 ltgLx? ;kmf ug{] / ;–;fgf dd{tsf ;fdfGo k|0ffnLdf hfG5g\ . ;/n ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] ;[hgf

!%= ;8ssf] 5]pdf lgsf;sf] lgdf{0f !^= ;fgf] 9'+u] kfgL hfg] ;8ssf] lgdf{0f !&= -Ifl0fs_ 58\s] gfnLx?sf]] lgdf{0f !*= ;'Vvf 9'Ëfsf] yfDg] kvf{nx?sf] lgdf{0f !(= af]6la?jf /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg]

6 ;fdfGotof If]lqo ljsf; a}+sx?af6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt k'g:yf{kgf / dd{t–;Def/ / sfo{qmdsf] efusf ?kdf


10

;8ssf] 5]pdf lgsf;sf] lgdf{0f ;fgf] 9'+u] kfgL hfg] ;8ssf] lgdf{0f

;'Vvf 9'+ufx?sf] yfDg] kvf{nx?sf] lgdf{0f af]6la?jf /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgsf] ;'/Iff dfly plNnlvt ultljlwx?sf] ;"?df b]lvP h;/L g} ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?df g]kfndf ljeflht ljleGg dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/x? kg{] u5{g\ . lgoldt dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx? ;a} ;dfj]z 5g\, / ;fy} tL af/Daf/ / /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? klg 5g\ h;sf nflu bIf >lds, pks/0f / dxTjk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx?sf] cfjZostf kb{}g . cfjZos kxnsf] dfqf ;fgf] ePsf] 7fpFdf dfq cfsl:ds dd{t–;Def/ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/, cfjZos sfdx?sf] If]q / bIf >lds / pks/0fx?sf] cfjZostfsf sf/0f cfjlws dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf] cem al9 lj:t[t JofVof kl/lzi6 ! df kfpg ;lsG5 .

;8ssf] cToGt} ;d:ofu|:t efuaf6 uf8Lx? hfg lbgsf nflu cfsl:ds dd{t–;Def/


11

@=# pks/0fx?, ;'/IffTds ;fwg tyf ;fdfu|Lx? dfly pNn]lvt h:t}, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] ug{] dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwsf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f dfkb08 eg]sf] logLx?nfO{ cfwf/e"t xft] pks/0fx?sf] k|of]uaf6 ug{ ;lsg'k5{ . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?n] k|of]u ug{] pks/0fx?nfO{ tn /flvPsf 5, hxfF s]xL lglZrt pks/0fx? kxf8sf ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu ag]sf x'G5g\ . kl/lzi6 @ df oL pks/0fx?sf] cfjZos ;+Vofsf ;fy lj:t[t ;"rL lbOPsf] 5 .

pks/0fx?

• 7]nfuf8f • v'kL{÷sf]bfnf] • s'6f] • a]Nrf÷kmf]?jf • nfdf] d'7 ePsf] a]Nrf÷kmf]?jf -k'n];f] ;kmf ug{sf nflu_] • bfFt] • rSs" • Dof;]6 • ¥ofd/ -d'Fuf]|, vfFbg] pks/0f_ • 7"nf] un • 7"nf] 3g÷xtf}8f / kmnfd] Hofjn -kxf8_ • kfgL k6fpg] Sofg -xhf/L_ • tfGg] 8f]/L

dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] k|of]u ug{] s]xL pks/0fx? oL xft] pks/0fx? afx]s, pgLx?sf] ;'/Iff / :jf:Yo ;'lglZrt ug{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"sf nflu cfwf/e"t ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . oL ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?nfO{ tn ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5, kl/lzi6 @ df o;sf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . tn pNn]v ul/Psf] ;'/IffTds e]:6n] sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;8s pkef]Qmfx?sf] cl3 ;lhn} b]lvg] agfpg ;Sg] -uf8Lsf] ;+Vof / ult Psbd sd ePsf] u|fdL0f ;8sx?df of] Tolt dxTjk"0f{ x'Fb}g_ / ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ :ki6;Fu dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] ;b:osf] ?kdf lrGg ;lsg] ePsf]n] o;sf] bf]xf]/f] sfo{ /x]sf] 5 . ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?

• r]tfjgL lbg] emG8f • ;'/IffTds e]:6 • 6f]kL • df:s • a'6 • a;f{bL • k|fylds pkrf/sf] ;fdfg


12

dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] k|of]u ul//x]sf] s]xL ;'/IffTds ;fwgx? dd{t–;Def/sf] k/LIf0fdf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?n] oL pks/0fx? lsGgsf nflu pks/0f eQf kfPsf lyP . of] k|0ffnLdf e'QmfgL l9nf] x'g ;Sg] x'G5 t/ ;'/IffTds pks/0f / ;fwgx? s/f/ ug{] lgsfo -lhlj;_ n] lsGg' k5{ / sfdsf] ;'?jftdf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ lbg'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj lbOG5 . kof{Kt ;+Vofsf] u'0f:t/Lo pks/0fx? k|bfg ug{' kg{] s'/fsf] dxTjnfO{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 lsgls o;n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ w]/} k|efj kfb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ dd{t–;Def/sf] nfutdf pks/0f / ;fwgsf] nfutsf] Psbd ;fgf] efu x'G5 / pks/0fsf] u'0f:t/ jf ;+Vofdf sdL u/fP/ nfutarfpg vf]Hof] eg] dd{t–;Def/ sfo{stf{x?sf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfpgfn] Tof] art Joy{ x'G5 jf To;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k nfutcem} a9\g] x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?nfO{ cem} ljleGg ;fdu|Lx?sf nflu / pks/0fx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu -gofF d'7x?, wf/ nufpg], cflb_ s]xL pks/0f eQf lbg'kg{] x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/sf] k/LIf0fdf, ;d"xn] pks/0fx? / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx? lsGgsf nflu cfkm\gf] k]l:ssf ?kdf pks/0f eQf kfPsf lyP . t/, s/f/df x:tfIf/ ul/;s]kl5 dfq k]l:ssf] k4lt cl3 a9\Yof] / To;}n] o;n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x;Fu sfd ug{sf nflu pks/0f gePsf sf/0f sfd ;'? ug{df l9nfO x'GYof] . To;}n] pks/0f / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] s/f/ / k|fjwfg s/f/jfnf lgsfon] u/]sf] g} /fd|f] ljsNkg x'GYof] eg]/ lg0f{o ul/Psf] lyof] . cem s/f/df x:tfIf/ gu/]sf] ;dodf klg tflndsf] ;dodf tL pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u ug{ pgLx?n] g} cg'dlt lbg] elgPsf] lyof] .

lglZrt ultljlwx?sf nflu ;fdu|Lx?sf] -9'Ëf, lu§L, Uoflaog tf/_ cfjZostf x'G5 . s]xL lglZrt dfldnfx?df logLx? :yfgLo ?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 t/ cGo cj:yfdf logLx?nfO{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xdf k|bfg u/fOg'kb{5 -o;df ;d:of ePsf] ;8sdf plrt 7fpFx?af6 ;fdu|Lx?sf] oftfoftsf] s'/f /x]sf] x'G5 ._ oL ;fdu|Lx? dd{t–;Def/sf] s/f/sf] ;dodf cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?sf] cg'dfgsf] ;d:ofnfO{ kG5fpgsf nflu cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;f]em} s/f/jfnf lgsfo -lhlj;_ n] k|bfg ug{'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj lbOG5 . t/ To:tf ;fdu|Lx? 7Ls ;dodf pknAw x'g'kg{] s'/fn] ;8ssf] ;tx, lsgf/f / ef}lts ;+/rgfdf cfjZos dd{tx?sf nflu dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] k|efjsf/LtfnfO{ pNn]vgLo dfqfn] c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf s]xL dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? u|fen ul/Psf ;8sx?df sfd ul//x]sf lyP . ;8ssf] ;txsf] dd{t u/fpgsf nflu yk /f]8f 9'+ufsf] lu§Lx?sf] ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] lyof] . s]xL ;8sx?sf nflu k|fs[lts /f]8f 9'+ufsf lu§Lx? :yfgLo ?kdf pknAw eP tfklg cGo 7fpFsf nflu Tof] 6f9faf6 Nofpg k/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] lhlj;nfO{ ;d:ofu|:t ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf /f]8f 9"+ufsf lu§Lx¿sf] y'k|f] /flvlbg cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] .


13

#= dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] u7g

dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?n] cl3Nnf] cWofodf pNn]v ul/Psf dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx? ug{eGbf cl3 ;d"x agfpg kb{5 . o;df ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] r'gfj, btf{ / tflnd x'G5 . of] cWofon] ;d"x lgdf{0fsf oL tLg kIfx?sf af/]df s'/f u5{ .

#=! ;d"xsf] cfsf/ ;d"x ;b:osf] 5gf]6 ;'? x'g'eGbf cl3, ;d"xsf] kl/df0f lgwf{/0f ug{' k5{ . of] dd{t–;Def/ ug{ kg{] ;8s / Pp6f sfdbf/n] slt lsnf]ld6/ sfd ug{ k5{, cyf{t\ tyfslyt pTkfbsTj b/, eGg] s'/fn] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . pTkfbsTj b/ ;8ssf] u'0f, ljz]ifu/L ;8ssf] cj:yf, ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf, ;8ssf] ;txsf] k|sf/, uf8Lx?sf] :t/ / ;8ssf] ;'/IffTds ;+/rgfsf] pkl:ylt h:tf s'/fx?df lge{/ x'G5 . le/fnf] 7fpFdf /x]sf, cln sd l6sfp ;8s ;txx?, pRr uf8Lsf] :t/ / yf]/} ;'/IffTds pkfox? /x]sf g/fd|f] cj:yfsf ;8sx?df pTkfbsTjsf] b/ sd ePsf sf/0fn] -k|lt lsnf]ld6/ ToxfF sfdsf] ef/ w]/} x'G5_ ToxfF w]/} ;+Vofdf dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] cfjZstf x'G5 . olb ;8sdf ljleGg u'0fx? /x]sf 5g\ eg] ltgLx?sf] pTkfbsTjsf] b/ leGg x'G5 . x/]s sfdbf/sf nflu cf};t pTkfbsTj b/ @=% nfO{ k|of]u ug{ elgG5 eg] sd uf8L rNg], e"Iflos/0fsf] sd hf]lvd ePsf], jf kof{Kt ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox? ePsf] /fd|f] ;8sdf o;nfO{ a9fpg elgG5 . w]/} uf8Lx? rNg], e"Iflos/0fsf] w]/} hf]lvd ePsf] jf kof{Kt ;8s ;'/Iffsf pkfox? gePsf], g/fd|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx?sf nflu of] b/nfO{ 36fpg k5{ . @=% lsnf]ld6/ k|lt 3G6f pTkfbsTjn] ;fdfGo ;kmf ug{], ;8s vfln agfpg], ;–;fgf dd{tx? / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xaf6 cfwf/d"t ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] lgdf{0f h:tf sfd ug{ lbG5 . ;do laTb} hfFbf o:tf ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?nfO{ ;d"xn] jf cGo lgsfox?n] lgdf{0f ug{] x'gfn] o; k|sf/sf ultljlwsf] cfjZostf sd x'Fb} hfG5 / pRr pTkfbsTj b/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xsf] jf:tljs kl/df0f lgwf{/0f u/] kl5 pTkfbsTj b/af6 u'0fg u/]/ lgsflnPsf] sfdbf/x?sf] ;+Vof / ;8ssf] nDafOnfO{ ;fy{ cÍdf nUg ug{'k5{ jf k"0f{ ;+Vofsf ?kdf lgsfNg k5{ . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf pTkfbsTjsf b/x? @ b]lv @=% lsnf]ld6/ k|lt sfdbf/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] h'g plrt /x]sf] k|dfl0ft eof] . pRr pTkfbsTj b/x? cGo b]zx?df k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ t/ tL cg'ejx?df g]kfndf h:tf] cfwf/e"t ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox? ;dfj]z ePsf lyPgg\ .

;8ssf] dd{t–;Def/sf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;a} ;8ssf] cfkm\g} ;d"x x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . t/, hxfF ;8s PSbd nfdf] x'G5 / ;d"x Psbd 7"nf] x'G5 -@) eGbf a9L ;b:ox?_, ToxfF b'O{ ;d"x agfpg ;'emfj lbOG5 . j}slNks ?kdf, hxfF ;8s 5f]6f] x'G5 / ;d"x ;fgf] x'G5 -% eGbf sd ;b:ox?_, ToxfF Ps csf{sf] ;ldkdf ljleGg ;8sx?nfO{ x]g{ ;d"x /fVg ;'emfj lbOG5 . ;8ssf] nDafOsf cfwf/df ;d"xnfO{ dd{t–;Def/sf ;d"xdf ljeflht ug{ k5{ hxfF x/]s ;8ssf] lglZrt efusf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . of] ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ b]lv cfkm" sfd ul//x]sf] ;8sdf hfgsf nflu x'g ;Sg] oftfoftsf] ;d:ofnfO{ kG5fpgsf nflu ul/Psf] xf] . t/, oL ;d"xx?df ;fd"lxs ?kdf÷;d"xdf sfd{ ugf{sf] kmfObfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ slDtdf # ;b:ox? x'g k5{ . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf rf/ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] h;df !&=^ lsnf]ld6/ / #&=* lsnf]ld6/ af6f]sf nflu qmdzM & ;b:o b]lv !( ;b:o;Dd /x]sf lyP . Pp6f dfldnfdf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? Ps csf{;Fu glhs}sf] b'O{ ;8sx?sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lyP . o;nfO{ !! j6f ;d"xdf ljeflht ul/Psf] lyof] hxfF x/]s ;d"x ltgLx?sf] ;8ssf] lglZrt efusf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'Gy] . ;d"xdf # b]lv & sfdbf/x? lyP .

#=@ ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] 5gf]6 uflj;sf] ;lrjx?n] ;8ssf] ;+rfng, uflj;df ;8ssf] nDafOsf cfwf/df / kl/eflift pTkfbsTjsf] cfwf/df dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] bfj]bf/x?sf] klxrfg ug{k5{ . ;a}eGbf plrt bfj]bf/x?sf] 5gf]6 x'G5 eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ 5gf]6sf] dfkb08sf] k|of]u ug{ k5{ . oxfF plrttf eg]sf] sfd /fd|f];Fu ug{ ;Sg] bfj]bf/sf] Ifdtf -k|fljlws dfkb08_ / ;dfhsf] ;Dj]bgzLn ;d"xnfO{ /f]huf/ / cfDbfgL -;fdflhs dfkb08_ k|bfg ug{] s/f/ ug{] lgsfox?sf] p2]Zosf nflu Ifdtfjfg x'g'kg{] x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/sf k/LIf0fx?df ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u ul/Psf lgDg dfkb08x?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5, oBkL logLx?nfO{ s/f/sf] lgofssf] -lhlj;_ lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf nflu kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .


14

k|fljlws dfkb08 • 5gf]6 ul/Psf] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? !* b]lv %) jif{sf] pd]/sf] x'g'k5{ • 5gf]6 ul/Psf] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? zf/Ll/s ?kdf / dfgl;s ?kdf :j:y x'g'k5{ • 5gf]6 ul/Psf] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? dd{t–;Def/ ug{'kg{] ;8ssf] glhs a:g'kg{] x'G5

;fdflhs dfkb08

• 5gf]6 ul/Psf] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/ a]/f]huf/ x'gk5{ • 5gf]6 ul/Psf] sfdbf/ uflj;sf] ;a}eGbf u/La dflg;x? dWo]sf] x'g'k5{ • slDtdf klg #)Ü sfdbf/x? dlxnf x'g'k5{ • slDtdf klg #)Ü 5gf]6 ul/Psf dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? blnt jf hghflt x'g'k5{ • a]/f]huf/ o'jfx?sf nflu k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5

dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf, s'n $( dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] 5gf]6 ePsf] lyof] . To;df ;f]x| ;b:ox? dlxnf lyP, h'g s'nsf] Ps ltxfO lyof] . of] Go"gtd $)Ü eGbf sd 5 h'g k/LIf0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf] lyof] . t}klg of] :jLsfo{ lyof] lsgls dlxnfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/sf] sfdx?sf sf/0fn] k"/f ;do lbg] sfd :jLsf/ ug{ cln sl7g x'GYof], To;dfly k'?ifx? ;Fu} sfd ug{ kg{] lgdf{0f ;DaGw sfdx?df t emg ufx|f] x'GYof] .

bfj]bf/x?nfO{ Psk6s klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x aGg'eGbf cl3 To;nfO{ s/f/ ug{] lgsfon] -lhlj;_ :jLs[t ug{'kg{] x'G5 . bfj]bf/x? pgLx?af6 ck]Iff ul/Psf sfdx? / pgLx?n] kfpg] s'/fx?sf -k};f, ladf, cflb_ af/]df ;r]t 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ kl/rofTds ;q /fVg ;'emfj lbOG5 . ;xefuL x'g grfxg] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ ;lhn} x6fP/ csf{] JolQm /fVg ;lsG5 . To; k|sf/n] s;}n] 5f]8]/ hfg] jf s'g} ;b:on] kl5 uP/ 5f]8\g] x'g ;Sg] x'gfn] To;nfO{ eg{sf nflu cfjZos ePsf] eGbf a9L bfj]bf/x?sf] klxrfg ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5 . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf s'n $( dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] 5gf]6 ePsf] lyof], % hgfnfO{ k|f/lDes kl/rofTds sfo{uf]li7 kl5 x6fP/ c? g} /fVg k/]sf] lyof] . kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofsf sf/0f yk b'O{ dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?n] ltgLx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ 5f8\g k/]sf] lyof] .

#=# dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] btf{ dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] 5gf]6 lglZrt eP kl5, Tof] ;d"xsf] btf{ ul/G5 . ;/f]sf/df /x]sf] ;8s lhNnfsf] ;8s xf] ls u|fdL0f eGg] cfwf/df btf{ lhlj; jf uflj;df ug{] ul/G5 . ;d"x ;b:ox? ljleGg uflj;x?af6 cfPsf 5g\ eg] btf{ lhlj;df ul/G5 . lhlj; jf uflj;df ul/g] btf{n] pgLx?nfO{ JolQmut ?kdf eGbf ;fd"lxs ?kdf s/f/df /xg lbG5 . o;n] ub{ sd k|zf;lgs k4ltx?sf] cfjZostf x'g] x'gfn] s/f/sf] / e'QmfgLsf] k4lt ;/n x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ r'gfj ug{ k5{ . ;fdfGotof cWoIo jf ;d"x g]tf / sf]iffWoIfx?sf] r'gfj x'G5, oBkL s'g} dfldnfdf ;lrjsf] klg r'gfj x'G5 . oL sfo{qmdx?df slDtdf klg Ps k|ltlglwTj dlxnf x'g'k5{ eg]/ dlxnfx?sf] k|f]T;fxgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' k5{ . rf/ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? dWo] Psdf dlxnf cWoIo lyOg\ . k'?if cWoIox? ePsf ;d"xdf sf]iffWoIf dlxnf klg lyP . ;lrj ePsf] b'O{ ;d"xdf Ps dlxnf / csf{ k'?if lyP .

btf{ ug{] k4lt cGtu{t, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x sf] gfddf a}+sdf vftf vf]lng' k5{ . a}+ssf] vftfnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg b'O{6f x:tfIf/sf] cfjZostf x'g kg{] ;'emfj lbOG5 h;n] cWoIo jf sf]iffWoIon] k};f lnP/ efUg] ;d:ofnfO{ /f]S5 . a}+ssf] vftf vf]Ngsf nflu k|f/lDes k};fsf] cfjZostf x'G5, / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] k]l:ssf ?kdf jf ;d"x ;b:ox?af6 k};f ;Íng u/]/ tL k};fx? k"/f ug{sf nflu Joj:yfkg ug{'k5{ . k/LIf0fsf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] a}+sdf vftf vf]Ngsf nflu g]kfnL ?k}+of !,))) b]lv %,))) ;Ddsf] k|f/lDes k};f lbg'k/]sf] lyof] . s]xL ;d"xsf nflu ;d"x leq}af6 of] k};fsf] ;Íng ug{ ufx|f] ePsf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng / pgLx?sf] k]l:s e'QmfgL kfpg l9nfO ePsf] lyof] .


15

#=$ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] tflnd dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] btf{ ePkl5 / a}+sdf vftf vf]n]kl5, ;d"x s/f/ ug{ tof/ x'G5 . t/ pgLx?n] sfd ug{ ;'? ug{ cl3 pgLx?nfO{ cfwf/e"t tflndsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . of] tflnddf dd{t–;Def/ s/f/df ;+nUg k|fljlws dfldnfx? -ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? s;/L, slxn] / sxfF nfu" ug{]_ /x]sf x'G5g\ / ;fy} dd{t–;Def/ s/f/sf Joj:yfksLo kIfx? -e'QmfgL s;/L ul/G5, s:tf b:tfj]hx? k|:t't ug{'k5{ cflb_ klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . of] tflnd ;lhn} b'O{ lbgdf ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5, Ps lbg dd{t–;Def/ / ;d"x Joj:yfkgsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro x'G5 / csf{] lbg ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf] Jofjxfl/s nfu" ug{] af/] x'G5 . Jofjxfl/s tflnd ;d"x lhDd]jf/ x'g] ;8sdf ul/of];\ eg]/ ;'emfj lbOG5 . ;}4flGts tflndsf nflu plrt sf]7fsf] cfjZostf x'G5 / of] Ps eGbf a9L ;d"xnfO{ Ps} k6s lbg ;lsG5, oBkL of] ;/f]sf/sf] ;8s-x?_ sf] ;Sbf] glhs xf];\ eGg] ;'emfj lbOG5 . ;}4flGts tflnd ;}4flGts tflnd dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;8s Iflos/0fsf sf/0fx?sf] af/]df a'emfpg k|lt nlIft x'G5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] ltgLx?nfO{ s;/L /f]sg] / pgLx? lhDd]jf/ ePsf dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf] dxTj a'em\g ;S5g\ . s'g} lglZrt ultljlwsf] cfjZostfsf] a'emfOn] ;fdfGotof Tof] /fd|/L u/fpF5 . ;j{k|yd, ;8s agfpg] ljleGg tTjx?sf] kl/ro lbOG5 . To;kl5 tL tTjx?sf] Iflos/0fsf nflu kfgL / uf8Lx?sf] e"ldsf / ;8ssf] k|of]u / cjlwdf To;sf] k|efjsf af/]df Wofg lbOG5 . of] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;8s Iflos/0f b]vfpg] lrqx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ x/]sf lrqdf sf/0fx?sf] JofVof ub{} ul/G5 . To;kl5 ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? / cl3 b]vfOPsf Iflos/0fnfO{ l9nf] agfpg jf /f]Sg ltgLx?sf] e"ldsfsf af/]df JofVof ul/G5 . Tof] p2]Zosf nflu tL ultljlwx? s;/L ul/G5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg / OR5fOPsf] clGtd kl/0ffd -klxn] / kl5sf] cj:yf b]vfpg] lrqx?_ b]vfpgsf nflu klg lrqx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . cGttM ljleGg pks/0fx?sf] k|of]usf af/]df JofVof ub{} ltgLx?sf] kl/ro lbOG5 . o;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s tflndx?n] k"/f ub{5 hxfF ;xefuLx?n] ljleGg ultljlwx? nfu" ug{] cEof; u5{g\ . ;}4flGts tflndsf] bf];|f] efu eg]sf] ;d"xsf] Joj:yfkg xf] . ;j{k|yd, ;xefuLx?nfO{ pgLx? / s/f/sf] lgsfo -lhlj;_ b'j}sf nflu ;d"xdf sfd ugf{sf] kmfObfx?sf af/]df JofVof ul/G5 . s'g} sfdx? ljleGg ;d"xn] lglZrt sfd u/]sf] /fd|f] x'G5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu Ps hgfn] s"6f]n] df6f] vGg], csf{]n] df6f]nfO{ 7]nfuf8fdf xfNg], t];|f]n] ToxfFaf6 x6fOPsf] df6f]nfO{ csf{] 7fpFdf nUg]_ eg] s]xL sfdx? JolQmut ?kdf ug{' -h:t}M af]6la?jf sf6\g]_ / ;d"xx? cGo sfddf nfUg' /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ JofVuf ub{}, ;d"x jf ;d"x leq ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf nflu ljleGg sfdbf/x?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] af/]df klg 5nkmn ul/G5 . sfdbf/ / pks/0fx?sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ sf/s x'G5 / o;sf nflu kof{Kt Wofg lbg'k5{ . tflndsf] clGtd efun] ;'kl/j]If0f, of]hgf, lg/LIf0f / e'QmfgL;Fu Jojxf/ u5{ . ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;d"xnfO{ slt k6s x]g{' k5{, / p;n] s] u5{, sfo{of]hgfx?nfO{ s;/L lgwf{/0f ul/G5 / s;/L :jLsf/ ul/G5, lg/LIf0f slxn] ul/G5 / s'g s'/fsf] lg/LIf0f ul/G5, oL lg/LIf0fsf cfwf/df e'QmfgL s;/L ul/G5 eg]/ JofVof ug{ of] efu nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . of] efudf ;+nUg ug{ kg{] dxTjk"0f{ dfldnfx? eg]sf] sfo{of]hgf / o;sf] 9fFrf -efu $=# x]g{'xf];\_ / k|bz{gsf ;"rs / logLx? lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf s;/L hfG5g\ -efu $=$ x]g{'xf];\_ eGg] s'/fx? x'g\ . csf{] dxTjk"0f{ dfldnf eg]sf] k|bz{gsf cfwf/df e'QmfgL ug{] k|s[lt xf] h;df 7Ls kl/df0f sfd u/]sf] lbgx? eGbf lg/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffddf e/ kb{5 -efu $=% x]g'{xf];\_ .

k/LIf0fsf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] ;}4flGts tflndsf nflu, lrq / hfgsf/Lx? b]vfpgsf nflu kfj/ kf]OG6 k|bz{gx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf nflu aQL / lglZrt pks/0fx?sf] cfjZostf x'G5 t/ lhNnf :t/df of] ;w}+ pknAw x'Fb}g . d'lb|t tl:j/x?sf] k|of]u ug{' ;Dej x'G5 / o;n] ;d"x ;b:ox? aLr 5nkmnnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu klg d2t ug{ ;S5 . n]lvPsf kf7x?nfO{ ;s];Dd kG5fpg k5{ lsgls To;n] dd{t–;Def/sf lg/If/ sfdbf/x?nfO{ alxisf/ ub{5 .

of] tflndsf] cGTodf, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/7 nfu" ug{sf nflu lbUbz{g k|fKt u5{g\ h;n] Jojxf/df ul/Psf ;a} dfldnfx?sf] ;f/f+z lbG5 . of] tflndsf] bf}/fg, ;xefuLx?nfO{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] e"ldsf / sfo{sf] af/]df ;dfg a'emfOsf] l;h{gf ug{sf nflu ;8s Iflos/0f / dd{t–;Def/sf af/]df cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f JoQm ug{ elgG5 .

7 æu|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ – sfo{lgb]{lzsfÆ, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, @))(


16

dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] tflnd lbg] sIffsf]7f

Jofjxfl/s tflnd tflndsf] bf];|f] lbg dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf nflu ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? nfu" ug{sf nflu s]xL Jofjxfl/s cg'ej k|bfg ug{sf nflu nlIft x'G5 . of] tflnd ;}4flGts tflndsf] lbg kl5 g} ug{ k5{ eGg] 5}g, / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x / k|lzIfs-x?_sf nflu plrt lbgdf /fv] x'G5 . of] tflnd h'g ;8ssf nflu ;d"x lhDd]jf/ x'G5, ToxLF ;8sdf ul/OG5 . Pp6} tflnddf ljleGg ;d"xnfO{ /fVg ;Dej x'G5, t/ x/]s ;d"x / ;8ssf nflu 5'§} tflndsf] ;q /fVg ;'emfj lbOG5 . of] tflndsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] ljleGg ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ k|of]u ug{sf nflu kof{Kt k|sf/sf / ;+Vofsf pks/0fx? pknAw x'g'k5{ . To;}n] tflndnfO{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xdf pks/0fx? / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx? x:tfGt/0f ug{] sfo{qmd;Fu hf]8\g ;lsG5 . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf pks/0fx? dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] lsg]sf lyP / tflndsf] ;dodf pknAw lyPgg\ . kl/0ffd:j?k dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm\g} pks/0f k|of]u ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] h;n] x/]s ;b:onfO{ ljleGg pks/0fx?;Fu cEof; ug{] ;DefJotfnfO{ l;ldt u¥of] / ljz]ifu/L lglZrt pks/0fx?sf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df tflndsf] If]qnfO{ klg sd u¥of] .

Jofjxfl/s tflndsf nflu ;DalGwt ;8sdf plrt :yfg kfpg cfjZos x'G5 hxfF ;a} geP klg w]/} h;f] dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx?sf] k|bz{g ug{ / cEof; ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . of] :yfg klxn] g} klxrfg ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ / ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ laxfg g} of] :yfgdf e]nf x'g'kb{5 . tflndsf] ;dodf, ;/f]sf/sf] ;8s;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?nfO{ ;/f]sf/sf ljleGg sfo{x?sf] klxrfg ub{} lj:t[t ?kdf JofVof / k|bz{g ul/OG5 . oxfF km]l/ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ nfu" ug{] lgb]{zsn] tflndsf] cfwf/ lbg'kb{5 . ;a} ;d"x ;b:ox?n] ljleGg ultljlwx? nfu" ug{sf nflu cEof; ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . plrt pks/0fx? / tL pks/0fx?sf] plrt k|of]usf nflu Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0f nfu" u/fpFbf s]xL lglZrt ;d"xdf w]/} h;f] ultljlwsf nflu sf]bfnf]sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] eg] cGo s]xL dfldnfdf cGo pks/0fx? pkof]uL ePsf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;8saf6 lgsflnPsf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ x6fpg sf]bfnf] eGbf ;fa]n a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf Jofjxfl/s tflnd


17

tflndsf] Joj:yfkg klxn] pNn]v ul/P h;/L, ;}4flGts tflndsf nflu plrt :yfgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 / Tof] klxn} g} lgwf{l/t x'g'k5{ . cem, ;d"x ;b:ox?n] cfkm"nfO{ of] tflnd :yfgdf nUg'kg{] x'G5 h;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ oftfoft eQf lbg ;'emfj lbOG5 . Jofjxfl/s tflndsf] ;Gbe{df, ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ ;/f]sf/sf] ;8ssf] glhsdf a:g ck]Iff ul/G5 / nfdf] ;8sx?sf] dfldnfdf dfq oftfoft eQf cfjZos x'G5 . b'j} tflndsf] lbgsf nflu vfgf / gf:tf k|bfg ug{'kb{5 h;n] tflndsf] ;dodf ;xefuLx?nfO{ vfgfsf nflu 3/ jf glhs}sf] k;ndf uP/ ;do nfutug{] s'/fnfO{ kG5fpF5 . clGtddf, olb tflndf dd{t–;Def/ s/f/ ;'? x'g'eGbf cl3 g} ul/OG5 eg] ;d"x ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf ;dosf nflu kfl/>lds kfPsf x'Fb}gg\ / pgLx?n] nfutu/]sf] ;dosf nflu pgLx?nfO{ k};f lbg'k5{ ls kb{}g eGg] s'/f ;f]Rg kb{5 . of] tflnd s'g ;dodf ul/Psf] 5 / of] tflndn] ;xefuLx?nfO{ cGo cfDbfgLsf cj;/x?af6 6f9f nU5 ls eGg] s'/fdf klg of] e/ kb{5 . dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu oL b'O{ tflndx?nfO{ dfq x]/]/ x'Fb}g . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ slDtdf klg ^ dlxgfsf nflu lg/Gt/ ;xof]usf] cfjZostf x'G5 / of] klxnf] jif{df ul/of];\ eg]/ ;'emfj lbOG5 h;n] ubf{ o;n] ;a} df};dx?nfO{ ;d]6\g ;S5 -efu $=# klg x]g{'xf];\_ . of] ;dodf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? of]hgf cg';f/ / ;lx tl/sfn] ul//x]sf 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf ToxfF uP/ x]g{'kb{5 . gofF dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? jf gofF ultljlwx?sf] of]hgf ul/Psf] ;dodf oL k/LIf0f cem cgj/t x'gkb{5 t/ ;d"xx? plrt tl/sfn] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ eg]/ lglZrt eP kl5 of] sd cgj/t x'g ;S5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] tflnd -lhNnf k|flalws sfo{fno_ jf lhlj;sf OlGhlgox?n] jf oxL p2]Zosf nflu s/f/ ul/Psf k|lzIfsx?af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"sf] lgoldt hfFr tflnd lbPs} dflg;n] ug{ ;S5 jf lhlj; jf uflj;sf k|fljlwsx?nfO{ o;sf nflu lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lsG5 . s]xL b]zx?df :gfts txsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] kf7\oqmd cGtu{t dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] ;'kl/j]If0f sfd ug{ nufOG5 h;n] s/f/jfnf lgsfonfO{ sd nfutsf] ljsNk lbG5 / ljBfyL{x?nfO{ Jofjxfl/s cg'ej lbG5 . dxTjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] o;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQm;Fu cfjlws / af/Daf/sf] hfFrsf nflu ;do / oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .


18

$= s/f/ Joj:yfkg

Ps k6s ;d"x btf{ ePkl5 To;n] dd{t–;Def/ s/f/df x:tfIf/ ug{ ;S5g\ / o;n] tflnd k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 eg], Tof] sfd ug{ tof/ x'G5 . t/, dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? nfu" ug{ cl3 lgoldt ?kdf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{k5{ h;n] ;8ssf] s'g efudf s'g sfd u/fpg' k5{ eg]/ lgwf{/0f u5{ . cGttM of] sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug{sf nflu sfo{x? of]hgf cg';f/ plrt ?kdf ul/Psf 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lg/LIf0f ug{' kb{5 . of] lg/LIf0fn] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?nfO{ e'QmfgL lbgsf nflu cfwf/x? agfpFb5 . of] cWofo oL dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] s/f/sf] oL ljleGg kIfx?sf af/]df /x]sf] 5, h;n] ;j{k|yd k|bz{gsf cfwf/df s/f/ ug{] / plrt s/f/ b:tfj]hsf] dxTjsf af/]df JofVof ub{5 .

$=! k|bz{gsf] cfwf/df s/f/ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ k|bz{gdf cfwfl/t x'G5, cyf{t\ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ Tof] sfddf slt ;do latfOPsf] lyof] eGg] cfwf/df geO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] sfdx? plrt tl/sfn] ;Dk"0f{ ePkl5 dfq e'QmfgL lbOG5 . o;sf] kmfObf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x / s/f/ ug{] lgsfo -lhlj;_ b'j}sf nflu x'G5 . s/f/sf] lgsfo -lhlj;_ sf nflu o;n] k|zf;lgs ef/nfO{ sd agfpF5 lsgls o;n] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] b}lgs pkl:ylt / pTkfbsTjnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ kb{}g / s]jn cGTodf dd{t–;Def/ sfdsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ lg/LIf0f ug'{ k5{ / Tof] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug{ k5{ . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu lbgsf] s'g ;dodf sfd ug{] / d]xgt u/]/ rfF8} sfd ;sfpg] ls g;sfpg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{] :jtGqtf lbG5 h;n] pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Lx?sf nflu plrt ;do ldnfpg lbG5 . k|bz{gsf ;"rs To:tf k|bz{gsf cfwf/df ul/g] s/f/x?sf nflu ug{ kg{] dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? / ;8ssf] s'g efudf Tof] ug{] xf] eGg] sfo{of]hgf cfjlws tof/Lsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljwx?sf nflu olR5t kl/0ffdx? cfPsf] x'g'k5{ h;n] ubf{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] k|bz{gnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf nflu OR5fOPsf kl/0ffdx? /fv]sf] ;"rL nfO{ k|bz{gsf ;"rs elgG5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] ;8ssf efux? / sfo{of]hgfdf plNnlvt dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf cfwf/df oL k|bz{g ;"rsx?;Fu ldn]sf] x'g'k5{ . To;}n], sfo{of]hgfsf] cGTosf] ;dodf sfdx? ;xdltsf cg';f/ -ul/Psf ultljlwsf k|sf/x?, sfd ul/Psf ;8ssf efux? / k|bz{gsf] ;"rs_ ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ lg/LIf0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwsf nflu ;'emfj ul/Psf k|bz{gsf ;"rsx?nfO{ kl/lzi6 % df lbOPsf] 5 . k|bz{gsf ;"rsx?sf] ;/n k|s[ltsf sf/0f, pgLx?n] Tof] kfngf u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f lg/LIf0f eGbf cl3 dd{t–;Def/ ;d”xn] ;lhn} cg'udg ug{ ;S5g\ . ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ cjwf/0ffsf af/]df a9L cg'ej ePsf cGo b]zx?df k|bz{gsf cfwf/df ul/g] s/f/ cem a9L ljsl;t ePsf] 5, cyf{t\ ;w}+sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;8ssf] plrt cj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . To;}n] sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu cfGtl/s s'/f x'G5 / s/f/jfnf lgsfon] ;a} sfdx? k|bz{g ;"rssf cg';f/ eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;8ssf ljleGg tTjx?sf] lgoldt ;dodf lg/LIf0f dfq u5{ . t/, o;sf nflu ;8s / To;sf

ljleGg tTjx? s/f/sf]8 ;'?jftdf /fd|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'gk5{ h;n] ubf{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ ;8s ToxLF cj:yfdf /fVgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf, hxfF ;8sx? Tolt /fd|f] cj:yfdf 5}Gg\ / plrt kfgL lgsf; / ;8s ;'/IffTds ;+/rgfx?sf] sdL 5, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ ;8sx? /fd|f] cj:yfdf /fVgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg ldNb}g . lglZrt ultljlwx? / lglZrt ;8s efux?nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug{k5{ h;sf nflu s] ul/g' k5{ / of]hgfsf] cGTodf -h;df sfo{x? ;8ssf] efu / sfo{of]hgfdf plNnlvt ultljlwx?;Fu dfq ldNbf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ l;ldt x'G5_ s]sf] lg/LIf0f ug{] xf] eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . s]xL jif{ kl5 jf:tljs k|bz{gdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL tkm{ ljsl;t x'g ;Dej x'g ;S5, hxfF ;j{k|yd dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] s/f/sf lgsfox?af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{sf nflu sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L ug{k5{ / Ps k6s ;8sx? plrt cj:yfdf ePkl5, lg/LIf0fnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;8s / dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? ;d]6\gsf nflu lj:tfl/t ug{ ;lsG5 hxfF e'QmfgL k"0f{ ;8ssf] cj:yfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . $=@ dd{t–;Def/sf] s/f/ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ k|0ffnLsf] dd{ eg]sf] dd{t–;Def/ s/f/ xf] . of] b:tfj]hn] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x / s/f/ lgsfo -lhlj;_ b'j}sf] / ;fy} cGo ;fem]bf/x? -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;8s pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ sf] klg e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx? k|:t't ub{5 . o;n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? lhDd]jf/ x'g] ljleGg ultljlwx?, pgLx?n] ldnfpg kg{] k|bz{gsf ;"rsx?, pgLx?n] k|fKt ug{] kfl/>lds, of]hgf / lg/LIf0f s;/L ul/OG5, / ;d"xx?n] k|fKt ug{] pks/0f / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] ?k/]vf lbG5 . of] b:tfj]hdf ;a} e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx? /fd|/L kl/eflift ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ kof{Kt lj:t[t s'/fx? x'g'kb{5 / ToxLF ;dodf ltgLx?nfO{ ;d"x ;b:ox?n] ;lhn} a'em\g ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 .

8 of] ;fdfGotof dd{t–;Def/ sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;8s k'g:yf{kgf / ;'wf/ sfo{qmdx?;Fu ufF;]/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 h'g k|fozM If]qLo ljsf; a}+sx? jf låkIfLo bftfx?af6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5g\ .


19

s/f/ Pp6f sfg'gL ;xdtL xf] / To;sf ljIflos/0fj:t'x?nfO{ b'j} kIfn] /fd|/L a'em]sf / ;xdt ePsf x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f ;Demg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . To:tf sfg'gL b:tfj]hx?n] s/f/ lgsfox?nfO{ -lhlj;_ ;d"xn] ug'{ kg{] sfdx? / lbg' kg{] e'QmfgLsf ;Gbe{df ;'/Iff k|bfg u5{, / ToxLF ;dodf sfo{df / e'QmfgLdf cfpg] s'g} klg kl/jt{gsf nflu s/f/df kl/lzi6 x'gk5{ / To;nfO{ b'j} kIfsf] ;xdtL x'gk5{ . s/f/ b:tfj]hnfO{ dxTj lbOPsfn], lhNnf / ;/f]sf/sf] ;8ssf nflu plrt s/f/sf] gd'gf agfpgsf nflu s]xL ;do / k|oTg

lbg'k5{ / ;DejtM lglZrt ljz]iftfx? jf cfjZostfx? ePsf] ;8sx?sf nflu kl/jt{gx? ug{' kb{59 . s/f/sf] gd'gf kl/lzi6 # df lbOPsf] 5 .

k/LIf0f dd{t–;Def/df s/f/ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x aLr ePsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g sf] :t/Lo s/f/sf] cfjZostf ePsf] lyof] h'g cln hl6n lyof] / To;df o; k|sf/sf sfdsf nflu w]/} c;DalGwt :t/Lo wf/fx? /x]sf lyP . t/, s/f/df ;Gbe{sf ;t{x? /fv]sf] kl/lzi6 lyof] h;n] s/f/sf lglZrt ;t{x? atfPsf] lyof] / dd{t–;Def/ s/f/sf nflu jf:tljs cfwf/ agfPsf] lyof] . kl/lzi6 # df lbOPsf] gd'gf dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf] ;Gbe{sf ;t{x?df cfwfl/t 5g\ h;n] cfjZos /x]sf] 7fpFdf yk lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 / cgfjZos efux?nfO{ x6fPsf] 5 .

$=# dd{t–;Def/ sfdsf] of]hgf dd{t–;Def/ sfdsf] of]hgf eGgfn] lglZrt ;dosf nflu sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L eGg] a'lemG5 h;nfO{ Tof] ;dosf] cGTo eGbf cl3 k"/f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] ug{kg{] ultljlwx?sf] kl/efiff lbG5 / oL ultljlwx? ug{ kg{] ;8ssf efux?sf] klxrfg u5{ / To;/L slt kl/df0fsf] sfd ug{ k5{ eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f u5{ . lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;dosf] cGTo kl5, Tof] sfdnfO{ s/f/ lgsfo -lhlj;_ n] lg/LIf0f ub{5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] pTkfbsTj :t/ cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ / pgLx?nfO{ b}lgs / ;fKtflxs ultljlwx?sf] of]hgf;Fu kl/lrt u/fpgsf nflu dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?n] lgoldt tflnd / ;'kl/j]If0f k|fKt ul//x]sf] k|f/lDes ;'?jftsf] ;dodf ;fKtflxs sfo{of]hgfx? pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . t/, of] ;dodf k"/s dfl;s sfo{of]hgfx? klg agfpg ;'emfj lbOG5 h;n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ dfl;s sfo{of]hgfdf cfwfl/t ultljlwx?sf] of]hgf;Fu kl/lrt x'g lbG5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] cg'ej a9\b} hfFbf ;'kl/j]If0f hfFrsf] lgoldttf sd x'Fb} hfG5 / ;fKtflxs sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L s/f/ lgsfo -lhlj;_ sf nflu cgfjZos af]em x'g yfN5 . To;}n], dfl;s sfo{of]hgfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5, h;sf cfwf/df dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] cfkm\gf] ;fKtflxs / b}lgs of]hgfx? cfkm}+ agfpg ;S5g\ . oL sfo{of]hgfx? s/f/ lgsfon] -lhlj;_ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x;Fusf] ;dfof]hgdf tof/ ug{ k5{ . of]hgfnfO{ ;xh agfpgsf nflu Pp6f ;/n sfo{of]hgf gd'gfsf] k|of]u ug{'k5{ h;df dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? / ;d]6\g' kg{] ;8ssf efux?nfO{ ;lhn} ;"rLt ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f sfo{of]hgf gd'gfsf] pbfx/0f kl/lzi6 $ df lbOPsf] 5 . sfo{of]hgfn] s/f/ b:tfj]hdf atfOPsf dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx? /flvPsf] x'G5 / o;n] s'n %)) ld6/sf] ;8ssf efux?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . sfd ug{ kg{] ;8ssf efux?sf] ;fdfGo :yfgx? sfo{of]hgfdf ;"rLt x'G5 eg] jf:tljs :yfg If]qdf ;"lrt x'G5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu lglZrt %)) ld k'n];f] ;kmf ug{sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 eg] jf:tljs k'n];f] oxL %)) ld sf] efusf] lglZrt :yfgdf dfq l;ldt x'G5_ . sfo{of]hgfx? ;Dk"0f{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu agfpg ;lsG5 jf x/]s dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu 5'§} sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;lsG5 . sfo{of]hgfdf klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] :yfg /fVg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 h;n] b'j} s/f/ lgsfo -lhlj;_ / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ cfkm"nfO{ ;8sdf sfo{of]hgfdf kQf nufpg ;xof]u ub{5 . o;nfO{ ;8ssf 5]psf 9'Ëfx?df, ljB'tLo kf]nx?df lrGx lbP/ ;lhnf] agfpg ;lsG5 . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf of]hgf klxn] !)) ld ;8ssf] efusf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] t/ of] Tof] :t/sf] ;6Lstfsf ;fy10 cfkm"nfO{ :yfgdf /fVg ufx|f] ePsf] sf/0fn] sfo{of]hgf a'em\g dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x / tof/ ug{] ;'kl/j]Ifsx?sf nflu Psbd hl6n ePsf] kfOof] . To;}n] ;8ssf] efunfO{ %)) ld ;Dd a9fpg] / sfo{of]hgfdf ePsf sfd ug{ kg{] :yfgx?nfO{ ;fdflGos/0f ug{] / If]qdf ;6Ls lgb{]zgx?n] k"/f ug{] lg0f{o ul/of] . b'j} dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x / ;'kl/j]Ifssf nflu cfkm"nfO{ ;8sdf :yfgx? klxrfg ug{ ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu :yfgx? klxrfg ug{] sfd sfo{of]hgfdf klg ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . cGttM x/]s dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu 5'§} sfo{of]hgfx? agfOPsf] lyof] h;n] x/]s of]hgfsf nflu ;8ssf] nDafOnfO{ 36fof] / ljleGg ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] a'emfOnfO{ a9fof] .

ultljlwx?sf] ;do sfo{of]hgfsf] tof/L ubf{ jif{ e/Lsf] ultljlwx?sf] ;donfO{ Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . jiff{sf] ;dodf kfgLnfO{ ;8saf6 /fd|/L x6fP/ e"Ifo /f]Sgsf nflu kfgLsf] lgsf;df Wofg lbg' k5{ eg], ;'Vvf df};ddf To;df sd Wofg lbOG5 / cGo ultljlwx?df Wofg lbOG5 . To;}n] df};dsf] cfwf/df, ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?nfO{ sfo{of]hgfdf ;"lrt ug'{ kb{5 . jiff{ df};dsf] ;do eGbf cl3 dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? kfgLsf] lgsf;, le/fnf] / ;8s lsgf/fdf kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft 9Ëfn] ;8saf6 x6fpg] / e"IfofnfO{ /f]Sg] sfddf s]lGb|t x'G5 . of] jiff{sf] df};ddf klg lg/Gt/ ul/OG5, h'g e"Ifof / kfgLsf] l:yl/s/0fnfO{ /f]Sg /

9 pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;8ssf ;fdfgx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ jf ;DalGwt ePsf] 7fpFdf ;8ssf] s/ ;+sng ug{] h:tf yk ultljlwx? . 10 u|fdL0f ;8sx?df ;fdfGotof sf]if]9'Ëfx? /x]sf x'Fb}gg\ / gS;fx? k'/fgf x'G5g\ / w]/}h;f] u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] ;+s]t lbb}g .


20

;8snfO{ v'nf /fVg ;dodf yk -cNksfnLg_ pkfox? lnOG5 . jiff{sf] df};d kl5, ;8ssf] ;tx / lsgf/fdf dd{t ug{sf nflu ;8ssf] lunf]kg plrt x'G5 / o:t} ultljlwx? / klx/f]x?nfO{ ;kmf ug{] / ;8sdf uf8Lsf nflu afwf kf/]sf] ?vx? x6fpg] sfddf Wofg s]lGb|t x'G5 . ;'Vvf ;dodf ;8ssf] ;tx / lsgf/fdf sfd ug{ lg/Gt/tf lbOG5 / To;sf nflu k"/ssf ?kdf ;8ssf ef}lts ;+/rgfx?df dd{t ul/OG5 . jif{sf] ljleGg ;dosf nflu k|:tfljt dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? kl/zli6 % df lbOPsf] 5 . sfdsf] b/ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] Ps dlxgfdf ug{ ;Sg] sfd x/]s ultljlwsf nflu Ps lbgdf ug{ ;lsg] sfdsf] dfqf -sfdsf] b/_ / ;d"xsf] kl/df0fdf –h;n] pknAw sfo{ lbgx? lgwf{/0f ub{5_ – e/ kb{5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0f / To:t} sfo{qmdsf cfwf/df ljleGg ultljlwx?sf nflu k|f/lDes ;+s]tx? lbG5 / To;nfO{ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu -8f]ln8f/_ sfo{ cfbz{x?n] k"/f u/]sf] 5 . dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? dfqf÷k|ltlbg

!= afwfx? / klx/f]x?nfO{ x6fpg] @= kfgL lgsf;sf gfnfx? ;kmf ug{] #= lr/fx? x6fpg] $= k'n];f] ;kmf ug{] %= k'nx? ;kmf ug{] ^= af]6la?jfx? sf6\g] / x6fpg] &= lsgf/fsf t6x?nfO{ x6fpg] *= ;8s dflysf] le/fnf]af6 ca4 ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ x6fpg] (= kfgL lgsf;sf ;+/rgfx?nfO{ dd{t ug{] !)= lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx? dd{t ug{] !!= vf]Nrf / sGb/fx? dd{t ug{] !@= ;8s lsgf/fsf lr/fx¿ dd{t ug]{ !#= 6]jf kvf{nx?sf] dd{t ug{] !$= k'n];f] dflysf] AofslkmnnfO{ dd{t ug{] -ljz]ifu/L t/fO{df_ !%= sRrL ;8sdf kfgL lgsf;sf] lgdf{0f !^= kfgL hfgsf nflu ;fgf 9'Ë] ;8ssf] lgdf{0f !&= ;8sf] 5]pdf 58\s] -8fOe;{g_ gfnfx?sf] lgdf{0f !*= ;'Vvf 9'Ë] 6]jf kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f !(= af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ le/fnf] If]qsf] ;'/Iff

#–$ ld# !)) –@)) ld !)–!% ld@ !–# PsfO

!÷@–! PsfO #))–$)) ld@

#–$ ld# #–$ ld# @–$ ld#

!)–!% ld@ !)–!% ld@ @–# ld#

!–! !÷@ ld# @–# ld#

@)–$) ld !–@ ld@

@)–$) ld ! ld#

!%–@% ld@ oL sfdsf b/x? cf};t x'g\ lglZrt xf]Ogg\ eGg] s'/f a'em\g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . k|fKt x'g] jf:tljs pTkfbsTj df6f]sf] k|sf/, df};dsf] cj:yf, ;8ssf tTjx?sf] u'0f, cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?sf nflu oftfoftsf] b'/L h:tf s'/fx?df e/ kb{5 . oL ;a} kl/0fDox? ;d]6\gsf nflu w]/} k|oTgx?sf] cfjZostf x'G5 / o;n] sfo{of]hgf ;6Ls agfpF5 g} eGg] klg s]xL x'Fb}g . To;}n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf k|bz{gnfO{ t'ngf ug{sf nflu k|f/lDes cg'dfgsf ?kdf dfly plNnlvt sfdsf] b/x?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5 . kl5 sfdsf] b/nfO{ tn dfly ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ sfdsf] jf sfdsf] b/sf] unt cg'dfgn] sfd k"/f ug{sf nflu cfjZos lbgx?sf] ;+Vofdf dxTjk"0f{ c;/ kfg{] x'gfn] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ lglZrt nrstfsf ;fy Jojxf/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . yk ?kdf, sfo{of]hgfnfO{ cslNkt cfjZostfx?sf nflu cg's'n agfpg klg cfjZos x'g ;S5, h:t} klx/f] x6fpg] . o;sf] d'Vo dfldnf eg]sf] sfd ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfjZos lbgx? s/La ;d"xdf pknAw lbg a/fa/ x'G5g\, / lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf sfo{of]hgfsf af/]df Gofof]lrt x'g ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu b'j} dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x / s/f/sf] lgsfo -lhlj;_ sf] kIfaf6 nrstfsf] cfjZos x'G5 .

$=$ dd{t–;Def/ sfo{sf] lg/LIf0f lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf sfdsf] dfqf / u'0f b'j}sf] d"Nof+sg ul/OG5 . sfdsf] dfqf sfo{of]hgdf atfOPsf] x'G5 eg] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ kbz{gsf ;"rsx?af6 dd{t–;Def/sf] s/f/df atfOPsf] x'G5 . lg/LIf0f dfl;s ?kdf ul/OG5 / of] sfo{of]hgfsf] ;do;Fu ldN5 . lg/LIf0f ug{] ;dodf g} gofF sfo{of]hgsf] 5nkmn u/]/ To;df ;xdtL ug{ ;lsG5 . lg/LIf0f lhNnf k|lalws sfo{fno jf lhlj;sf] OlGhlgo/ jf tflndk|fKt k|fljlwsn] ub{5 . lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf sfo{of]hgfdf ;"lrt ;8ssf efux?nfO{ ;xdtL ePsf] dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?sf] cfwf/df lg/LIf0f ul/G5 . afFsL ;8s sfo{of]hgfdf gePsf sf/0fn] To;nfO{ lg/LIf0f ug{ cfjZos x'Fb}g . t/, ToxfF s'g} d'Vo ;d:ofx? /x]sf] 5}g / ;d:ofx? ePsf] 7fpFx?df dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xaf6 ltgLx?sf] ;dfwfg x'G5 jf lhlj;df l/kf]6{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;8ssf] ;fdfGo lg/LIf0fsf] eg] cfjZostf x'G5 . lg/LIf0f Pp6f ;fdfGo lg/LIf0f kmf/d -lg/LIf0f kmf/dsf] gd'gf kl/lzi6 & df lbOPsf] 5_ af6 x'g] u5{ h;df x/]s ultljlwx? sfo{of]hgf / k|bz{g ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df kfngf -gePsf]_ s'/fx?sf] ;+s]t lbOPsf] x'G5 . sfo{of]hgfdf ;dfj]z gul/Psf] / ;8sdf


21

klg gul/Psf ultljlwx?nfO{ cg'lrt dflgG5 . dfqf / u'0f:t/df qmdzM sfo{of]hgf / k|bz{g ;"rx?sf] cf1fkfng gug{] ultljlwx?sf nflu cg'lrttfsf] k|s[ltsf] JofVof ug{ k5{ . cf1fkfng gePsf] dfqfsf] cfwf/df, dfl;s e'QmfgLdf s6f}tL ug{] lg0f{o ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] k6ssf] s'g} k|sf/sf] r]tfjgL lbg'k5{ / Tof] bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] v08df dfq e'QmfgLdf s6f}tL ug{ k5{ eg]/ ;'emfj lbOG5 . of] s6f}tLsf nflu lglZrt k|ltzt 5'6\ofpg ;'emfj lbOG5 hxfF k|ltzt cf1fkfng gePsf] dfqfdf e/ kb{5, cyf{t\ -plrt tl/sfn]_ gul/Psf sfdnfO{ ldnfpgsf nflu afFsL sfdnfO{ of]hgf ul/Psf s'n sfdn] efu ug{] . s6f}tLsf] k|of]u g/dfOnf] k|sf/sf] x'g ;S5, t/ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x:t/ cg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ o;sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . t/ cf1fkfngfsf] sdL clt Jou| sfo{of]hgfsf sf/0f geO{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] sd k|efjsfl/tfsf sf/0f ePsf] x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ lbg' kg{] k};fsf] dfqf h;/L g} s6f}tL k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq lg/LIf0fsf] kmf/ddf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf Pp6} ;8sdf csf{] ;d"x;Fusf] t'ngfdf s]xL dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf sfd c;Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . pgLx?nfO{ r]tfjgL lbOPsf] lyof], t/ To;kl5 km]l/ klg sfd c;Gtf]ifhgs kfOP kl5 dfl;s e'QmfgLdf s6f}tL ug{] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 sfddf ;'wf/ cfPsf] kfOof] .

x/]s dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu lg/LIf0f kmf/d 5'§} agfpg' kb{5 h;n] x/]s ;d"xnfO{ 5'§} s6f}tL k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] agfpF5 . t/, ;Dk"0f{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu Pp6} lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg eg] tof/ ug{ ;Dej x'G5 h;n] sfdsf ;DaGwdf ;d:ofx? ePsf ;8ssf efux? klxrfg ul/Psf x'G5g\ / o;n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ ;b:ox? aLr s6f}tLnfO{ s;/L afF8\g] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ 5f]8\5 . x/]s dfldnfdf s6f}tL k"/f gul/Psf] sfdsf] cg'kftdf x'G5 . k|of]u ug{ nfluPsf lg/LIf0fsf kl/0ffdx? / ;a} s6f}tLx? klxn] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?df 5nkmn ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ / ;d"x g]tf / dd{t–;Def/ lg/LIfsx? b'j}n] lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf, k/LIf0f ;8ssf] lglZrt efusf nflu lhDd]jf/ ePsf] x/]s dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu 5'§} sfo{of]hgfx? agfOPsf] lyof] . lg/LIf0fx? klg x/]s ;d"xsf nflu 5'§} ul/Psf] lyof] / s'g} klg s6f}tL ;/f]sf/sf] ;d"xsf nflu dfq ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] s]jn ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xsf nflu sfo{of]hgf / lg/LIf0f kmf/dx?sf] s]xL dfqfsf] k|zf;lgs ef/ Nofof] / sfo{of]hgfx? / k|ltj]bgx? ;a}hgfsf nflu ;lhn} a'em\g] agfof] .

$=% e'QmfgL dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ lbOg] e'QmfgLdf ljleGg efux? x'G5g\ h;df dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf nflu tna / s]xL eQfx? /x]sf] x'G5 . tnasf nflu, lhNnfsf] dh"/L b/nfO{ dfl;s ?kdf cfpg ;Sg] sfdsf lbgx?n] u'0fg ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5 . ;d"xnfO{ k"/f lbg, xKtfdf ^ lbgsf] cfwf/df sfd u/fpg ;'emfj lbOG5, h'g cf};tdf dlxgfdf @% lbgsf] a/fa/ x'G5 . oL tnax? sfdsf] lg/LIf0f kl5 x/]s dlxgfsf] cGTodf lbOg'kb{5, / s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s6f}tL oL dfl;s tnadf dfq ul/g' kb{5 .

dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf wg'iff / /fd]5fksf] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] k|ydtM k|lt JolQm qmdzM ?= $,^@% / ?= %,!@% k|fKt u/]sf lyP h'g dlxgfsf] @% lbgdf / cf}krfl/s lhNnfsf] dhb"/L b/df cfwfl/t lyof] h'g ?= !*% / ? @)% lyof] . gofF cfly{s jif{df lhNnfsf] dhb"/L b/ wg'iffdf ?= @%) / /fd]5fkdf ?= @#) df a9]sf] lyof] / dfl;s e'QmfgL qmdzM k|lt JolQm ?= ^,@%) / ?= %,&%) df a9]sf] lyof] .

;dfj]z ug{ kg{] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ eQf eg]sf] pks/0f / ;'/IffTds ;fwg eQf xf] . pks/0fx? / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx? s/f/ lgsfon] -lhlj;_ k|bfg u5{ eGg] s'/f Wofgdf /fVbf, of] eQfn] s]jn pks/0fsf] dd{t–;Def/ / lglZrt kmf6km'6 nfutx?nfO{ ;d]6\5 . of] eQfnfO{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] jflif{s tnasf] !Ü /fVg ;'emfj lbOG5 . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] pks/0f / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] vl/b / dd{t–;Def/ b'j}sf nflu pks/0f eQf kfPsf lyP . vl/bsf] nfuta]xf]g{sf nflu, eQfnfO{ jflif{s tnasf] s/La !)Ü df nluPsf] lyof] .

csf{] eQf eg]sf] oftfoftsf] eQf xf] h;n] cWoIf / sf]iffWoIf jf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ lhlj; sfof{no, :yfgLo a}+s / pks/0f -dd{t_ k;nx?;Dd hfg] nfuta]xf]5{ / JolQmut ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ 3/af6 cfkm\gf] sfd ug{] :yfg;Dd oftfoftsf nflu Ps d'i6 /sd lbG5 . of] oftfoftsf] eQfnfO{ dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] jflif{s tna nfutsf] %Ü df /flvof];\ eg]/ ;'emfj lbOG5 . clGtd eQf eg]sf] ;d"x ;b:ox?sf nflu ladfsf] sf]ifsf] lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ sfd;Fu ;DalGwt rf]6k6s nfu]sf] ;dodf pgLx?nfO{ plrt ?kdf 8fS6/x?n] pkrf/ u5{g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ladfsf] sf]if lgdf{0f ul/G5 / dd{t–


22

;Def/ ;d"xdf ;fl/G5 . ;d"x ;b:ox?n] of] sf]ifnfO{ sfdsf] ;Gbe{df ePsf s'g} klg rf]6k6ssf] s'g} klg d]l8sn lansf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu j}slNks eQf eg]sf] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?nfO{ ladf sDklgdf ladf lbnfpg' k5{ t/ To;sf nflu ladf sDklgn] k6s] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? kl/jt{g -;d"x ;b:ox? kl/jt{g x'g ;S5g\ / s;}n] sfd ug{ g;s]sf] l:yltdf ;d"xsf] ;b:on] g} k|lt:yfkg ul/lbg ;S5g\_ x'g] s'/fnfO{ cg'dlt lbg'k5{ / l56} e'QmfgL lbg'k5{ -To:tf ladfsf of]hgsf cg'ejx? nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{] sfdbf/x? / w]/} uf8L rNg] ;8sx?df /x]sf] 5_ . ladf sf]ifsf] cfjZostf cfPsf] 7fpFdf, Tof] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] jflif{s tnasf] %Ü /flvof];\ eg]/ ;'emfj lbOG5 . Tof] e'QmfgL s/f/sf] ;'?jftdf k]l:ssf ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ jif{sf nflu ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ lsgls oL eQfsf k|of]ux? jif{e/L ;dfg ?kdf x'g] ub{}g . ljz]ifu/L ;'?jftdf btf{ ug{], a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng] / s/f/df x:tfIf/ ug{sf nflu w]/} ofqf ug{'kg{] x'gfn] oftfoftsf] nfuta9L x'G5 . cfjlws e'QmfgL ljleGg e'QmfgLx? cfjlws ?kdf lbOG5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ 5 . dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? ljz]ifu/L ;a}eGbf u/La ;dfhaf6 cfPsf x'G5g\ / cfDbfgL lagf pgLx?n] nufgL ug{sf nflu wg/fzL jf cfDbfgLdf kx'Fr x'Fb}g . To;}n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ k|f/lDes nufgL ug{sf nflu / pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf nflu b}lgs hLjgsf nflu nfuta]xf]g{ ;S5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ kof{Kt k|f/lDes wg/fzL lbg cfjZos x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] oftfoft jf a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng k|f/lDes nfuta]xf]g{ g;s]/ x'g ;Sg] l9nfOnfO{ kG5fpgsf nflu ljleGg eQfx? ;lxtsf] k]l:ssf] e'QmfgL s/f/df x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 ;s];Dd rfF8f] pknAw u/fpg cfjZos x'G5 . ;Dej eP;Dd klxn] g} Pp6f r]ssf] tof/L ug{'k5{ / s/f/df x:tfIf/ ugf{;fy Tof] x:tfGt/0f ug{'k5{ . s/f/df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] / sfd ;'? ug{] aLrsf] ;dodf k]l:s e'QmfgL lbgsf nflu kof{Kt ;do x'G5 / To;n] ;d"x ;b:ox? o; aLr a]/f]huf/ x'g ;Sg] x'G5 / o;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] cfDbfgLsf cGo ;|f]tx? vf]Hg / ;d"x 5f]8\g ;S5g\ . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf e'QmfgLx? a}+ssf] cGt/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ePsf] lyof] / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?n] k]l:s e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{ cl3 a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng cfjZos ePsf] lyof] . s]xL ;d"xsf nflu of] s'/f cln sl7g eof] lsgls a}+sdf vftf vf]Ngsf nflu k|f/lDes ?= %,))) sf] cfjZostf lyof] . cem, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] btf{, s/f/df x:tfIf/ ug{, a}+s hfg, / :yfgLo pks/0fsf k;nx? hfgsf nflu oftfoftsf] nfutsf nflu klg dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] k|f/lDes ?kdf nufgL ug{ cfjZos eof] h;n] s]xL cj:yfdf l9nfO{ u/fof] .

dfl;s e'QmfgLx? sfdsf] lg/LIf0f u/]kl5 e'QmfgL :jLs[t eP kl5 dlxgfsf] cGTodf ul/G5 . oL e'QmfgLx?sf] cfjlwstf cem dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgls o;nfO{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] b}lgs hLjg wfGgsf nflu k|of]u u5{g\ . oL e'QmfgLx? k|fKt ug{df x'g] l9nfO{n] b}lgs cfjZostfx?sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ;d"x 5f8\g / cfDbfgLsf cGo cj;/x? vf]Hg nufpF5 . ;fdfGotof, lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgdf e'QmfgLsf /fzL :jLs[t eP kl5 dfq ;'? ug{ ;lsg] oL e'QmfgLx?sf nflu cfjZos k|zf;lgs k4ltx?n] dfl;s ?kdf oL e'QmfgLdf x'g] l9nfO{nfO{ kG5fpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] o;sf nflu km/s k|0ffnL k|of]u ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5 hxfF dfl;s e'QmfgLx? q}dfl;s ?kdf k]l:ssf ?kdf lbOG5 . t/, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] dfl;s lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf :jLs[t ePsf] dfqfsf] /fzLdfqf lemSg kfpF5 . tLg dlxgfsf] cjlwsf] cGTodf, pgLx?n] a}+ssf] :6]6d]G6 / Tof] cjlw;Fu ;DalGwt tLg lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgx? a'emfpg kg{] x'G5 h;sf cfwf/df sf]ifsf] plrt d"Nof+sg x'G5 / csf{] q}dfl;s ls:tf lbg ;lsG5 . of] ;dodf ul/Psf] s'g} klg s6f}tL csf{] ls:tfaf6 x6fpg ;lsG5, h;nfO{ ;d"xsf] a}+ssf] vftfdf /x]sf] afFsL sf]ifn] k"/f ug{ ;S5 . e'QmfgLsf] of] k|0ffnLn] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu cfjlws e'QmfgL ;'lglZrt u5{ -pgLx?n] lg/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg kfpg] lalQs} sf]ifaf6 k};f lemSg ;S5g\_ / s/f/sf] lgsfosf -lhlj;_ nflu k|zf;lgs ef/nfO{ sd u/fpF5 h;n] s]jn x/]sf tLg dlxgfdf e'QmfgL lbg'kg{] dfq x'G5 . ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/df ;+nUg dfqf Psbd sd x'G5 / kl/0ffd:j?k b'?kof]usf] hf]lvd w]/} pRr x'Fb}g, / ToxfF l:y/ bL3{sfnLg /f]huf/sf] kmfObf x'G5 hxfF cfDbfgL s;}n] ug{] Pp6f q}dfl;s ls:tfsf] b'?kof]u eGbf w]/} a9L x'G5 . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf e'QmfgLx? klxn] dfl;s ?kdf ul/Psf lyP . e'QmfgLsf nflu k4ltx? / e'QmfgLsf] cGt/0fsf nflu ;fdGotf #–$ xKtfsf] cfjZos lyof], h;sf] cy{ ;d"n] cfkm\gf] e'QmfgL sfd u/]sf] dlxgfeGbf s/La Ps dlxgf kl5 dfq kfpg ;Sy] . kl5 uP/ e'QmfgLsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ tLg dlxgfsf] ;'?jftdf e'QmfgL lbg] tl/sfdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{, ls:tf ;fdfGotof klxnf] dlxgfsf] e'QmfgLsf ?kdf klxnf] dlxgfsf] cGTodf cfpFYof] . bf];|f] / t];|f] dfl;s e'QmfgL klg ;dodf g} ul/Psf] lyof], h; kZrft csf{] q}dfl;s ls:tfsf nflu a}+ssf] :6]6d]G6 / lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgx? ;d"xn] k|:t't u/]sf lyP, h'g km]l/ csf{] dfl;s e'QmfgLsf] cfjlwstfsf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] Tof] sf]ifnfO{ s'g} klg b'?kof] lagf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] ltI0f :j/;fDosf ;fy k|of]u u/]sf] kfOof] . sd k|zf;lgs ef/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lx?n] klg sb/ u/]sf lyP .


23

%= dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] nfut / ljQLo ;xfotf

dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] nfut;fy} To;nfO{ pknAw sf]ifaf6 s;/L ;d]l6G5 eGg] s'/f xf] . of] cWofon] 5f]6s/Ldf ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] nfutdf hfG5 / kl5 u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf nflu lhlj;sf nflu ;Defljt pknAw ;|f]tx?sf] klxrfg ul/G5 .

%=! ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] nfut ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] nfutdf s/f/sf nfutx? ;lxt dfl;s tnasf] e'QmfgL / ljleGg eQfx? h:tf ;f]emf nfutx? x'G5g\ / To;df cGo ;f]emf nfutx? x'G5g\ h:t} dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ k|bfg ug{ kg{] pks/0f / ;fwgx?sf] nfut . t/ ToxfF cb[Zo nfutx? klg x'G5g\ h:t} dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] 5gf]6 / tflndsf] nfut, ;fy} pgLx?sf] sfdsf] ;'kl/j]If0f / lg/LIf0f . of] lgb{]lzsfn] ljz]iftM ;f]emf] dd{t–;Def/ nfutx?sf af/]df s'/f u5{ / cb[Zo nfutx?sf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf dfq s'/f u5{ . ;f]emf nfutx? d'Vo ;f]emf nfutx? eg]sf] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu dfl;s tna e'QmfgL x'g\ . pNn]v ul/P h;/L, logLx? lhNnfsf] dhb"/L b/ / dlxgfe/Lsf] sfd ug{] lbgdf lge{/ x'G5 . lhNnfsf] cf};t dhb"/L b/ ?= @$)÷lbgdf cfwfl/t, dlxgfsf] @% lbgsf] sfd ug{] lbgx?df cfwfl/t k|lt sfdbf/ cf};t jflif{s dhb"/Lsf] b/ ?= &@,))) x'g ;S5 . efu $=% df JofVof ul/P h;/L, jflif{s dhb"/L b/sf cfwf/df ljleGg eQfx?sf] lx;fa ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;/L oL eQfx? k|lt sfdbf/ lgDg k|sf/sf] x'G5 M

• pks/0f / ;fwgx? eQf -!Ü_ – ?= &@) • oftfoft eQ -%Ü_ – ?= #,^)) • ladf sf]if -%Ü_ – ?= #,^))

yk ?kdf, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] pks/0f / ;fwgx?sf] vl/bsf] nfutnfO{ ;f]emf] nfutsf ?kdf lng' kb{5 . vl/b ug{ kg{] pks/0fx?sf] dfqf / k|sf/sf cfwf/df / /fd]5fk / wg'iffdf ;fdgf ul/Psf] ltgLx? nfutx?sf cfwf/df, of] nfuts/La jflif{s dh"/L b/sf] !)Ü x'G5 . 7Ls k|ltzt lhNnf cg';f/ ahf/df pgLx?sf] kx'Fr / pks/0f / ;fwgx?df kl/0ffd:j?k ltgLx?sf] k|efjsf cfwf/df km/s x'g ;S5 . lXjnAof/f] -7]nfuf8f_ n] pks/0fx?sf] nfutdf dxTjk"0f{ c+z lnPsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg /fVg'k5{ -s/La $)Ü_ . of] lx;fadf pks/0fx? s/La Ps jif{sf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 eGg] s'/fsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] jf:tljstfdf pks/0fx? ljz]ifu/L ltgLx? /fd|/L ;DxflnPsf 5g\ eg], Ps eGbf a9L jif{sf nflu k|of]u x'g ;S5 h;n] ;du| nfutnfO{ sd u/fpF5 . t/, pks/0f / ;fwgx?n] s'n nfutsf] s]jn ;fgf] c+z dfq agfpF5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg'k5{ ;fgf] dfqfdf ;fdgfx? lsg]/, tNnf] u'0f:t/sf] ;fdfg lng] jf k'/fgf ;fdfgx? NofP/ pks/0f / ;fwgx?df nfutnfO{ arfpgfn] ;du| nfutdf c;/ kfg{ ;S5 eg] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] pTkfbsTj / nufgLsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . k|lt sfdbf/sf] cg'dflgt dh"/L b/ ?= &@,))) sf nflu, k|lt sfdbf/ pks/0fsf] eQf ?= &,@)) x'g hfG5 . dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0fdf, pks/0f / ;fwgx?sf] nfutjflif{s tnasf] nfutsf] !)Ü eGbf sd ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof], hxfF wg'iff -hgsk'/_ / /fd]5fkdf pks/0f / ;fwgsf] nfutlgs} sd /x]sf] lyof] . wg'iffdf, hxfF lXjnAof/f]x? cf/l;cfO8An' n] bfg u/]sf] lyof], ToxfF oL lXjnAof/f]nfO{ x6fP/ pks/0f / ;fwgx?sf] nfutjflif{s tna nfutsf] %Ü eGbf sd lyof] .

To;/L u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] s'n ;f]emf] nfuts/La k|lt sfdbf/ k|lt jif{ ?= *&,))) x'G5 . k|lt lsnf]ld6/ nfutsf] cjwf/0ff k|fKt ug{ To;nfO{ Pp6f sfdbf/n] dd{t–;Def/ ug{ kg{] cf};t ;+Vofsf] lsnf]ld6/n] efu ug{'k5{ -pTkfbsTj b/_ . efu #=! df ;'emfj ul/Psf] cf};t pTkfbsTj b/ k|lt sfdbf/ @=% /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v ul/O;s]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ ;/f]sf/sf] ;8ssf] u'0fx?sf cfwf/df ;dfof]hg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . of] cf};t pTkfbsTj b/sf cfwf/df, k|lt jif{, k|lt sfdbf/ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] nfuts/La ?= #%,))) x'g cfpF5 . t/ of] nfutsf] 7"nf] efu cfwf/e"t ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] lgdf{0fdf nlIft x'G5 / ltgLx?sf] lgdf{0f x'Fb} hfFbf logLx?sf] cfjZostfdf sdL cfpF5 h;n] pTkfbsTj b/nfO{ a9fpF5 / ;d"xx? jt{dfgdf /x]sf ;8ssf tTjx?nfO{ ;kmf ug{] / dd{t ug{df s]lGb|t x'Fb} hfFbf k|lt lsnf]ld6/sf] nfutsd x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg cfjZos x'G5 . To;}n] sfo{ ;+rfngsf] Ps b'O{ jif{ kl5, dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? cf};tdf # lsnf]ld6/ hlt dd{t–;Def/ ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f ;Dej 5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k jflif{s dd{t–;Def/ nfutk|lt lsnf]ld6/ ?= @(,)))

x'g hfG5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] ;dfg lsl;dsf] cg'ejx?Df s]xL cGo b]zx?df k|lt lsnf]ld6/sf] nfutnfO{ t'ngf u5{11 . 11 g]kfnsf nflu ultljlwx?df cfwf/e"t ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox? ;dfj]z gul/Psf cGo b]zx?sf] cg'ej;Fu t'ngfof]Uo x'gsf nflu k|lt sfdbf/ # lsnf]ld6/df cfwfl/t nfutsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .


24

b]zx?12 cf};t nfut ;8ssf]

(US$/lsld/jif{) ;tx g]kfn -;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0f_ lrg -;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/ k/LIf0f_ Osj]8/ -dd{t–;Def/ n3' Joj;fox?sf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd_ lgsf/fu'jf -dd{t–;Def/ n3' Joj;fox?sf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd_ k]? -dd{t–;Def/ n3' Joj;fox?sf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd_ k]? -dd{t–;Def/ n3' Joj;fox?sf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd_ sf]nf]lDaof -dd{t–;Def/ n3' Joj;fox?sf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd_

#&%13 $))14 !,))) ^)) *%) &%) !,#))

sRrf kSsf sRrf kSsf sRrf kSsf kSsf

%=@ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/sf] ljQLo ;xfotf Dfly tflnsfdf b]vfOPh;/L, g]kfndf ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf] cg'dflgt nfutcGo b]zx?sf] nfut;Fu cg's'n ?kdf t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ljz]ifu/L g]kfnsf] sd b}lgs dh"/L b/sf sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] . t/ sd dd{t–;Def/ nfuteP tfklg dxTjk"0f{ dfldnf eg]sf] oL nfutx?nfO{ wfGgsf nflu sf]ifx?nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg' xf] . ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf] cg'dflgt bL3{sfnLg nfutk|lt lsnf]ld6/ k|lt jif{ ?= @(,))) x'G5 h'g :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu 8f]nL8f/ :t/ cg';f/ lgoldt dd{t–;Def/sf nflu k|lt lsnf]ld6/ k|lt jif{15 ?= #),))) ;Fu ;dfg x'G5 / To;}n] Tof] :jLsfo{ nfutx'G5 . dd{t–;Def/sf] ljQLo ;xfotfsf nflu, sf]ifsf lgDg ;|f]tx? /x]sf 5g\ M

• /f]8\; af]8{ g]kfn -cf/ la Pg_ – u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ;+hfnsf] nDafO / ;txsf cfwf/df x/]s lhNnfdf jflif{s /fzL lbOG5 / Tof] k|fylds ?kdf ;8s dd{t–;Def/, ljz]ifu/L lgoldt / k6s] dd{t–;Def/df nlIft x'G5 . To;/L Tof] ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf nflu Psbd plrt x'G5 . lhlj;sf nflu jt{dfg ljlgof]hg slDtdf ? !) nfv b]lv ?= #@ nfv hlt ;Dd x'g ;S5, hxfF @))*÷)( cfly{s jif{df lhlj;df ?= ( s/f]8 %) nfv cGt/0f ePsf] lyof] . oL /fzLx?n] slDtdf x/]s lhNnfsf] d'Vo ufpFsf ;8sx?nfO{ ;d]6\b} xfdLnfO{ #%–!!) lsnf]ld6/sf] u|fdL0f ;8sx?df ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/ ug{ lbG5 .16

• lhlj;sf nflu Ps d'i6 cg'bfg – of] lhlj;sf nflu u|fdL0f ;8ssf] nufgLsf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sf]ifsf] ;|f]t xf] . oxfF dd{t–;Def/sf nflu 5'§} ljlgof]hg 5}g t/ of] sf]ifsf] w]/} efu clxn] gofF lgdf{0f, pGgog / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . oL cg'bfgx?n] ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf nflu cf/ la Pg sf] sf]ifnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf yKg sf]if k|bfg ub{5 .

• uflj;sf nflu Ps d'i6 cg'bfg – logLx? Uflj;sf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfDbfgL ;|f]t xf] / of] cg'bfgsf] s/La #)Ü u|fdL0f ;8ssf nflu hfG5 eg]/ ck]Iff ul/G5, oBkL logLx? gofF lgdf{0f, pGgog / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu x'G5g\ . o;n] u|fdL0f ;8ssf] dd{t–;Def/, ljz]ifu/L ufpFn] ;8sx?sf nflu dd{t–;Def/sf] cltl/Qm ;|f]t k|bfg ug{ ;S5 .

• lhNnf u|fdL0f ;8s dd{t–;Def/ sf]if -l8 Pd cf/ cf/ Pd_ – of] sf]if lhNnf :t/df s]jn u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfnsf] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu :yflkt x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu sf]ifx? lhlj; sf]ifaf6 cfpg] u5{, hxfF ;dsIfL sf]ifx? 8f]ln8f/ n] -lgoldt dd{t–;Def/sf nflu %)Ü_ k|bfg u5{ . of] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu sf]if ljlgof]hgsf / yk sf]if k|fKt ug{sf nflu Psbd pkof]uL x'g ;S5 .

• ;8s cfof]hgfx? / sfo{qmdx? – cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ljQLo ;xfotf kfPsf oL ;8s cfof]hgfx? ;fdfGotof gofF lgdf{0f, pGgog / k'g:yf{kgfdf s]lGb|t x'G5, oBkL logLx?df u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfnsf] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu ;t{x? /x]sf] x'G5 . w]/} h;f] cfof]hgfx?nfO{ lhlj;n] sf]if lbPsf] x'gk5{, oBkL s]xLdf dd{t–;Def/sf nflu l;ldt sf]if /x]sf] x'G5 .

lhlj;sf nflu pknAw sf]ifx? ltgLx?sf] u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfnsf] ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf] ljQLo ;xof]usf nflu lgif]lwt x'Fb}g . t/ jt{dfg ;dodf s/La pknAw ;a} sf]if gofF lgdf{0f, pGgog / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 h;n] dd{t–;Def/sf nflu

12 rLgsf] tYof+snfO{ oxfFaf6 lnOPsf] lyof] M Cartier van Dissel, S., Team-based routine maintenance of rural roads - Guide for Communication Bureaus in the formation, contracting and supervision of routine road maintenance teams, World Bank/PPIAF, 2008. cGo b]zx?sf] tYof+s oxfFaf6 lnOPsf] lyof] M Cartier van Dissel, S., Team-based routine maintenance of rural roads - Experiences from Latin America, World Bank/PPIAF, 2007. 13 cdl/sL 8n/ ! Ö g]?= &&=& sf] b/df -;]K6]Da/ @))(_ . cfwf/e"t ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox? ;dfj]z u/]sf] v08df o;sf] nfutk|lt lsnf]ld6/ k|lt jif{ cd]/Lls 8n/ $%) x'G5 . 14 ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] nfut;d]6]/ / cd]/Lls 8n/ ! Ö -l; Pg jfO_ ^=*# sf] b/df -;]K6]Da/ @))(_ . 15 /fd]5fk -8L 6L Pd lk_ @))& df pNn]v ul/P h:t} 8f]nL8f/ sf] u|fdL0f ;8s dd{t–;Def/ / k'g:yf{kgf dfkb08 . 16 RBN sf] ah]6sf] clwstds efu /0fg}lts /fli6«o / w]/} uf8L rNg] ;8s ;+hfnsf nflu DoR df hfG5 hxfF %!*) nfv 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 eg] gu/kflnsfsf nflu g]?= !)() nfv x'G5 / lhlj;sf nflu g]?= (%) nfv 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . DoR sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] k};fdf Ps ltxfO nDafOsf cfwf/df sfd ug{] lgoldt sfdbf/x?sf nflu x'G5 eg] s/La afFsL ;a} af/Daf/ ul/g] ;Def/df nfutx'G5 .


25

Psbd sd sf]if afFsL /fv]sf] x'G5 / dd{t–;Def/df nfutul/Psf] sf]ifsf] klg w]/} efu cfjlws dd{t–;Def/sf nflu nfutePsf] x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, s/La pknAw ;a} nufgLsf sf]ifx? g/fd|f] b]lv Psbd g/fd|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx?df nfutx'G5g\ eg] /fd|f] b]lv 7Ls} cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx?nfO{ Wofg glbPsf sf/0fn] emg Iflos/0f x'Fb} hfG5 . of] tl/sfsf kl/0ffdx? Psbd :ki6 5g\ M %)Ü eGbf a9L ufpFsf ;8s ;+hfn uf8L rNg g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 Û gofF lgdf{0fdf lhlj;sf / uflj;sf nufgLsf sf/0f u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfn a[xt\ dfqfdf al9/x]sf] ;dodf cem w]/} eGbf w]/} ;8sx? gofF lgld{t ;8sx? eGbf l56f] b/df uf8L rNg g;Sg] cj:yfdf Iflos/0f x'Fb} hfFbf gofF lgdf0fsf] of] k|ltzt cem a9\g ;S5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd s] xf] eg] !) jif{ eGbf cl3sf] t'ngfdf nufgLdf w]/} j[l4 eP tfklg s'n u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfnsf] ;DklQsf] d"No sd eO/x]sf] 5 . of] k|j[lQnfO{ pN6fpg cfjZos 5, h;n] ubf{ /fd|f] b]lv 7Ls} cj:yfdf /x]sf ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf] dfWodaf6 ;DklQsf] d"NonfO{ ;'/Iff ug{ ;lsG5 / afFsL sf]ifnfO{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] ;'wf/ / lj:tfl/s/0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o / w]/} uf8L rNg] ;8s ;+hfndf ;dfg lsl;dsf] tl/sf ckgfOPsf] lyof], hxfF /0fg}lts ;8sx? klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] / plrt dd{t–;Def/ / ;8s ;'wf/sf dfWodaf6 /fd|f] cj:yfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . sf]ifn] cg'dlt lbg] 7fpFdf df}lns ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ ;'lglZrt ub{} of] /0fg}lts ;+hfn cem a9L ;8sx? ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] . lhNnfdf ljleGg ;8sx?sf] dxTj / pknAw ah]6sf] cfwf/df lhNnf :t/df To:tf /0fg}lts ;+hfnsf] klg klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . hxfF oL ;8sx? plrt tl/sfn] dd{t–;Def/ ul/Psf 5g\ / clws sf]if ltgLx?sf] ;'wf/sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5, ToxfF sf]ifsf] :t/ a9\b} hfFbf / sd nfutx'g] ;+/If0ffTds tl/sfx?df s]lGb|t ePsf] ;dodf /0fg}lts ;8sx?sf nflu dd{t–;Def/ nfut36\b} uO/x]sf] ;dodf ;8ssf cGo k|fyldstf ;d]6\g /0fg}lts ;+hfnx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf a9fpg ;lsG5 . s]jn To:tf tl/sfx?sf dfWodaf6 dfq u|fdL0f ;8s ;+hfndf ul/Psf nufgLsf] k"0f{ IfdtfnfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . of] dfu{lgb{]lzsfn] lhNnfsf] /0fg}lts ;8s ;+hfnsf] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf af/]df eGb}g, g t o;n] ;8ssf] ;+hfnsf] plrt ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos ;8s dd{t–;Def/sf k|sf/sf ;a} j0f{k6x?nfO{ g} ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] dfu{lgb{]lzsfn] s]jn ;a}eGbf cfwf/e"t k|sf/sf u|fdL0f ;8s dd{t–;Def/x? ;d]6\g] tl/sf k|bfg ub{5 h;af6 :jLsfo{ nfutdf u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ;'/Iff / ;''wf/df dxTjk"0f{ k|efj k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5, h;n] o;nfO{ jt{dfgsf] lgdf{0f–Iflos/0f–kg{"lgdf{0fsf] cEof;sf] ljsNksf ?kdf lskmfotL agfpF5 .


27

kl/lzi6x?


29

kl/lzi6 ! ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?

/f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? != afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] – uf8Lx?sf] ;fdfGo axfj / kfgLsf] plrt lgsf;sf nflu ;8ssf] ;tx, lsgf/f, lgsf;

k|0ffnLsf] !) ld# ;Ddsf] afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] . @= kfgL lgsf;sf gfnfx? ;kmf ug{] – plrt kfgL lgsf; / ;8ssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu lsgf/fsf kfgL lgsf;sf gfnfx? ;kmf

ug{] / kfgLsf] axfjnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg] gfnfdf hd]/ /x]sf s'/f ToxfFaf6 x6fpg] . #= lr/fx? ;kmf ug{] – lr/fx?, kSsL ;8s jf plrt kfgL lgsf; / ;8ssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu kfgLsf] axfjnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg] cGo

hd]/ /]xsf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ x6fpg kfgL lgsf;sf 7fpFx? ;kmf ug{] . $= k'n];f]x? ;kmf ug{] – r§fg, xfFufx?, hd]/ /x]sf s'/fx? / kfgL lgsf; / ;8ssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu k'n];f]df kfgLsf] axfjnfO{

/f]Sg ;Sg] cGo hd]/ /]xsf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ x6fpg kfgL lgsf;sf 7fpFx? ;kmf ug{] . %= k'nx? ;kmf ug{] – r§fg, xfFufx?, hd]/ /x]sf s'/fx? / kfgL lgsf; / ;8ssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu kfgLsf] axfjnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg]

cGo hd]/ /]xsf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ x6fpg kfgL lgsf;sf 7fpFx? ;kmf ug{] . ^= af]6la?jfx? sf6\g] / x6fpg] – ;8ssf nflu cf/lIft If]q, lsgf/fdf jf ;txdf b[ZotfnfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg], ;fwf/0f

uf8LnfO{ /f]Sg], ;8saf6 kfgLsf] axfjnfO{ /f]Sg] jf ;8s, kfgLsf] lgsf; jf ;8ssf cGo tTjx?nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg] af]6la?jfx? sf6\g] / x6fpg] .

&= ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ag]sf t6x? ;kmf ug{] – ;8saf6 kfgLsf] lgsf;nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg] ;8ssf t6x¿nfO{ x6fpg] . *= ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf] hldgaf6 ca4 ;fdu|Lx? x6fpg] – ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf]af6 ca4 df6f], 9'Ëfx? x6fpg] h;n]

ubf{ logLx? ;8sdf v:g] jf klx/f] x'g] jf ;8s jf uf8Lx?nfO{ Iflt x'g /f]Sg ;lsG5 . ;–;fgf dd{tx? (= kfgL lgsf; ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t – kfgL lgsf; k|0ffnLx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf plrt tl/sfn] sfd u5{g eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{

ltgLx?df ;–;fgf dd{tx? ug{] To;sf ;fy} e"Iflos/0fn] k|efljt If]qx?df lg/f]ws ;+/rgfx¿ /fVg] . !)= lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx? dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\

eGg uf8Ln] agfPsf lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx?nfO{ 7f]; hldgdf, 9'Ëfx? / lu§Lx? -pkof]uL x'g] 7fpFdf_ n] k'g{] . o;df kfgLnfO{ ;8ssf] ;txaf6 plrt tl/sfn] x6fpgsf nflu ;8ssf] ;txnfO{ gofF 9fFrf lbg] sfd klg k5{ .

!!= vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\ eGg e"Iflos/0fn] ubf{ ePsf vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?nfO{ 7f]; hldg, 9'Ëf / lu§L -pkof]uL x'g] 7fpFdf_ x?sf] k|of]u u/]/ k'g{] / e"Iflos/0fsf sf/0fx?nfO{ x6fpg] . o;df kfgLnfO{ ;8ssf] ;txaf6 plrt tl/sfn] x6fpgsf nflu ;8ssf] ;txnfO{ gofF 9fFrf lbg] sfd klg k5{ .

!@= ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8sdf Iflos/0f ePsf] 5}g eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;8sf] lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx? jf ;tx 36]sf] 7fpFdf k'g{] / 7f]; agfpg] . k|fozM o;nfO{ 6]jf ;'Vvf 9'Ëfx?sf] kvf{nn] / af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ ;xof]u u5{ .

!#= 6]jf kvf{nx?sf] dd{t – v's'nf] 9'Ëfx? /÷jf Uoflaog jfo/sf] :yfgfkg, / kfgLsf] plrt lgsf; u/fpg / kvf{nnfO{ Ifltu|:t x'gaf6 arfpgsf nflu ;fgf Kjfnx? x6fpg]

!$= k'n];f]x?sf] Aofslkmn dd{t ug{] – ;txsf] glhs ePsf /lxcfPsf k'n];f]x?nfO{ uf8Lsf sf/0f v/fa x'g glbg yk df6f] /÷jf /f]8f 9'+ufsf lu§L /fVg] /

;/ ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] l;h{gf !%= lsgf/fdf gfnfsf] lgdf{0f – e"Iflos/0fsf nflu jf kfgL cfpg ;Sg] 7fpFx?df cfwf/e"t kfgL lgsf;sf] lgdf{0f h;n] ubf{

kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ?kdf ;8saf6 k7fpg ;lsG5 / ;8ssf] Iflt x'g lbb}g . !^= ;fgf 9'Ë] af6f]sf] lgdf{0f – kfgLnfO{ Pp6f 5]paf6 csf{] 5]pdf nUgsf nflu ;fgf gfnf agfpg], h;nfO{ uf8L jf kfgLaf6

arfpgsf nflu 9'Ëf 5flkPsf] x'G5 . !&= ;8sf] 5]paf6 ljs0f{ 8fOe;{gsf] lgdf{0f – ;8saf6 alu/xg] jf 5]psf] gfnfsf] s'g} klg kfgLnfO{ ;8saf6 pFwf] nUgsf

nflu ljs0f{ gfnfsf] lgdf{0f ug{] . !*= ;'Vvf 9'Ëfsf] 6]jf kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f – ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf lr/fx? / klx/f]x? x'gaf6 /f]Sg To;sf] 5]pdf cfwf/e"t ;'Vvf 9'Ë]

kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f . To:tf kvf{nx?n] pkl:yt 6]jf kvf{nnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . !(= af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgsf] ;'/Iff – e"Iflos/0f /f]Sg / df6f]nfO{ l:y/ agfpg ;8sf] lsgf/fdf / le/fnf] 7fpFdf

ToxLF glhs kfOg] 3fF; df6f] jf cGo jg:kltx? /fVg] .


30

kl/lzi6 @ pks/0fx? tyf ;'/IffTds ;fwg

pks/0fx? p2]Zo #afF8\g] sfdbf/x? 7]nfuf8f v'kL{÷sf]bfnf s'6f] a]Nrf÷km?jf nfdf] d'7 ePsf] a]Nrf÷km?jf bfFtL a'; gfOkm Dof;] ¥ofd/ -d'Fuf]|, vfFbg] pks/0f_ emDkn 7"nf] 3g÷xtf}8f / kmnfd] Hofjn -kxf8_ tfGg] 8f]/L kfgL k6fpg] Sofg -xhf/L_

sfdsf] 7fpFdf nUg] / Nofg] ;fdu|Lx? ca4 jf v's'nf] df6f] jf lu§LnfO{ vGg] s8f df6f]nfO{ v's'nf] agfpg] v's'nf] df6f] jf lu§LnfO{ lemSg] / kmfNg] k'n];f] ;kmf ug{] ;fdu|Lx? km}nfpg] af]6la?jfx? sf6\g] afSnf] h+unx? Sf6\g] df6f] / lu§LnfO{ 7f]; agfpg] 7"nf r§fgx? v's'nf] agfpg], tf]8\g] jf ;fg{] 7"nf r§fgx? Tff]8\g] sfdbf/nfO{ ;fj]nn] sfd ubf{ ;xof]u ug{] kfgL af]Sg] / k6fpg]

@–# ! @ !

@–# @–# ! @

@–# #–$ #–$ !–@ @–#

;'/IffTds pks/0f p2]Zo #afF8\g] sfdbf/x? r]tfjgL lbg] emG8f -@ sf] ;d"xdf _ ;'/IffTds e]:6 Xof6 df:s a'6 a;f{lb k|fylds pkrf/sf] a6\6f

cufl8 sfdbf/x? /x]sf] ;+s]t lbg] sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;d'xsf ?kdf klxrfgsf nflu ;"o{af6 aRgsf nflu w'nf]af6 aRgsf nflu ltvf] s'/fx?af6 aRgsf nflu jiff{af6 aRgsf nflu rf]6k6s pkrf/sf nflu

#–$ ! ! ! ! !

;d'x


31

kl/lzi6 # s/f/ gd'gfsf] pbfx/0f

lhlj;sf] gfd /fVg'xf];\ /

dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] gfd /fVg'xf];\ aLrsf]

dd{t–;Def/ s/f/

of] s/f/n] s'n ;8ssf] nDafO /fVg'xf];\ lsld nDafO ePsf] dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?sf] ;+Vof /fVg'xf];\ dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? /fv]/ ;8ssf] gfd jf JofVof /fVg'xf];\ ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/sf] ljleGg kIfx?sf af/]df JofVof u5{ . ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ eGgfn] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] b}lgs ?kdf u|fdL0f ;8ssf] dd{t–;Def/ ug{] eGg] a'lemG5 h;df ;8ssf ljleGg tTjx?sf] plrt sfo{ / ;8ssf] IfltnfO{ kG5fpg] nIo /fVb} ;8ssf] ljleGg tTjx? x6fpg] / ;kmf ug{], ;–;fgf dd{tx? ug{] / ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox? l;h{gf ug{] h:Tf sfd klg x'G5g\ . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? ;8ssf] 5]pdf a:g] :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?af6 agfOG5 h;nfO{ lhlj;n] s/f/df /fv]sf] x'G5 / pks/0fx? / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx? k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 / pgLx? ;8s dd{t–;Def/ ug{sf nflu ;Fu} sfd u5{g\ . lgoldt ?kdf ul/g] lg/LIf0fsf cg';f/ pgLx?sf] k|bz{gsf cfwf/df, pgLx?n] dfl;s kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ h;sf ;fy pgLx?n] pks/0f / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?, oftfoft / ladf klg k|fKt u5{g\ . ;d"xdf cfwfl/t dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t}, o; s/f/ cGtu{t ug{ kg{] ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? eg]sf] ;kmf ug{] / x6fpg] sfdx? x'g\ h;sf ;fy ToxfF ;–;fgf dd{tx? / cfwf/e"t ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox? x'G5g\ . of] s/f/ cGtu{t lgDg ultljlwx? ul/OG5 M /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? != afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] – uf8Lx?sf] ;fdfGo axfj / kfgLsf] plrt lgsf;sf nflu ;8ssf] ;tx, lsgf/f, lgsf;







&= ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ag]sf t6x? ;kmf ug{] – ;8saf6 kfgLsf] lgsf;nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg] ;8ssf t6x¿nfO{ x6fpg] . *= ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf] hldgaf6 ca4 ;fdu|Lx? x6fpg] – ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf]af6 ca4 df6f], 9'Ëfx? x6fpg] h;n]

ubf{ logLx? ;8sdf v:g] jf klx/f] x'g] jf ;8s jf uf8Lx?nfO{ Iflt x'g /f]Sg ;lsG5 . ;–;fgf dd{tx? (= kfgL lgsf; ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t – kfgL lgsf; k|0ffnLx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf plrt tl/sfn] sfd u5{g eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{

ltgLx?df ;–;fgf dd{tx? ug{] To;sf ;fy} e"Iflos/0fn] k|efljt If]qx?df lg/f]ws ;+/rgfx¿ /fVg] . !)= lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx? dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\


!!= vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\ eGg e"Iflos/0fn] ubf{ ePsf vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?nfO{ 7f]; hldg, 9'Ëf / lu§L -pkof]uL x'g] 7fpFdf_ x?sf] k|of]u u/]/ k'g{] / e"Iflos/0fsf sf/0fx?nfO{ x6fpg] . o;df kfgLnfO{ ;8ssf] ;txaf6 plrt tl/sfn] x6fpgsf nflu ;8ssf] ;txnfO{ gofF 9fFrf lbg] sfd klg k5{ .

!@= ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8sdf Iflos/0f ePsf] 5}g eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;8sf] lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx? jf ;tx 36]sf] 7fpFdf k'g{] / 7f]; agfpg] . k|fozM o;nfO{ 6]jf ;'Vvf 9'Ëfx?sf] kvf{nn] / af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ ;xof]u u5{ .


!$= k'n];f]x?sf] Aofslkmn dd{t ug{] – ;txsf] glhs ePsf /lxcfPsf k'n];f]x?nfO{ uf8Lsf sf/0f v/fa x'g glbg yk df6f] /÷jf /f]8f 9'+ufsf lu§L /fVg] /


32

;/ ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] l;h{gf !%= lsgf/fdf gfnfsf] lgdf{0f – e"Iflos/0fsf nflu jf kfgL cfpg ;Sg] 7fpFx?df cfwf/e"t kfgL lgsf;sf] lgdf{0f h;n] ubf{

kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ?kdf ;8saf6 k7fpg ;lsG5 / ;8ssf] Iflt x'g lbb}g . !^= ;fgf 9'Ë] af6f]sf] lgdf{0f – kfgLnfO{ Pp6f 5]paf6 csf{] 5]pdf nUgsf nflu ;fgf gfnf agfpg], h;nfO{ uf8L jf kfgLaf6



kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f . To:tf kvf{nx?n] pkl:yt 6]jf kvf{nnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . !(= af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgsf] ;'/Iff – e"Iflos/0f /f]Sg / df6f]nfO{ l:y/ agfpg ;8sf] lsgf/fdf / le/fnf] 7fpFdf

ToxLF glhs kfOg] 3fF; df6f] jf cGo jg:kltx? /fVg] . dfly ;"lrs[t ul/Psf ultljlwx?sf] If]q eGbf aflx/sf dd{tx?sf] cfjZostf ePsf] 7fpFdf, To;nfO{ lhlj;df l/kf]6{ ul/g' kb{5 . ;8s dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;fd"lxs dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx?nfO{ ;8ssf] ;ldkdf /x]sf ;8s dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?n] ug{] u5{g\ h;nfO{ uflj; ;lrjx?n] r'g]sf] x'G5 . oL dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x?n] ;8s dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x agfpF5 h;nfO{ lhlj;df btf{ ug{'k5{ / h;n] a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng k5{ . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] cWoIo / sf]iffWoIosf] r'gfj u5{ . cWoIon] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] tkm{af6 dd{t–;Def/ s/f/df x:tfIf/ u5{ eg] a}+ssf] vftf ;DaGw s'g} klg b:tfj]hdf cWoIosf ;fy} sf]ifWoIon] klg x:tfIf/ u5{ . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] ldn]/ cfkm" pQ/flo ePsf] ;8ssf] efudf ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? u5{g\ . pks/0fx? / ;'/IffTds ;fwg dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] s/f/sf] ;'?jftdf lhlj;af6 pks/0fx? / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx? k|fKt u5{g\ h'g dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? ubf{ k|of]u x'G5 . pks/0f / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] k|sf/ / kl/df0f tn JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . ;'/IffTds e]:6nfO{ ;w}+ nufpg' kb{5 / dd{t–;Def/ sfdbf/x? sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ eg]/ ;+s]t lbgsf nflu ;'/IffTds emG8fsf] k|of]u ug{'k5{ . sfd ug{] 7fpFdf k|fylds pkrf/sf] a§f ;w}+ x'g'k5{ . ;a} pks/0fx? / dd{t–;Def/sf ;fdfgx?sf] plrt :ofxf/ ug{sf nflu dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x lhDd]jf/ x'G5 / s/f/sf] cGTodf oL ;a} lhlj;nfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'kg{] x'G5 . ;'/IffTds pks/0f p2]Zo kl/df0f r]tfjgL lbg] emG8f -@ sf] ;d"xdf_ ;'/IffTds e]:6 Xof6 df:s a'6 a;f{lb k|fylds pkrf/sf] a6\6f

cufl8 sfdbf/x? /x]sf] ;+s]t lbg] sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;d'xsf ?kdf klxrfgsf nflu ;"o{af6 aRgsf nflu w'nf]af6 aRgsf nflu ltvf] s'/fx?af6 aRgsf nflu jiff{af6 aRgsf nflu rf]6k6s pkrf/sf nflu

;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] ;+Vof

/fVg'xf];\

pks/0fx? p2]Zo kl/df0f lXjnAof/f] xf] v'kL{÷sf]bfnf] a]Nrf÷km?jf nfdf] XofG8n ePsf] ;fj]n bfFtL a'; gfOkm Dof;]6 ¥ofd/ nfdf] qmf]a/ :n]hXofd/± lr;]n tfGg] 8f]/L kfgL k6fpg] Sofg -xhf/L_

sfdsf] 7fpFdf nUg] / Nofg] ;fdu|Lx? ca4 jf v's'nf] df6f] jf lu§LnfO{ vGg] s8f df6f]nfO{ v's'nf] agfpg] v's'nf] df6f] jf lu§LnfO{ lemSg] / kmfNg] k'n];f] ;kmf ug{] ;fdu|Lx? km}nfpg] af]6la?jfx? sf6\g] afSnf] h+unx? Sf6\g] df6f] / lu§LnfO{ 7f]; agfpg] 7"nf r§fgx? v's'nf] agfpg], tf]8\g] jf ;fg{] 7"nf r§fgx? Tff]8\g] sfdbf/nfO{ ;fj]nn] sfd ubf{ ;xof]u ug{] kfgL af]Sg] / k6fpg]

;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] ;+Vof

/fVg'xf];\

tflnd / ;'kl/j]If0f dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] lhlj;af6 ;8ssf] Iflos/0f, ljleGg dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? s;/L ug{] / s/f/sf] ;do e/L oL ultljlwx?sf] sfo{of]hgfsf af/]df k|f/lDes tflnd k|fKt u5{g\ . of] tflnd dd{t–;Def/ s/f/df x:tfIf/ ug{'eGbf 7Ls cufl8 jf 7Ls k5L lbOG5 . k|fljlws kIfx? afx]s, of] tflndn] dd{t–;Def/ s/f/sf] lglZrt Joj:yfklso dfldnfx?df klg Wofg lbG5, h;df s/f/ b:tfj]hsf] /fd|f] a'emfO, e'QmfgL, sfo{of]hgfx? / k|bz{gsf ;"rsx?, ;d"xsf ?kdf sfd ug{] / ;d"x ;b:ox?sf] ;+u7g / pgLx?sf] pks/0fx? / ;fwgx?sf] s'/fx? x'G5g\ .


33

k|f/lDes tflnd / s/f/ ;dosf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf nflu, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ lhlj; OlGhlgo/ jf k|fljlwsn] hfFr ug{ uO/xG5 / pgLx?n] ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ sfddf tflnd lbG5 / cfpg] ;dosf nflu pgLx?;Fu sfd ug{sf nflu sfo{of]hgf lbG5 . of] sfo{of]hgfn] ug{ kg{] ultljlwx?sf nflu cfwf/ agfpF5, oBkL cfjZostfsf cg';f/ yk ultljlwx? cfpg ;S5g\ . kl5 uP/, dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ sfo{of]hgf agfpgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfOG5 h;nfO{ lhlj;n] :jLsf/ ug{'k5{ . lg/LIf0f / k|bz{gsf ;"rsx? ul/Psf sfdx?nfO{ dfl;s lg/LIf0fdf d"Nof+sg ul/OG5 . ul/Psf] sfdsf] dfqfnfO{ Tof] dlxgfsf] sfo{of]hgf;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 . oL lg/LIf0fx?df ul/Psf] sfdsf] u'0f:t/sf] d"Nof+sg ul/OG5 h;af6 ;8ssf ljleGg tTjx?sf] :t/x?sf] d"Nof+sg ul/OG5 / tn pNn]v ul/Psf ;"rsx?;Fu t'ngf ul/OG5 . olb sfdsf] kl/df0f / u'0f:t/ sfo{of]hgf / k|bz{gsf ;"rsx? cg';f/ 5 eg] k"0f{ dfl;s e'QmfgL lbOG5 . oL sfdx? sfo{of]hgf jf k|bz{gsf ;"rsx? cg';f/ gePsf] v08df s6f}lt x'g ;S5 . klxnf] k6sdf dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ s]jn r]tfjgL lbOG5 . bf];|f] k6sdf slt dfqfsf] sfd c;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5 To;sf] cfwf/df s6f}lt ul/G5 . sfo{of]hgf / k|bz{g ;"rsx?df lg/Gt/ jf uDeL/ cf1fkfngsf] sdL ePsf] v08df dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xnfO{ s]xL ;b:ox? kl/jt{g ug{ elgG5 geP s/f/nfO{ cGTo ul/G5 . lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] ;8sdf kfOPsf sdLx?sf] ;+s]t lbG5 / ;fy} s6f}lt ul/Psf] /fzL / dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu :jLs[t ePsf] dfl;s e'QmfgL klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'G5 . /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? != afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] – uf8Lx?sf] ;fdfGo axfj / kfgLsf] plrt lgsf;sf nflu ;8ssf] ;tx, lsgf/f, lgsf;







&= ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ag]sf t6x? ;kmf ug{] – ;8saf6 kfgLsf] lgsf;nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg] ;8ssf lsgf/fnfO{ ;kmf ug]{ . *= ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf] hldgaf6 ca4 ;fdu|Lx? x6fpg] – ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf]af6 ca4 df6f], 9'Ëfx? x6fpg] h;n]

ubf{ logLx? ;8sdf v:g] jf klx/f] x'g] jf ;8s jf uf8Lx?nfO{ Iflt x'g /f]Sg ;lsG5 . ;–;fgf dd{tx? (= kfgL lgsf; ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t – kfgL lgsf; k|0ffnLx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf plrt tl/sfn] sfd u5{g] eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{

ltgLx?df ;–;fgf dd{tx? ug{] To;sf ;fy} e"Iflos/0fn] k|efljt If]qx?df t]hwf/n] hfFr ug{] . !)= lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx? dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\


!!= vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\ eGg e"Iflos/0fn] ubf{ ePsf vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?nfO{ 7f]; hldg, 9'Ëf / lu§Lx?sf] -pkof]uL x'g] 7fpFdf_] k|of]u u/]/ k'g{] / e"Iflos/0fsf sf/0fx?nfO{ x6fpg] . o;df kfgLnfO{ ;8ssf] ;txaf6 plrt tl/sfn] x6fpgsf nflu ;8ssf] ;txnfO{ gofF 9fFrf lbg] sfd klg k5{ .

!@= ;8s lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8sdf Iflos/0f ePsf] 5}g eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;8sf] lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx? jf ;tx 36]sf] 7fpFdf k'g{] / 7f]; agfpg] . k|fozM o;nfO{ yfd]/ /fVg] ;'Vvf 9'Ëfx?sf] kvf{nn] / af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ ;xof]u u5{ .


!$= k'n];f]x?sf] Aofslkmn dd{t ug{] – ;txsf] glhs ePsf /lxcfPsf k'n];f]x?nfO{ uf8Lsf sf/0f v/fa x'g glbg yk df6f] /÷jf lu§Lx¿ /fVg] /

;/ ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] l;h{gf !%= lsgf/fdf gfnfsf] lgdf{0f – e"Iflos/0fsf nflu jf kfgL cfpg ;Sg] 7fpFx?df cfwf/e"t kfgL lgsf;sf] lgdf{0f h;n]

kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ?kdf ;8saf6 hfg ;S5 / ;8ssf] Iflt x'g lbb}g . !^= ;fgf 9'Ë] af6f]sf] lgdf{0f – kfgLnfO{ Pp6f 5]paf6 csf{] 5]pdf nUgsf nflu ;fgf gfnf agfpg], h;nfO{ uf8L jf kfgLaf6


nflu ljs0f{ gfnfsf] lgdf{0f ug{] .


34

!*= ;'Vvf 9'Ëfsf] 6]jf kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f – ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf lr/fx? / klx/f]x? x'gaf6 /f]Sg To;sf] 5]pdf cfwf/e"t ;'Vvf 9'Ë] kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f . To:tf kvf{nx?n] pkl:yt 6]jf kvf{nnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .

!(= af]6la?jf /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgsf] ;'/Iff – e"Iflos/0f /f]Sg / df6f]nfO{ l:y/ agfpg ;8sf] lsgf/fdf / le/fnf] 7fpFdf ToxLF glhs kfOg] 3fF; df6f] jf cGo af]6la?jfx? /fVg] .

e'QmfgL / eQfx? dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xn] s/f/df x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 k|f/lDes k]l:s kfpF5g\ h;df lgDg eQfx? /x]sf x'G5g\ M != ;d"x ;b:ox?, ljz]ifu/L cWoIo / sf]iffWoIfx?n] ;8sf] efudf jf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfddf hfgsf nflu nfUg ;Sg] oftfoftsf]

nfutsf nflu oftfoft eQf -s'n tnasf] %Ü_ . @= sfd ;DaGw rf]6k6sx?sf] nfutsf nflu ladf sf]if -s'n tnasf] %Ü_ . of] sf]if dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf] a}+s vftfdf /flvG5 /

sfd ;DaGw rf]6k6sx? nfu]sf] ;dodf dfqf o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . #= pks/0fx? / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ ug{sf / ljleGg ;fdfgx? lsGg nfUg] nfutsf nflu pks/0f eQf -s'n

tnasf] !Ü_ . k]l:s kl5 rf/ ls:tfx? cfpF5g\, h;df k|To]sn] tLg dlxg] e'QmfgL /x]sf] x'G5 -sfd u/]sf] !@ dlxgfsf] s'n_ . oL ls:tfx? x/]s tLg dlxg] cjlwsf] ;'?df lbOG5 / dfl;s lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 x/]s dlxgfsf] e'QmfgLsf nflu o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{of]hgf jf k|bz{gsf ;"rsx?sf] cf1fkfng gePsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf s6f}ltx?sf cfwf/df dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xsf nflu :jLs[t dfl;s e'QmfgLsf] 7Ls /fzL dfl;s lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf /x]sf] x'G5 . a}+ssf] vftfaf6 lgsflnPsf] dfl;s e'QmfgL s'g} klg cj:yfdf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] eGbf a9L x'Fb}g / dfl;s e'QmfgL eO;s]kl5 ljleGg ls:tfx?af6 afFsL /x]sf] s'g} klg sf]if cfpFbf] ls:tfx?df 36fOG5 .

ls:tf JofVof /sd –g]?= ! oftfoft, pks/0fx?, ladfsf] sf]ifsf nflu k]l:s /sd /fVg'xf];\ @ d]÷h'g÷h'nfO{ sf nflu dfl;s e'QmfgL /sd /fVg'xf];\ # cu:t÷;]K6]Da/÷cS6f]a/sf nflu dfl;s e'QmfgL /sd /fVg'xf];\ $ gj]Da/÷l8;]Da/÷hgj/Lsf nflu dfl;s e'QmfgL /sd /fVg'xf];\ % km]a?c/L÷dfr{÷Plk|nsf nflu dfl;s e'QmfgL /sd /fVg'xf];\ s'n s'n /sd /fVg'xf];\


35

kl/lzi6 $ sfo{of]hgf gd'gfsf] pbfx/0f


36

kl/lzi6 % dd{t–;Def/sf ultljlwx?sf] ;dfof]hgf

jiff{ eGbf cl3sf] ;do

• lgsf;sf gfnfx? ;kmf ug{] • k'n];f]x? ;kmf ug{] • k'nx? ;kmf ug{] • lr/fx? x6fpg] • lgsf;sf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ug{] • sRrL af6f]sf] 5]pdf gfnfsf] lgdf{0f ug{] • ;fgf] 9'Ë] kfgL hfg] af6f]sf] lgdf{0f • ;'Vvf 9'Ëfx?sf] yfDg] kvf{nx?sf] lgdf{0f • ;8s dfly ca4 s'/fx? x6fpg] • ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf t6x? x6fpg] • af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg]

jiff{sf] ;dodf

• afwf / klx/f]x?nfO{ x6fpg] • kfgL lgsf;sf gfnfx? ;kmf ug{] • ;tx k'n];f÷lgsf; (causeway) ;kmf ug{] • k'n];f]x? ;kmf ug{] • k'nx? ;kmf ug{] • kfgL lgsf;sf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ug{] • ;8ssf] lsgf/faf6 t6x? x6fpg] • sRrL af6f]sf] 5]pdf gfnfsf] lgdf{0f ug{] • ;fgf] 9'Ë] kfgL hfg] af6f]sf] lgdf{0f • ;'Vvf 9'Ëfx?sf] yfDg] kvf{nx?sf] lgdf{0f • ;8s dfly ca4 s'/fx? x6fpg] • af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg] • lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx?sf] dd{t ug{] – s]jn d'Vo ;d:ofu|:t If]qx?df dfq • vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t – s]jn d'Vo ;d:ofu|:t If]qx?df dfq • ;8s lsgf/fsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – s]jn d'Vo ;d:ofu|:t If]qx?df dfq • ?vx? sf6\g] / x6fpg] – s]jn d'Vo ;d:ofu|:t If]qx?df dfq

jiff{sf] ;do kZrft

• afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] • lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx?sf] dd{t ug{] • vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t • ;8s lsgf/fsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] • ?vx? sf6\g] / x6fpg]

;'Vvf ;dodf

• lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx?sf] dd{t ug{] • vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t • ;8s lsgf/fsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] • 6]jf kvf{nx?sf] dd{t • k'n];f]sf] Aofslkmnx?sf] dd{t -ljz]ifu/L t/fO{df_ • ;'Vvf 9'Ëfx?sf] yfDg] kvf{nx?sf] lgdf{0f


37

kl/lzi6 ^ k|bz{gsf ;"rsx?

/f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/ ultljlwx? != afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] – uf8Lx?sf] ;fdfGo axfj / kfgLsf] plrt lgsf;sf nflu ;8ssf] ;tx, lsgf/f, lgsf;







&= ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf ag]sf t6x? ;kmf ug{] – ;8saf6 kfgLsf] lgsf;nfO{ afwf k'¥ofpg] ;8ssf lsgf/fnfO{ ;kmf ug]{ . *= ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf] hldgaf6 ca4 ;fdu|Lx? x6fpg] – ;8ssf] dflysf] le/fnf]af6 ca4 df6f], 9'Ëfx? x6fpg] h;n]

ubf{ logLx? ;8sdf v:g] jf klx/f] x'g] jf ;8s jf uf8Lx?nfO{ Iflt x'g /f]Sg ;lsG5 . ;–;fgf dd{tx? (= kfgL lgsf; ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t – kfgL lgsf; k|0ffnLx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf plrt tl/sfn] sfd u5{g] eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{

ltgLx?df ;–;fgf dd{tx? ug{] To;sf ;fy} e"Iflos/0fn] k|efljt If]qx?df t]hwf/n] hfFr ug{] . !)= lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx? dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\


!!= vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8ssf] ;dfg ;tx agfpg / ;fdfGo uf8Lsf] k|jfxn] ;8ssf] cfwf/nfO{ Iflt gu/f];\ eGg e"Iflos/0fn] ubf{ ePsf vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?nfO{ 7f]; hldg, 9'Ëf / lu§Lx?sf] -pkof]uL x'g] 7fpFdf_] k|of]u u/]/ k'g{] / e"Iflos/0fsf sf/0fx?nfO{ x6fpg] . o;df kfgLnfO{ ;8ssf] ;txaf6 plrt tl/sfn] x6fpgsf nflu ;8ssf] ;txnfO{ gofF 9fFrf lbg] sfd klg k5{ .

!@= ;8s lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] – ;8sdf Iflos/0f ePsf] 5}g eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;8sf] lsgf/fdf ePsf lr/fx? jf ;tx 36]sf] 7fpFdf k'g{] / 7f]; agfpg] . k|fozM o;nfO{ yfd]/ /fVg] ;'Vvf 9'Ëfx?sf] kvf{nn] / af]6la?jfx? /f]k]/ ;xof]u u5{ .


!$= k'n];f]x?sf] Aofslkmn dd{t ug{] – ;txsf] glhs ePsf /lxcfPsf k'n];f]x?nfO{ uf8Lsf sf/0f v/fa x'g glbg yk df6f] /÷jf lu§Lx¿ /fVg] /

;/ ;8s ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] l;h{gf !%= lsgf/fdf gfnfsf] lgdf{0f – e"Iflos/0fsf nflu jf kfgL cfpg ;Sg] 7fpFx?df cfwf/e"t kfgL lgsf;sf] lgdf{0f h;n]

kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ?kdf ;8saf6 hfg ;S5 / ;8ssf] Iflt x'g lbb}g . !^= ;fgf 9'Ë] af6f]sf] lgdf{0f – kfgLnfO{ Pp6f 5]paf6 csf{] 5]pdf nUgsf nflu ;fgf gfnf agfpg], h;nfO{ uf8L jf kfgLaf6



kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f . To:tf kvf{nx?n] pkl:yt 6]jf kvf{nnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . !(= af]6la?jf /f]k]/ le/fnf] hldgsf] ;'/Iff – e"Iflos/0f /f]Sg / df6f]nfO{ l:y/ agfpg ;8sf] lsgf/fdf / le/fnf] 7fpFdf ToxLF

glhs kfOg] 3fF; df6f] jf cGo af]6la?jfx? /fVg] .


38

kl/lzi6 & lg/LIf0f kmf/d

lg/LIf0f kmf/d ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lx?

lg/LIf0fsf] ;do -dlxgf_ lg/LIfsf] gfd lg/LIf0fsf] ldlt ;8ssf] gfd / nDafO ;8ssf] efusf] ;'?jft / cGTo ;d"x g]tfsf] gfd ;d"x g]tfsf] kmf]g gDa/

lg/LIf0fsf kl/0ffdx?

dd{t–;Def/ ultljlw Qmd

df

Sd e

Psf]

Pkof

]uL

gx'g]

7Ls ug{ kg{] ;d:ofx?

!= afwfx? / klx/f]x? x6fpg] @= kfgL lgsf;sf gfnfx? ;kmf ug{] #= lr/fx? ;kmf ug] $= k'n];f] ;kmf ug{] %= k'nx? ;kmf ug{] ^= ?vx? sf6\g] / x6fpg] &= ;8s lsgf/fsf t6x? x6fpg] *= le/fnf] hldgdf ca4 ;fdu|Lx? x6fpg] (= kfgL lgsf;sf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ug{] !)= lns / vfN8fv'N8Lx?sf] dd{t ug{] !!= vf]Nrf / sGb/fx?sf] dd{t !@= ;8s lsgf/fsf lr/fx?sf] dd{t ug{] !#= 6]jf kvf{nx?sf] dd{t ug{] !$= k'n];f]sf Aofslkmnx?sf] dd{t ug{] !%= lsgf/fdf gfnf agfpg] !^= 9'Ë] kfgL hfg] af6f] agfpg] !&= ljs0f{ 8fOe;{g gfnfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{] !*= ;'Vvf 9'Ë] 6]jf kvf{nsf] lgdf{0f !(= le/fnf] hldgdf af]6la?jfx? /f]Kg]

lgisif{

:t/Lo dfl;s e'QmfgL -g]?=_ s6f}tL -g]?_ z"Go g]?=

:jLs[t dfl;s e'QmfgL -g]?=_ x:tfIf/ lg/LIfs x:tfIf/ ;d"x g]tf

;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/

cjwf/0ffTds lgb{]lzsf ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ eGgfn] :yfgLo dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx?af6 u|fdL0f ;8ssf] b}lgs dd{t–;Def/ xf], h;df ;8ssf ljleGg tTjx? ;kmf ug{] / x6fpg], ;–;fgf dd{tx? ug{] / cfwf/e"t ;'/IffTds pkfox?sf] l;h{gf ug{] h:tf sfd x'G5g\ . dd{t–;Def/ ;d"x ;8ssf] glhsdf a:g] :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?af6 agfOPsf] x'G5 h;nfO{ lhlj;n] s/f/df /fv]sf] x'G5 / pgLx? ;8s dd{t–;Def/ ug{sf nflu ldn]/ sfd u5{g\ . lgoldt ?kdf x'g] lg/LIf0f cg';f/ pgLx?sf] k|bz{gsf cfwf/df pgLx?n] dfl;s kfl/>lds k|fKt u5{g\ h;sf ;fy pgLx?nfO{ pks/0f / ;'/IffTds ;fwgx?sf], oftfoftsf] / ladfsf] eQf klg lbOPsf] x'G5 . k|:t't lgb{]lzsfn] of] tl/sfsf] lj:t[t ;dLIff k|bfg u/]sf] 5 h;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g n] b'O{ lhNnfdf k/LIf0f u/]sf] lyof] M wg'iff -t/fO{_ / /fd]5fk -kxf8_ . oL k/LIf0fx?sf] ;dodf l;lsPsf kf7x?sf cg';f/, of] lgb{]lzsf ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf] kl/ro / nfu" ug{sf nflu :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu -8f]nL8f/_, lhlj;x? / u|fdL0f ;8s sfo{qmdx?n] k|of]u ug{sf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ;+hfnsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ / :yfgLo /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{] nIosf ;fy >ddf cfwfl/t /f]syfdd"ns dd{t–;Def/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] s'/f of] lgb{]lzsfsf] p2]Zo xf] . of] lgb{]lzsf u|fdL0f ;8ssf] Iflos/0f / dd{t–;Def/x? bzf{P/ ;'? x'G5 / kl5 o;n] ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwx?sf] kl/ro lbG5 . o;n] dd{t–;Def/ ;d"xx? s;/L aG5g\ eg]/ JofVof u5{ / cfjZos s/f/sf Joj:yfkgfsf] af/]df 5nkmn u5{ . clGtd cWofon] ;d"xdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] dd{t–;Def/sf] nfut/ sf]ifsf ;Dej ;|f]tx?sf af/]df bzf{pF5 . of] lgb{]lzsf ;a} s'/f ;d]6]sf] dd{t–;Def/ /0fgLltsf af/]df ;DalGwt 5}g . o;n] g]kfndf ufpFsf ;8sx?sf] lskmfotL dd{t–;Def/ ug{] Jofjxfl/s tl/sfx? k|:t't u5{ h'g u|fdL0f ;8sx?sf] -uDeL/_ Ifltsf] /f]syfdk|lt nlIft x'G5 / ToxLF ;dodf o;n] :yfgLo :t/df pknAw cfly{s / dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ klg Wofg lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;8sx?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f, dd{t–;Def/sf nflu sf]ifx?sf] lgwf{/0f / ;8s ;+/If0fsf] k"/s pkfox?nfO{ s]jn ;txL ?kdf dfq atfOPsf] 5 .

cjwf/0fftds lgb {]lzsf - international labour organization · team-based maintenance of rural roads...

Documents