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A REPORT BY ENVIROS CONSULTING LIMITED: NOVEMBER 2006

CLAPHAM PARK HOMES LTD CLAPHAM PARK REGENERATION SCHEME –

SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT REPORT

QUALITY CONTROL SHEET

Publication title Clapham Park Regeneration Scheme – Sustainability Assessment Report

CAN CL0800001

Volume number Volume 1 of 1

Version F I N A L Report

Date November 2006

File Reference LONDON\K\CANS\CL08\0001\SUSTAINABILITY

Prepared under the management of:

Mike Bullard – Project Manager

Directed, reviewed and approved by:

Jonathan Dosser – Project Director

Client Address: Clapham Park Homes Limited

c/o Metropolitan Housing Trust MHT House Crescent Lane LONDON SW4 9RS

Mark Stallard, Regeneration and Development Manager Tel 020 8623 8911

Email [email protected]

Enviros Contact Details: Enviros Consulting Ltd

20 – 23 Greville Street Farringdon LONDON EC1N 8SS

Dr Mike Bullard, Technical Director Tel 020 7421 6340

Fax 020 7430 2210 Email [email protected] Web www.enviros.com

CONTENTS PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Building Use 2 1.2 Building Design and Envelope 2 1.3 Energy 4 1.4 Waste 9

2. SUMMARY 10 APPENDICES

1. ECOHOMES RATING PRE–ASSESSMENT (PREPARED BY IAN SAYER AND CO)

2. COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL IMPACT OF VARIOUS ENERGY EFFICIENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS FOR CLAPHAM PARK REGENERATION

CLAPHAM PARK REGENERATION SCHEME – SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT REPORT

CLAPHAM PARK HOMES LTD

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1. INTRODUCTION

London Borough of Lambeth Council is strongly committed to the principles of sustainable development. The Policy for Sustainable Housing recognises the significant impact that construction has on the sustainability of the economy. All development proposals need to demonstrate how they intend to incorporate sustainable design and construction principles through a Sustainability Assessment. Clapham Park Homes Limited (CPH – the applicant) fully supports this policy and endeavours to apply best practice in sustainable construction and design where feasible and practical.

Enviros Consulting Ltd is commissioned by the applicant to provide sustainable development advice and to carry out a formal Environmental Impact Assessment of the Clapham Park Regeneration Scheme (CPRS) and to prepare an Environmental Statement to accompany the application for outline planning consent for the proposals. This document describes how the Masterplan accords with the principles of sustainable development and is submitted as a Sustainability Assessment pursuant to Policy 32b of the London Borough of Lambeth Revised Deposit Draft Unitary Development Plan (LBL UDP) (July/August 2004), which states:

In preparing this report, regard was also had to Policy 32a of the Lambeth UDP and Policies 4A.7, 4A.8, 4A.9 and 4A.11 of the London Plan.

Accordingly, this document covers the key areas of sustainable construction and design, including:



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� Building use

� Building Design and Envelope

� Energy Supply and Demand

� Materials

� Waste

The new and refurbished dwellings on the proposed CPRS would achieve EcoHomes ‘very good’ standards. EcoHomes is a widely accepted building standard which requires stringent environmental targets to be met. The decision to attain EcoHomes ‘very good’ underlines the commitment of the developer to eco–efficiency and sustainable design. The EcoHomes rating prediction is shown in Appendix 1.

1.1 Building Use

The Clapham Park development consists of three categories of buildings:

� residential accommodation – new–build;

� residential accommodation – refurbishment of existing stock; and

� non–residential accommodation – new–build community facilities such as schools, libraries, health, sport and leisure, etc. and commercial buildings such as shops.

From the outset, a key objective of the proposed CPRS was to use and integrate existing building stock, where possible and feasible. In total the development would comprise approximately 30% of refurbished existing buildings. This reduces the impact of the development in terms of resource use and waste arising through demolition. At the same time it ensures that the development is well integrated within the existing residential and community patterns and responds to the surrounding area and local context.

In addition, the planned community and commercial facilities on the site would increase the amenity value of the residential properties and contribute to the economic and social development of the wider area.

1.2 Building Design and Envelope

The starting point for sustainable building design and the determining factors of whether a building can achieve high eco–efficiency standards are its shape, layout and the building envelope. Especially in terms of energy efficiency and energy conservation an optimised building form, orientation and layout are crucial and provide the basis for efficient building control systems.

The envelope is the fabric that encloses the building: the wall, floor, window and roof elements that separate internal spaces from the outside environment. Its job is to protect against positive aspects such as cooling breezes and daylight. In all but the most extreme climates, appropriate envelope design can provide high levels of comfort throughout most of the year without the need for extensive Heating, Ventilating, and Air–Conditioning systems (HVAC).



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Envelope design revolves around five major issues:

� Building Shape and Orientation: Thoughtful and imaginative design of building form can provide natural light and ventilation to all occupants, significantly reducing electric lighting loads and air–conditioning requirements. For the same floor area, total annual energy consumption can vary by as much as 100% with different building shapes.

� Glazing Area, Type and Shading (Passive Solar Design): Windows are one of the most important elements of the building envelope. In terms of the building fabric, they represent the weakest link in the chain since they tend to have very poor insulation and resistive qualities. On the other hand, they are also the only element that allows in the most useful aspects of the local climate: view, daylight, solar radiation and natural ventilation. Intelligent window design which effectively uses daylight and solar gains in winter whilst properly shading the facade in summer can produce considerable energy savings.

� Mass and Insulation: Thermal mass is more important for residential than for commercial buildings, since there is usually minimal occupancy at night in the latter. In buildings where there is continuous occupancy, mass can be used to even out large diurnal temperature fluctuations.

� Air–Tightness: Uncontrolled air leakage in to and out of a building can be a source of significant heat loss and heat gain. They can also create draughts causing discomfort for occupants. Some amount of air infiltration through joints and fixings is inevitable and desirable in most buildings since it reduces stuffiness and dilutes any internal off–gassing by materials. However, infiltration needs to be controlled and well planned to maximise benefits whilst minimising heat transfer.

� Surface Colour: In combination with highly conductive materials, dark colours can substantially increase heat flows within a building. Darker colours absorb more energy than lighter colours; this energy is transmitted or absorbed and can lead to over heating in the summer.

The building designs consider the above features in the context of local climatic factors and specific site conditions. Where feasible we would use computer simulation software to determine optimum parameters. In summary the designs would incorporate the following:

� Optimisation of solar access, quality and quantity of natural daylight when designing the building shape, depth and shape of rooms and window positions.

� A glazing ratio and positioning of windows which optimise solar gain and maximises daylight.

� A solar overshadowing analysis with the aim to minimize the risk of overshadowing surrounding buildings and structures.

� Maximisation of natural ventilation to eliminate the need for air conditioning and to improve thermal comfort through adequately positioned openings.

� Application of tight U–value targets to minimise heat loss particularly in winter (see Section 1.3).

� Careful selection of solar protection and shading devices (e.g. blinds) to balance impact on daylight, solar entrapment and solar gain.



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The design challenge is to find the optimum balance between lighting, ventilation and passive solar design. Heat gain in the summer needs to be minimised and passive heating in the winter maximised without reducing the capacity for natural day lighting and ventilation. The overall objective is to reduce the carbon impact of the building whilst at the same time optimising the thermal comfort inside the building and minimising potential micro climatic effects (see below).

Microclimatic effects

The shape of the building can affect local wind patterns and increase low level pedestrian wind speeds. This is particularly true for large scale developments and high rise buildings. An initial analysis concluded that the Masterplan poses no major problems with regards to sunlight, daylight and wind. However, some areas were highlighted where future design refinement could enhance the environment with the CPRS. In terms of daylight and sunlight, the issues highlighted were largely the result of the high density of the development. This has the effect of reducing solar and daylight penetration to courtyards and between buildings. However, this effect is localised and on a very small scale. In terms of wind, many detrimental flow patterns can be mitigated with careful design of shelterbelts and by varying façade textures and providing shelters at the base of tall facades. Since Rights to Light are a strictly controlled planning issue it is important that steps are taken to ensure that rights are not infringed. The initial desktop study and site survey enabled height recommendations to be made. Further detailed surveys and calculation would be necessary in the future to confirm compliance.

1.3 Energy

Energy is one of the key focus areas of the CPRS Masterplan. The site energy strategy comprises both energy supply and energy demand measures. The energy supply strategy seeks to maximise the application of renewable energy technologies whilst the energy demand strategy aims to improve the overall energy efficiency of the building. A main part of the latter are the passive design measures outlined in the previous section.

1.3.1 Energy Demand

The energy demand strategy aims to increase the energy efficiency of the buildings. A key feature of the strategy is the application of passive solar design principles outlined in section 1.2 that seek to improve natural daylighting, minimise heat gains and losses (in summer and winter) and reduce the need for mechanical ventilation or air–conditioning. The applicant is committed to the following:

� Insulation standards that would meet, and where practicable exceed, the revised England and Wales Building Regulations Part L (2006 revision).

� External communal areas would be equipped with dedicated fluorescent fittings and would be controlled by a time clock or daylight sensor.

� Internal communal areas and garages would be equipped with dedicated fluorescent fittings with controls, such as push buttons, timers or sensors.

� Security lighting would be designed for energy efficiency and adequately controlled; i.e. burglar lights would be a maximum of 150W with movement and daylight sensors.



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� Providing all tenants with information regarding the EU Eco Labelling Scheme1 for white goods. This would promote the installation and use of ‘A’ rated household appliances, including fridges, freezers, fridge freezers, washing machines and dishwashers (a minimum of ‘B’ rating for washer dryers and tumble dryers should be aimed for).

In addition, the applicant would consider the following where practicalities and cost implications allow:

� Installation of low energy cooling systems, such as efficient chillers or evaporative cooling, in buildings where mechanical cooling is required (e.g. commercial spaces).

� Installation of user–friendly building control systems to allow for a greater degree of control for tenants and other building users.

In combination, the energy supply and demand strategy would achieve significant carbon savings. The energy strategy has been developed to minimise energy demand and maximise the on site renewables potential. An important energy use factor is the behaviour of building occupants and users. Energy efficiency advice schemes would be promoted to existing and prospective tenants. This includes the services of local Energy Efficiency Advice Centres and other Council activities in this area.

With these factors taken into consideration the energy demand for the CPRS (Table 1 below) has been calculated:

Table 1 Annual energy demand of the proposed CPRS

Phase Heat

Consumption kWh

Electricity Consumption

kWh

Total Consumption

kWh

Carbon Burden* tCO2/yr

1 5692852 3788102 9480953 2858 2 6328302 4197010 10525312 3171 3 4643166 2989053 7632218 2288 4 1321916 859837 2181752 655

Total 17986235 11834001 29820236 8972

* based on individual gas boilers and grid electricity

This compares to current estimated energy related carbon footprint of the site of 14,778 t CO2/yr.

1.3.2 Energy Supply

A comprehensive energy study was carried out in order to identify suitable energy efficient and renewable energy technologies 2 . Renewable energy technologies were reviewed in accordance with the GLAs stated targets for major developments,

1 http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/index_en.htm 2 Enviros, 2005. Sustainable Energy review of Clapham Park Regeneration, for

Metropolitan Housing Trust.



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assessed in accordance with published guidance3. The CPRS would be expected to meet the Mayor’s requirement that “at least 10% of the development’s energy needs will be met by renewable energy”. To this end, a provision of £2,000 per residential unit has been made in the budget for sustainability measures, including renewable energy. Indeed, the site already has some photovoltaic capacity installed, at Langholm Close.

Based on the above estimation of the expected energy demand of the site a number of technically feasible options were developed and assessed according to environmental improvement potential and financial viability. Specifically, solar thermal and PV systems were found to be suitable for building integration or retrospective fitting, yet very expensive relative to environmental gain. Ground–source heat pumps and geothermal were similarly expensive relative to environmental gain and presented various spatial difficulties in deployment. Wind energy systems were not considered appropriate in the setting, and were unable to meet directly the demands of the CPRS. In terms of improving the efficiency of overall energy provision to the site, gas–fired micro–CHP was found to be cost–effective but currently unproven. Further, current market prototypes are not sized appropriately for the CPRS, although potentially suitable for installation into later phases. A comparison of the technologies is presented in Appendix 2. The study concluded that biomass–fired (i.e. wood) boiler systems for new–build, and other renewable technologies (e.g. solar thermal and photovoltaics) on a smaller scale in individual buildings on a case by case basis for both new–build and refurbished properties, represents the most economical and viable solution to meeting the Mayor’s 10% renewable energy target.

The study concluded the following preferred energy supply strategy for the development, on the basis of a combination of factors including; ratio of cost to carbon avoidance, consistency of phasing with development, ability to extend or modify as the CPRS is progressed, ability to extend past the 10% target:

� Fuel supplies (to achieve 10% target) would match seasonal heating demands and are estimated at around 1,200 tonnes of biomass per year, requiring only approximately 56 deliveries per year. The biomass would be prepared to high quality standards and procured from local arboricultural contractors and would be stored in a dedicated underground storage system.

� The biomass boilers would meet stringent European emissions criteria.

� The energy system would most likely be managed through an Energy Services Company which would result in energy cost savings for local residents.

The implementation of renewable energy technologies in the CPRS would ensure that it is a flagship development which future developments can use as a renewables template.

1.3.3 Embodied Energy

Embodied energy is an important factor to consider when choosing and specifying building materials and fittings. It represents the amount of energy required to manufacture a particular piece of building material, including the following:

� To dig up or cut down raw materials.

3 London Renewables (2004). Integrating renewable energy into new developments:

Toolkit for planners, developers and consultants.



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� To transport them to a refinery that melts and purifies them.

� To transport the result to a factory to be processed into the building material.

� To package and transport the final product to the building site.

Embodied energy ratings vary significantly between different building materials. Whilst embodied energy does not contribute to energy demands on site it has a significant impact on the overall carbon footprint of the building. Embodied energy would be a key factor in the material selection process (see section 1.4).

The selection of materials has a significant impact on the overall ecological footprint of a building or development. In general terms materials should have the following characteristics:

� Natural, renewable and recyclable

� Non toxic or with low toxicity

� Low embodied energy

� Durable

� Low maintenance

The Building Research Establishment (BRE) has developed a guide that enables developers to specify the most environmentally sound components for their given situation. This includes the embodied energy content of the materials, toxicity and the expected life of the components. The components are ranked on a scale from ‘A’ to ‘C’; with ‘A’ being the most environmentally sound option.

The applicant is committed to using ‘A’ rated elements for a minimum of 80% by area of the following elements as specified in the Green Guide for Housing4:

� Roof

� External walls

� Internal walls and partitions

� Floors

� Windows

� External surfacing

� Boundary protection

The material rating includes an assessment of the material’s life cycle impact in terms of key environmental factors, such as embodied energy, toxicity, emissions to air and water, impact on biodiversity and recycled content or recyclability.

Recycled materials do not necessarily represent the best environmental option, especially where high–value and polluting energy resources are consumed to

4 The Green Guide for Housing Specification. Anderson and Howard. BRE, 2000.



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recycle low–value material. When assessing the relative benefits of recycled materials the following criteria are applied:

� Percentage of recycled material content

� Percentage capable of being recycled

� Percentage currently being recycled in the UK

� Percentage savings in embodied energy compared to virgin

The merits of recycling have to be judged on a case–by–case basis taking into account individual material and transport distance.

Insulation Material

Where practicable, materials used in roofs, walls (internal and external), floors, hot water cylinders and pipe insulation would have an ozone depleting potential (ODP) of zero and a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 5. Evidence would be sought from suppliers to ensure that these requirements are adhered to.

Typical materials that do not inherently have a zero ODP and a GWP of less than 5 include polyurethane foams, polyisocyanurates and others. By contrast, the following materials do inherently have a zero ODP and would thus be given preference:

� mineral fibre;

� cellulose insulation;

� glass fibre;

� wood fibre board;

� cork;

� wool;

� cellular glass;

� flax;

� expanded (bead) polystyrene;

� recycled newspaper and jute; and

� nitrile rubber.

Timber

As a minimum, 60% of all timber used in basic building and finishing elements would be sourced from well–managed and sustainable sources which are independently certified under schemes such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), the Finnish National Certification Scheme or UK Woodland Assurance Scheme. Where independently certified timber is not available, timber would be



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sourced from suppliers who have adopted a formal Environmental Purchasing Policy. Any non certified timber would be of temperate origin.

Relevant documentation would be requested from all timber suppliers, including a fully auditable trail of certification.

1.4 Waste

Waste reduction, reuse and recycling are an important component of sustainable design during the construction phase as well as the operation of the buildings. During construction, effort would be made to minimise waste generation. Construction and demolition (C&D) wastes include materials generated from a building structure and those generated during the wrecking of old buildings (demolition debris). There are many opportunities for reducing the environmental impact of C&D waste through reuse, recycling and proper disposal (especially of hazardous materials).

On behalf of the applicant, Enviros would produce and implement a site waste management plan for the CPRS. This would identify the volume and type of C&D waste and outline how off–site disposal of wastes would be minimised and managed. Enviros would also endeavour to maximise the use of reclaimed and recycled materials in construction. Examples of reclaimed and recycled materials are provided in Table 2 below.

Table 2 Reclaimed/ Recycled Materials – Examples

Reclaimed Recycled

Re–used timber sections or floorboards Panel products with chipped recycled timber

Bricks cleaned up and re–used Crushed concrete or bricks for hardcore

Steel sections shot–blasted and re–fabricated

Steel with a proportion of recycled content

Re–used glass panels or windows Crushed glass recycled as sand or cement replacement

Source: National Green Specification5

In terms of waste impacts arising when the buildings are occupied, the specification for the scheme includes infrastructure that facilitates waste recycling and collection. This includes internal (underground) facilities in the new–build blocks and external (above ground) storage facilities for separating recyclable waste materials.

5 The NGS is an independent organisation. It is partnered with the Building Research Establishment

(BRE) to produce an Internet–based resource for all building designers, constructors and manufacturers involved with ‘Sustainable Construction’. It provides: • Downloadable NBS compatible specification preliminaries, work sections and clauses; • Searchable information about sustainable building products; and • An encyclopaedia of ‘green’ design related features.



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2. SUMMARY

Table 3 below provides an overview of the measures that would be adopted for the CPRS as described in this report.

Table 3 Sustainable Design Measures – Summary

Measure Description Objective

Firm Commitment by Applicant

Insulation Adopt tight U–values (at least in accordance with new (2005) Building Regulations)

Reduce the final energy demand of the building

Biomass Heating Systems or similar solution to achieve renewables objective

Block–based biomass system serving at least part of the new build development

Reduce carbon emissions by meeting 10% of the completed sites energy demand from renewable sources, with options to extend and use other renewables where suitable

Option

Passive Solar Design

Optimisation of glazing, shading, ventilation, orientation and lay–out


Wind flow modelling

Analysis to understand local wind patterns around proposed buildings

Reduce negative micro climatic effects

Energy efficient and controlled lighting

Low energy security and communal lighting with motion or time sensors

Reduce the final energy demand of the development

Low energy cooling systems

Efficient chillers or evaporative cooling technologies where mechanical cooling is required


Information on EU Eco Labelling Scheme

Promote the installation and use of A rated household appliances


(Eco) material specification

80% of all materials and elements to be A rated based on the Green Guide for Housing (BRE)

Reduce the environmental footprint of the development

Eco–friendly insulation material

Use only materials with a zero ozone depleting potential and a global warming potential of less than 5

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribution to ozone depletion

Sustainable timber A minimum of 60% of all timber from certified sustainable resources and non certified timber to be from temperate origin

Reduce the impact of the development on deforestation and biodiversity

Site waste management plan

Identify construction waste volumes and disposal methods

Minimise C&D waste during construction

Use of Reclaimed materials

Preference given to recycled and reclaimed materials where possible

Reduce waste impact of the development

Recycling Facilities

Scheme to include best practice indoor and outdoor recycling facilities

Reduce waste impact of the development during use



APPENDICES



1. ECOHOMES RATING PRE–ASSESSMENT (Prepared by Ian Sayer and Co)

Table 4 EcoHomes Prediction

Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target

Energy 1: Carbon Dioxide

To minimise emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere arising from the operation of a home and its services.

20 maximum Points are awarded on the basis of average CO2 emissions in accordance with the following criteria: 2 � 60 kg/m2/yr 4 � 50 kg/m2/yr 6 � 45 kg/m2/yr 8 � 35 kg/m2/yr 10 � 30 kg/m2/yr 12 � 27 kg/m2/yr 14 � 25 kg/m2/yr 16 � 20 kg/m2/yr 18 � 10 kg/m2/yr 20 � 0 kg/m2/yr

6 We are aiming to achieve a 45kg/m2/yr or less of CO2 emissions from the buildings as a result of the use of space heating, hot water, lighting and other appliances. An important element of this is the use of a biomass fuelled boilers (and other renewable technologies) to achieve renewables objectives). The use of low energy lighting and condensing gas boilers within the range of 30kgCO2/m2/yr should be made. Partial low energy lights should be fitted in the lounge/dining, kitchen/dining, bedrooms and hallways to all units, all fittings in these rooms to accept fluorescent strip lamps or dedicated compact fluorescent lamps with 2–pin or 4–pin caps only. The efficacy of the lamp to be 40 watts per circuit lumen or better. Installing high efficiency gas boilers should be considered. Specification and drawings to show low energy lighting and boiler location and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement, detail plans/elevations, electrical or similar.

Energy 2: Building Fabric

To improve the efficiency of dwellings over their whole life.

10 maximum For improving the Average U–value, in comparison to that defined in Part L1 of the Building Regulations, of dwellings across the whole site, on a sliding scale ranging between: 2 = � 3% 4 = � 6%

8 Insulation to provide a 9 to12% improvement over 2002 Part L1 of the Building Regulations. Consideration should be made to elemental 'U' values throughout in excess of current Building Regs, particularly with glazing, warm roof construction and 100mm cavity fill insulation. Specifications and drawings to show type of insulation, location and details.



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target 6 = � 9% 8 = � 12% 10 = � 15%

Energy 3: Drying Space

To minimise the amount of energy used to dry clothes.

2 maximum For providing an external or internal space and posts/footings/fixings for drying clothes passively in a secure environment for each and every dwelling.

2 2 points easily gained by providing: Fixings/posts/fittings to hold a minimum of 6m line for 3 or more bed units, or 4m line for 1 or 2 bed units. These spaces can be the garden, balcony, or in the bathroom providing it is adequately ventilated. Specifications and drawings to show type of drying appliance, location and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement or similar.

Energy 4: EcoLabelled Goods

To encourage the provision or purchase of energy efficient white goods, thus reducing the CO2 emissions from the dwelling.

4 maximum 2 where, if supplied, fridge's, freezers and fridge/freezers have an A rating under the EU Energy Efficiency Labelling scheme, for all dwellings. 2 where, if supplied, washing machines and dishwashers have an A rating under the EU Energy Efficiency Labelling scheme, and washer dryers and tumble dryers have an C rating, for all dwellings; OR if no white goods are provided, but information on purchasing energy efficient white goods is provided.

2 Ensure they all have an A rating under the EU Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme. Where white goods are not to be provided, confirmation of this should be stated in the specifications. Also confirm that information regarding EcoLabels and the purchasing of energy efficient appliances would be given to the occupier. The information provided should explain what energy labels are and how they work.

Energy 5: External Lighting

To encourage the provision of energy efficient external lighting.

4 maximum 2 where all external lighting for all

4 All external lighting, for all dwellings, to accommodate only compact fluorescent lamps, luminaires or strip lights.



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target dwellings is specifically designed to accommodate only compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) luminaires or strip lights including: • outbuildings, covered space, front door (i.e. garages, carports etc), and feature lighting (i.e. garden, patio lighting, etc.) 2 where all security and safety light fittings for all dwellings are designed for energy efficiency and are adequately controlled such that: • all burglar security lights have: – a maximum wattage of 150W, and are fitted with movement detecting shut–off devices (PIR) and daylight cut–off devices • all other security/safety1 lighting is: – specially designed to only accommodate CFL, luminaires or strip lights and be fitted with dawn–to–dusk sensors OR timers. 1. For blocks of flats, the lighting in the hallway and/or any external security lighting would fit into this category.

All burglar security lights to have a maximum wattage of 150W and include movement and daylight detecting shut–off devices. All other security/safety lighting to accommodate only compact fluorescent lamps, luminaires or strip lights with dawn–to–dusk sensors or timers. Specifications and drawings to show type of lighting, location and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement, electrical or similar.

Transport 1: Public Transport

To encourage developers to provide a choice of transport modes for residents, with the aim of reducing the level of car use.

4 maximum 2 if 80% of the development is within 1000m (with a safe walking route) of a transport node, which provides a service that: • runs an hourly service between 07.30 and 20.00, Monday to Saturday • goes to a local centre, or a town or city centre, or to a major transport node. OR 4 if 80% of the development is within 500m of a transport node, and fulfils all the

4 4 available points are easily met. 100% of development is within walking distance of local transport nodes and meets all criteria.



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target criteria above.

Transport 2: Cycle Storage

To encourage the wider use of bicycles as transport, and thus reduce the need for short car journeys, by providing adequate and secure cycle storage facilities.

4 maximum 2 if 50% of dwellings have provision for the adequate storage of cycles OR 4 if 95% of dwellings have provision for the adequate storage of cycles. Adequate provision is determined by the number of bedrooms within a dwelling: • 1 and 2 bedroom flat/house – storage for 1 cycle • 3 bedroom flats/houses – storage for 2 cycles • 4 bedrooms and above – storage for 4 cycles. All storage should meet the following criteria: • the storage needs to be secure and weather–proof • access to the cycle storage should not be through the dwelling • the minimum storage area to be provided where a propriety storage system is not being used, or the cycles are not on hanging mountings, is: – 1 cycle: 2 x 0.75m – 2 cycles: 2 x 1.5m – 4 cycles: 2 x 2.5m

2 Assuming there is adequate provision for more than 50% of the units. In order for 95% of the dwellings to have cycle storage. Specifications and drawings to show cycle storage location, and details. Relevant drawings would be the site plan, general arrangement, and dwelling plans or similar.

Transport 3: Local Amenities

To encourage developers to plan new housing developments that are close to, or include, local shops and amenities. This would help to reduce the

6 maximum Where 80% of the development is within walking distance of local amenities. Points are awarded on the following criteria:

6 100% of the development is within walking distance of local amenities. Food shops and post box both within 500m on Rye Lane



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target reliance of local residents on their cars.

2 where proximity to a food shop and a post box is within 500m. 2 where proximity to 5 of the following within 1000m: post office, bank, chemist, school, medical centre, leisure centre, community centre, public house, children’s play area. 2 where there is safe pedestrian routes to the local amenities.

Post Office, bank, chemists, school and public house are within 1000m. There are safe walking routes to all. Documentation to be provided would be map of area showing location of site, the amenities and the safe pedestrian routes that would be used (including safe crossings of any main roads).

Transport 4: Home Office

To reduce the need to commute to work by providing residents with the necessary space and services to be able to work from home.

2 maximum If a space is provided in all dwellings which allows the occupants to set up a home office in a quiet room. This does not need to be a dedicated space. The space needs to be provided with a minimum of: two double sockets; sockets should be positioned to avoid the use of extension leads two telephone points (or double telephone point) or equivalent (e.g. access to broadband, cable network, etc). (Note: It is not necessary to have two separate telephone lines to the dwelling.) adequate ventilation, either through an openable window or with alternative ventilation such as passive stack, etc. minimum size (1.8m wall) to allow a desk and filing cabinet or bookshelf to be installed, with space to move around and open the door (the 1.8m wall size requirement can, in some circumstances, be altered if drawings can prove that a desk can be fitted in any other type of

2 These points are easily gained. In a one bedroom unit, space fulfilling the criteria stated can be allocated in the bedroom or living room providing one wall is longer than 2.5m. Office space provided in 2 bed (minimum) units cannot be in the kitchen, living room, master bedroom or bathroom. Specifications and drawings to show home office location and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement, electrical or similar, where the location and office layout is shown and type of fittings is stated.



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target arrangement, i.e. alcove or similar, fulfilling all the above criteria).

Pollution 1: HCFC Emissions

To reduce the amount of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere.

8 maximum 4 for the use of insulation with zero ozone depletion potential (zero ODP) in all of the following: • roof (including loft access) • wall – internal and external (including doors and lintels) • floor (including foundations). 4 for the use of insulation with a zero ODP on the hot water cylinder, pipe insulation and other thermal store.

8 All insulation to be zero ozone depletion potential (zero ODP), including hot water cylinder, pipe insulation and other thermal storage. Specifications and drawings to show insulation used, location and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement, plumbing, construction details or similar.

Pollution 2: NOx Emissions

To reduce the nitrous oxides (NOX) emitted into the atmosphere.

12 maximum Points are awarded where specified boilers meet the following criteria, in regard to BS EN 297: 1994 4 points �150mg/kWh (Boiler Class 3) OR 8 points �100mg/kWh (Boiler Class 4) OR 12 points �70mg/kWh (Boiler Class 5)

12 As a minimum all boilers should be specified with nitrous oxides emissions of less than or equal to 100mg/kWh. The specification of a combi–boiler or condenser system would be preferable, provided any insulated pipes to be of none ozone–depleting substances in there manufacture. Specified boiler should meet criteria for Boiler Class 5 in BS EN 297: 1994 Documentation of make, model and dry NOx levels and/or class of boiler used should be provided, with confirmation of NOx levels and/or class from manufacturer, e.g. manufacturer’s literature. Printouts from manufacturers’ websites are acceptable if the web address is included. (Note: If NOx levels are not in the literature, details can generally be obtained from the technical sales department of the relevant manufacturer. Full details of the source must be given).



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target NOx levels may be stated in the general contract specification as an alternative to supplying the make and model of a specific boiler.

Pollution 3: Reduction of Surface Runoff

To reduce and delay water runoff from the hard surfaces of a housing development to public sewers and watercourses, thus reducing the risk of localised flooding, pollution and other environmental damage.

8 maximum 4 for hard surface runoff. Reduce peak surface runoff rates to either natural or municipal systems by at least 50%, by providing attenuation to surface runoff arising from hard surfaces around the residential unit, in such a way as to minimise the risks of pollution arising from vehicles and other sources. Access roads and pavements are excluded. 4 for roof runoff. Reduce peak roof runoff rates to either natural or municipal systems by at least 50% by providing attenuation to surface runoff arising from roofs, either by directing this to a local soak–away or holding facilities such as tanks, ponds, swales, etc, or by having green roofs.

4 4 points gained by either providing permeable paving to hard surfaces or by reducing peak roof runoff rates by 50%.

Materials 1: Timber: Basic Building Elements

To encourage the use of timber from sustainably managed sources, or reused timber.

6 maximum All dwellings in the development must meet one of the following criteria.

4 30% of basic building elements to be FSC certified or recycled (or 50% if PEFC certified) if remaining timber is from a temperate zone. OR 60% of basic building elements to be FSC certified or recycled (or 80% if PEFC certified) if remaining timber is from a non–temperate zone. Basic building elements include: timber frame (walls) floor joists roof timbers wall studding (interior and exterior)



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target window sub–frames door sub–frames (interior and exterior) upper/suspended ground floors loft boarding fascias (soffit boards, bargeboards, gutter boards, others) external cladding/weatherboarding staircase (excluding balustrades, etc) other major items. Specifications to show details and the volumes (m3) of ALL timber used and the area (m2) and thickness (or volume) of ALL timber panel products used should be provided.

Materials 2: Timber: Finishing Elements

To encourage the use of timber from sustainably managed sources, or reused timber.

3 maximum All dwellings in the development must meet one of the following criteria.

2 30% of finishing elements to be FSC certified or recycled (or 50% if PEFC certified) if remaining timber is from a temperate zone. OR 60% of finishing elements to be FSC certified or recycled (or 80% if PEFC certified) if remaining timber is from a non–temperate zone. Finishing elements include: stair: handrails, balustrades, banisters, other guarding/rails window: frames, boards, sills external door: frames, linings, door internal door: frames, linings, door architrave skirting board dado rails picture rails panelling any other trim kitchen furniture bedroom furniture bathroom furniture



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target any other significant use. Specifications to show details and the volumes (m3) of ALL timber used and the area (m2) and thickness (or volume) of ALL timber panel products used should be provided.

Materials 3: Recycling Facilities

To encourage developers to provide homeowners with the opportunity and facilities to recycle household waste.

6 maximum Points are awarded for the following criteria: 2 points for providing one of the following recycling facilities. • Three internal storage bins with: – minimum total capacity of 60 litres – no individual bin smaller than 15 litres – all bins in a dedicated position. OR • Three external bins with: – minimum total capacity of 180 litres* – no individual bin smaller than 40 litres – all bins in a dedicated position (within 2m of the external door). OR • A local authority collection scheme for recyclable material. 6 points for providing full recycling facilities of: • Three internal storage bins with: – minimum total capacity of 30 litres – no individual bin smaller than 7 litres – all bins in a dedicated position. AND EITHER • Three external bins with: – minimum total capacity of 180 litres* – no individual bin smaller than 40 litres

2 External recycling provided for all blocks. For each unit ensure to provide three external bins with a minimum total capacity of 180 litres in a dedicated position within 10m of the external door. In either case hard standing to be provided for external bins. Provide three internal storage bins with a minimum total capacity of 30 litres in a dedicated position, ideally in the cupboard under the sink or other cupboard in the kitchen. No individual bin to be smaller than 7 litres. London Borough of Lambeth does have a green waste collection (for glass, paper and tins), but would only provide doorstop collection from houses with entrances onto road. All bins to be labelled for recycling. Specifications and drawings to show the recycling bin locations, and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement, dwelling and site plans or similar.



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target – all bins in a dedicated position (within 10m of the external door). OR • A local authority collection scheme for recyclable material.

Materials 4: Environmental Impact of Materials

To encourage the use of materials that have less impact on the environment, taking account of the full life–cycle.

16 maximum For obtaining an 'A' rating from the Green Guide for Housing Specification, for 80% by area of the element, for all dwellings, for each of the following elements. 3 Roof 3 External walls 3 Internal walls 3 Floors – upper and ground floor 2 Windows 1 Hard landscaping 1 Fencing

11 Specify materials to obtain 'A' rating from the Green Guide for Housing Specification (tables attached), for 80% by area of roof, external walls, internal walls, floors, windows, hard landscaping and fencing, for all dwellings. Specifications and drawings to show the materials, location and details for each element. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement, plans, details or similar.

Water 1: Internal Water Use

To reduce consumption of water in the home.

15 maximum Points are awarded as follows, if all dwellings meet criteria: 3 < 50 consumption m3/bedspace/year 6 � 45 consumption m3/bedspace/year 9 � 40 consumption m3/bedspace/year 12 � 35 consumption m3/bedspace/year 15 � 30 consumption m3/bedspace/year

9 Internal water use to be less than 40m3/bedspace/year. Kitchens are to be provided with space for a dishwasher and bathrooms with standard baths. Provide taps with flow regulators. Provide 6/4 litre dual flush WCs Provide 9 to 12 litre/min flow regulator to shower. Specifications and drawings to show the location of water consuming items and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement, plumbing or similar.

Water 2: External Water Use




To encourage the recycling of rainwater, and reduce the amount of water taken from the mains, for use in landscape/garden watering

3 maximum If a system for collecting rain water for the use of watering gardens and landscaped areas is provided for all dwellings, e.g. water butts, central rainwater collection systems, etc. Volume required for balconies (if planted): 100 litres Volume required for private gardens (3 bed plus houses): 200 litres Volume required for communal areas: 1 litre per m2 land planted with species that need frequent watering

3 Maximum points can be achieved. Rain water collection to communal gardens is in place. By providing rain water collection to gardens and ensuring that the rain water collector meets the following criteria: without open access at top, a lid is allowed, provided with a tap or other suitable arrangement for drawing–off water, connected to the down water pips with automatic overflow into the conventional rainwater drainage system, detachable from the rainwater down pipe with a removable top or base for cleaning the interior.

Land Use and Ecology 1: Ecological Value of Site

To encourage. Wherever possible, development on land that already has a limited value to wildlife and discourages the development of ecologically valuable sites.

3 maximum For developing land of inherently low ecological value and demonstrating this by either: • meeting the defined criteria for low ecological value OR • providing an ecological report of the site prepared by a registered ecological consultant, which should state that the land being developed: – is of low or insignificant ecological value OR would remain undisturbed by the construction works in areas of ecological value.

0 Assumed no points to be gained by nature of development. Details of the full Ecological survey and the planned works by the developer based on the survey should be provided, along with plans of site and surrounding area before and after, including natural and built features.

Land Use and Ecology 2: Ecological Enhancement

To enhance the ecological value of the site.

3 maximum

3 3 points assigned.



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target Where ecological features have been designed–in for positive enhancement of the site ecology in accordance with advice from a Registered Ecological Consultant.

Details of the full Ecological survey and the planned works by the developer based on the survey should be provided. Plans must comply with ALL key recommendations and 30% of additional recommendations.

Land Use and Ecology 3: Protection of Ecological Features

To protect existing ecological features from substantial damage during the clearing of the site and the completion of construction works.

3 maximum Where the contract specification ensures that all trees with over 100mm trunk diameter, hedges, ponds, streams, etc., are maintained and adequately protected from damage during clearing and construction.

0 No ecological features on site to protect. Specifications and drawings to show the protection measure to be undertaken, and details of ecological features and how they are to be protected.

Land Use and Ecology 4: Change of Ecological Value of Site

To reward steps taken to minimise reductions in ecological value and to encourage an improvement.

12 maximum 3 for a change of ecological value of between –9 and –3 natural species. 6 for a change of ecological value of between –3 and +3 natural species. 9 for a change of ecological value of between +3 and +9 natural species. 12 for a change of ecological value of greater than +9 natural species.

3 This calculation is eventually carried out by the Accredited Assessor, to plot areas supplied by the design team. 3 points is an initial estimate. Plans of the site AND surrounding area, both before the proposed CPRS, and the proposed layout should be provided. These should show natural and built features, and any proposed planting schemes. The plans should be marked up according to the landscape and plot categories provided. Lists of areas would also need to be calculated for the Developer Sheets.

Land Use and Ecology 5: Building Footprint

To promote the most efficient use of a building's footprint by ensuring land and material use is maximised for every dwelling on a development.

6 maximum 3 where 60% of dwellings in development have a floor area/footprint ratio greater than 2.5 OR 6 where this is 80% or more.

6 100% of dwellings in the development have a floor area ratio of effectively 2.5 Drawings to show all dwellings (and other buildings, e.g. garages) and details of floor area and footprint should be provided.



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target For apartment buildings consider whole building rather than individual dwellings.

Health and Wellbeing 1: Daylighting

To improve the quality of life in homes through good daylighting, and to reduce the need for energy to light a home.

12 maximum Points awarded as follows, if all dwellings meet criteria: 4 if kitchen meets the daylighting criteria set out in British Standard BS 8206: Part 2. 4 if the living rooms, dining rooms and studies to meet the daylighting criteria set out in British Standard BS 8206: Part 2. 4 if the kitchens, living rooms, dining rooms and studies to be designed to have a view of the sky according to criteria set out in British Standard BS 8206: Part 2.

4 Initial analysis of scheme suggests 4 points achieved: living rooms, dining rooms and studies meet daylighting criteria. Full credits are achievable provided (at least) 80% of kitchens have windows. Professionally produced calculations (the output from daylighting software is acceptable) for each house type and sufficient information to enable the assessor to perform a ‘reasonableness’ check on the daylight factors. The following information is needed in order to carry out the calculations and should be provided to the assessor: room dimensions, both plan and elevation window schedules, including the type of glazing (e.g. double, low–e, etc), and preferably the glazing transmission factor location, distance and height of all adjacent buildings or obstacles (if the additional credit is sought).

Health and Wellbeing 2: Sound Insulation

To ensure the provision of sound insulation and reduce the likelihood of noise complaints.

16 maximum 4 for a commitment to carry out a programme of pre–completion testing based on at least two sets of tests for every 10 houses or flats in a group or sub–group* AND a commitment to achieve the performance standards in Approved Document E (2003 Edition). 8 for a commitment to carry out a programme of pre–completion testing based on at least three sets of tests for

12 There should be a commitment to providing a high level of sound insulation to dense urban developments. Provide a programme of pre–completion testing based on at least three sets of tests for every 10 flats in a group and to achieve airborne sound insulation values that are at least 3db higher, and impact sound insulation values that are at least 3dB lower, than the performance standards in Approved Document E (2003 Edition). Specifications showing details should be provided. This would include the programme of pre–completion testing to be carried out on the development, including the number of groups and sub–groups. Evidence that the proposed building design has the potential to



Section/aim Points available Initial minimum performance specification target every 10 houses or flats in a group or sub–group* AND a commitment to achieve the performance standards in Approved Document E (2003 Edition). 12 for a commitment to carry out a programme of pre–completion testing based on at least three sets of tests for every 10 houses or flats in a group or sub–group* AND a commitment to achieve airborne sound insulation values that are at least 3dB higher, and impact sound insulation values that are at least 3dB lower, than the performance standards in Approved Document E (2003 Edition). 16 for a commitment to carry out a programme of pre–completion testing based on at least three sets of tests for every 10 houses or flats in a group or sub–group* AND a commitment to achieve airborne sound insulation values that are at least 5dB higher, and impact sound insulation values that are at least 5dB lower, than the performance standards in Approved Document E (2003 Edition). * For the definition of groups and sub–groups, see Section 1 in Approved Document E (2003 Edition) of the Building Regulations (attached).

achieve the performance standards associated with the EcoHomes credit. This evidence could be field test data from previous developments or expert advice from an acoustic consultant.

Health and Wellbeing 3: Private Space




To improve the occupiers' quality of life by providing a private outdoor space.

4 maximum For the provision of outside space that is at least partially private for each dwelling.

4 Scheme shows 80% of dwellings to have private balconies and or gardens: of a size to allow all occupants to sit outside, easy access by all occupants, only accessible by occupants of designated dwellings. Specifications and drawings to show the private space location and details. Relevant drawings would be the general arrangement plans or similar.

Raw score (total number of pre–assessment points): 123

Score (number of points achieved ÷ 192 x 100): 64%

EcoHomes rating achieved by this performance specification: Very Good



2. COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL IMPACT OF VARIOUS ENERGY EFFICIENT AND RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS FOR CLAPHAM PARK REGENERATION

Figure 1 Indicative financial impacts of meeting 10% of site energy demand from renewable energy or fossil fuel sources, compared to the base case

Key

1 = gas micro CHP (�), 2 = gas macro district heating (�), 3 = biomass macro district heating, 4 = 2 phase biomass district heating, 5 = micro biomass district heating, 6 = mini biomass district heating, 7 = gas CHP–DHN (�), 8 – 10 = 1, 2 multi phase biomass CHP–DHN, 11 = PV, 12 = GSHP, 13 = solar thermal. Those options marked (�) indicate options which would not be considered ‘renewable’.

The graph above compares the entire energy provision costs of the site over a 25 year time frame, against the base case of national grid–supplied electricity and mains gas supplied heating served by gas condensing boilers in individual units.

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