• David Borges, D.C.• “I love Tahoe’s

white snow covered mountains, deep blue water, bright blue skies and brilliant green trees.”

Eagle R ock .

Frog Rock 31.

Fanny B ridge 35.

34. Big Chief33. Liberty Bell

Shakespeare ’s Rock 30.

25. Line up East Peak

24. 77 and 11

23. Lincoln ’s Face22. Pyram id Peak

.

SouthLake Tahoe

To S

acra

men

toTo

San

Fra

ncis

co

To Truckee

To Reno

To Carson C ity

Tahoe City

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Lake TahoeNatural Wonders

1. Barker Peak

2. Rabbit Peak

3. Twin Peaks4. Napoleon’s Hat

Frog Rock 5.Baby Chick Rock 6.

7. Four Loaves of Bread8. G ladiator

Old King C ole 9. 10. Stone SealOlder Man Profile 11. 12. Man Looking Toward Sky

Ow l 13.Balancing Rock 14.

Gorilla P rofile 17.Indian Profile 18.

M ount Tallac 20.

Angora Cat 21.

27. Round Hill26. Castle Rock

28.Cave Rock - Lady of the Lake29. Cave Rock - G orilla Profile

32. Bear C law

15 Fannette Island16. Emerald Bay S lide

19. Maggie’s Peak(s)

David Borges, D.C.David Borges, D.C.• Family moved to South Lake Tahoe in May 1965 at age 12Family moved to South Lake Tahoe in May 1965 at age 12• Parents, Sam and Rosie Borges started Sleigh Ride business Parents, Sam and Rosie Borges started Sleigh Ride business

in 1967 telling Tahoe storiesin 1967 telling Tahoe stories• Tahoe Valley Elementary School; South Tahoe Intermediate Tahoe Valley Elementary School; South Tahoe Intermediate

(now Middle School) School; Graduated STHS 1972(now Middle School) School; Graduated STHS 1972• Under grad 5 years concluded at Pacific University, Forest Under grad 5 years concluded at Pacific University, Forest

Grove OR. 1977Grove OR. 1977• Western States Chiropractic College grad 1980Western States Chiropractic College grad 1980• Taught at Life Chiropractic College-West 1981 to 1984Taught at Life Chiropractic College-West 1981 to 1984• Started South Lake Tahoe Chiropractic practice 1985Started South Lake Tahoe Chiropractic practice 1985• Started giving Tahoe history lectures for Elementary Schools Started giving Tahoe history lectures for Elementary Schools

and service organizations in 1986. Involved with Lake Tahoe and service organizations in 1986. Involved with Lake Tahoe Historical SocietyHistorical Society

• Started teaching at Lake Tahoe Community College Fall 2006Started teaching at Lake Tahoe Community College Fall 2006

Tahoe is the Tahoe is the “jewel” “jewel”

between the between the silver and silver and

gold states. gold states. Perfectly set Perfectly set high in the high in the

Sierra Sierra Nevada Nevada (snow (snow

capped) capped) rangerange.

You know you’re You know you’re a Tahoe Local if:a Tahoe Local if:

You know Carson Pass is in Alpine County, Carson Lake is in Churchill county, Carson City is in Eagle Valley, and Minden and Gardnerville are in Carson Valley.

You know you’re You know you’re a Tahoe Local if:a Tahoe Local if:

You know Placerville is in El Dorado County and Nevada City is in Placer County and Nevada City was named in 1850 before the State of Nevada in 1864.

Tahoe History Tahoe History • class experience.class experience.• Each class starts on time, ends on time and we Each class starts on time, ends on time and we

have a great time.have a great time.• At 6:00 pm class starts, 5 minute break at 6:45, At 6:00 pm class starts, 5 minute break at 6:45,

ends 7:30 pm. ends 7:30 pm. • Lyn Landauer Lyn Landauer The Mountain SeaThe Mountain Sea Chapter Chapter

review. Dated reading assignments are in the review. Dated reading assignments are in the class syllabus.class syllabus.

• ““Tahoeology” the whimsical study of Tahoe’s Tahoeology” the whimsical study of Tahoe’s people, places and things.people, places and things.

Further Tahoe UnderstandingFurther Tahoe Understanding• It is from studying the past that we gain insight for the It is from studying the past that we gain insight for the

future.future.• This class is designed to enhance your personal Tahoe This class is designed to enhance your personal Tahoe

experience by becoming more aware of what is already experience by becoming more aware of what is already around us.around us.

• Lake Tahoe Historical SocietyLake Tahoe Historical Society PO Box 404 South Lake PO Box 404 South Lake Tahoe CA 96156 (530) 541-5458. $25 individual, $40 Tahoe CA 96156 (530) 541-5458. $25 individual, $40 Family, $65 Business, $300 Life membership.Family, $65 Business, $300 Life membership.

• You will get to see what the tourists see and understand You will get to see what the tourists see and understand historical perspective.historical perspective.

• If, at any time, you feel this class should get in more If, at any time, you feel this class should get in more depth in any Tahoe subject let me know so I can improve depth in any Tahoe subject let me know so I can improve the class now and for future students.the class now and for future students.

Class One – Class One – Mountains, Mountains,

Native Native AmericansAmericans

• 1: How the Lake Was 1: How the Lake Was FormedFormed

• Chapter 2: Native Chapter 2: Native Americans in the Tahoe Americans in the Tahoe areaarea

You know you’re You know you’re a Tahoe Local if:a Tahoe Local if:

If you have If you have switched from switched from heat to A/C and heat to A/C and back in the back in the same day. same day.

If you realize If you realize that you should that you should have had your have had your firewood firewood stacked by the stacked by the time the time the Kokanee Kokanee Salmon start to Salmon start to spawn in spawn in October. October.

Chapter 1: How Was Tahoe Chapter 1: How Was Tahoe Formed?Formed?

• Genesis 1:1 In the beginning, God created Genesis 1:1 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.the heavens and the earth.

• God did an especially great job in the Tahoe God did an especially great job in the Tahoe region.region.

• This hour we will discuss how Lake Tahoe This hour we will discuss how Lake Tahoe was not formed by the collapse of a volcanic was not formed by the collapse of a volcanic crater, the Basin was actually formed by the crater, the Basin was actually formed by the rise and fall of the shifting of the geologic rise and fall of the shifting of the geologic faults, volcanic action and glaciers.faults, volcanic action and glaciers.

Tahoe’s Geological Formation – Tahoe’s Geological Formation – Approximate NumbersApproximate Numbers Landauer

• 200 million years ago the Pacific Tectonic Plate pushed east 200 million years ago the Pacific Tectonic Plate pushed east against the North American plate diving beneath…Subductionagainst the North American plate diving beneath…Subduction

• 75 million years ago the final up-thrust. Fault lines exist 7 miles 75 million years ago the final up-thrust. Fault lines exist 7 miles deep beneath the base of the Carson Range.deep beneath the base of the Carson Range.

• 65 million years ago volcanic activity and the emergence of 65 million years ago volcanic activity and the emergence of mammals.mammals.

• Mt. Pluto (North Star Ski Resort) volcano lava flow created a Mt. Pluto (North Star Ski Resort) volcano lava flow created a lateral ridge at the northern end of the valley blocking water lateral ridge at the northern end of the valley blocking water from escaping.from escaping.

• 3 million years ago temperatures dropped in North America 3 million years ago temperatures dropped in North America creating glaciers.creating glaciers.

• 1 million years ago earth's atmosphere began to warm leaving 1 million years ago earth's atmosphere began to warm leaving terminal and lateral moraines. Fallen Leaf Lake, Cascade Lake, terminal and lateral moraines. Fallen Leaf Lake, Cascade Lake, Emerald Bay and may others.Emerald Bay and may others.

• Temp lowered again re-establishing smaller glaciers. Temp lowered again re-establishing smaller glaciers.

How How Does the Does the Earth’s Earth’s Crust Crust Move?Move?

Tectonic Plates

Geological Evidence

• The continuity of mountain chains also provide evidence for Pangea. One example of this are the similar rocks of North American Appalachian Mountains chain which extends from the northeastern United States to same rocks of the Caledonides of Ireland, Britain, Greenland, and Scandinavia. As well as the similar rocks (magma) of North America and the rocks of Mauritandes in Western Africa.

Appalachain - Caledonies

Mauritandes chains

Fossil Evidence of Tectonic Plates

Sierra Nevada

Farallon Plate

San Andreas

Fault

Farallon Plate

Farallon Plate

Convergent boundaries

Transform boundaries

Divergent boundaries approx 3 cm /year

Convergent boundaries

Pacific Plate

1906 Earthquake change of ground slippage in feet

Missouri River

Sierra Nevadagold mines

History is all explained by geography.

- Robert Penn Warren

Hard Road WestHard Road West Keith Meldahl Keith Meldahl

Keith MeldahlPhysical Sciences Department

Mira Costa College

250 Million Years Ago – Tectonic 250 Million Years Ago – Tectonic Plate MovementPlate Movement

North American PlateSea level

4,500 feet elevation

Sierra Nevada growth - 11,000 feet elevation

West East

Farallon Tectonic is Plate subducting the North American

Plate

Farallon Tectonic Plate

Coastal Range 500 to 2500 feet

Sacramento

Carson City

SF

Pacific Tectonic Plate moving north

2 million to 65 Million Years Ago Volcanic Activity

3 Million Years Ago Glaciers

How the Lake Tahoe Basin Was How the Lake Tahoe Basin Was FormedFormed

Sierra Nevada- Crystal Range

Sierra Nevada -Carson Range

Tahoe

Graben

Whose Fault Was it?Whose Fault Was it?• The Lake Tahoe Basin was formed by geologic The Lake Tahoe Basin was formed by geologic

block (normal) dip slip faulting. A geologic block block (normal) dip slip faulting. A geologic block dip-slip fault is a fracture in the earth's crust dip-slip fault is a fracture in the earth's crust causing blocks of land to move up or down. causing blocks of land to move up or down.

• Uplifted blocks created the Sierra Nevada – Uplifted blocks created the Sierra Nevada – Crystal Range on the west and the Sierra Crystal Range on the west and the Sierra Nevada - Carson Range on the east. Nevada - Carson Range on the east.

• The down-dropped block (graben) created the The down-dropped block (graben) created the Lake Tahoe Basin in between. Lake Tahoe Basin in between.

““Living with Faults” Living with Faults” Mark McLaughlinMark McLaughlin

• The Sierra is actually enormous blocks of granite The Sierra is actually enormous blocks of granite tilted toward the Pacific Ocean, which produce a 35-tilted toward the Pacific Ocean, which produce a 35-mile gradual slope on the west, and a steep, 10-mile mile gradual slope on the west, and a steep, 10-mile descent on the east. descent on the east.

• The westward tilt of the large fault blocks in the The westward tilt of the large fault blocks in the Sierra uplift generated towering walls of granite Sierra uplift generated towering walls of granite along its eastern edge which today represent the along its eastern edge which today represent the highest peaks in the Tahoe Basin, such as Freel highest peaks in the Tahoe Basin, such as Freel Peak (10,881’), Pyramid Peak (9,983’) in Desolation Peak (10,881’), Pyramid Peak (9,983’) in Desolation Wilderness), and Mt. Tallac (9,735’).Wilderness), and Mt. Tallac (9,735’).

.

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To Carson City

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Lake Tahoe

North Tahoe – Incline Village

fault

West Tahoe - Dollar Point

fault

Tahoe-Sierra frontal fault

Carson Range fault

Is There Any Evidence of a Is There Any Evidence of a Tsunami in Tahoe?Tsunami in Tahoe?

• Schweickert have found Schweickert have found evidence of underwater evidence of underwater landslides and tsunamis landslides and tsunamis in the Lake Tahoe in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Computer Basin. Computer modeling shows that modeling shows that magnitude 7 magnitude 7 earthquakes on earthquakes on submerged faults could submerged faults could generate tsunamis. generate tsunamis.

Tahoe TsunamiTahoe Tsunami

• 7,000 to 15,000 years ago a Tsunami-generated 7,000 to 15,000 years ago a Tsunami-generated boulder ridge in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada boulder ridge in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada was discovered," was discovered," GeologyGeology November 2006, a November 2006, a journal of the Geological Society of America.journal of the Geological Society of America.

• In Tahoe’s northwest shore, several cubic miles In Tahoe’s northwest shore, several cubic miles of boulders and soil plunged more than 1,500 of boulders and soil plunged more than 1,500 feet to the lake bottom. feet to the lake bottom.

Tahoe’s northwest shoreTahoe’s northwest shore

7,000 to 15,000 years ago, a massive underwater landslide on the West Tahoe - Dollar Point fault triggered a tsunami that hit Tahoe’s East shore.

Tahoe City- Dollar Point

McKinney Bay

.

To Reno

To Carson City

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Lake Tahoe

West Tahoe - Dollar Point

fault

Tsunami Wave

7 to 15 million

years ago

.

To R eno

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North Tahoe – Incline Village fault Mt Rose

Tsunami Wave

Barton Hospital is 8 feet above Tahoe’s high shore lineBarton Hospital is 8 feet above Tahoe’s high shore line

Next predicted Tsunami

What was the Estimated Richter Magnitude What was the Estimated Richter Magnitude for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake?for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake?

• Richter magnitudes increase logarithmically, meaning the energy increases 10 times for each Richter magnitudes increase logarithmically, meaning the energy increases 10 times for each magnitude number. In 1979 Moment Magnitude Scale is the current successor to the Richter magnitude number. In 1979 Moment Magnitude Scale is the current successor to the Richter Scale. Scale.

Richter Magnitude Intensity Description Richter Magnitude Intensity Description • 2 2 Usually not felt,Usually not felt, 3 F 3 Felt by many indoors, dishes and doors disturbed, elt by many indoors, dishes and doors disturbed, 4 4 Felt by nearly Felt by nearly

everyone.everyone. 5  5 Felt by all. Furniture moves. Slight damage occurs, Felt by all. Furniture moves. Slight damage occurs, 6 6 Moderate to major damage. Moderate to major damage. Minor damage to chimneys and walls collapse, Minor damage to chimneys and walls collapse, 7 7 All buildings suffer major damage. Ground All buildings suffer major damage. Ground cracks, pipes break, foundations shift. Structures destroyed. Ground is badly cracked. cracks, pipes break, foundations shift. Structures destroyed. Ground is badly cracked. Landslides occur. Landslides occur.

• 7.8 intensity, duration 2.6 minutes and in one day more than 7.8 intensity, duration 2.6 minutes and in one day more than half of the 400,000 population became homeless. “Outside of half of the 400,000 population became homeless. “Outside of war the 4 day SF fire was bigger in any metropolitan fire in war the 4 day SF fire was bigger in any metropolitan fire in history.” history.” Smith SF is Burning p Plumew 2006 pg 3. 

• 8 8 Almost all structures fall. Objects thrown into the air. All construction destroyed.Almost all structures fall. Objects thrown into the air. All construction destroyed.• 99 Devastating in areas several thousand miles across – Devastating in areas several thousand miles across – • The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake 9.2 Sumatra, Indonesia second largest The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake 9.2 Sumatra, Indonesia second largest

recorded in history Tsunami 100 feet recorded in history Tsunami 100 feet (30 meters) high. Duration lasting (30 meters) high. Duration lasting between 8.3 to 10 minutes. between 8.3 to 10 minutes.

• Highest magnitude was the Great Chile Earthquake 9.5 May 22, 1960 local Highest magnitude was the Great Chile Earthquake 9.5 May 22, 1960 local Tsunami 75 feet high.Tsunami 75 feet high.

• http://mistupid.com/geology/richter.htm

GrabenGraben• A A grabengraben is a is a depressed block of depressed block of land bordered by land bordered by parallel faults.parallel faults.

• Horsts are parallel Horsts are parallel blocks above blocks above grabens.grabens.

• "Graben" is the "Graben" is the German word for German word for "ditch“ or “grave”."ditch“ or “grave”.

Carson Range

Tahoe Basin

Sierra Nevada

SacramentoValley

Coastal Range

Pacific Ocean

Lahonton - Lahonton - Pleistocene epoch Pleistocene epoch

North American Plate

Sea level

Lahonton -4,500 feet elevation

West East

Farallon Tectonic Plate subducting the North American Plate

Farallon Tectonic PlatePacific Plate is moving north

Mark Twain Mark Twain on the Great on the Great BasinBasinHalf a dozen little Half a dozen little mountain brooks flow mountain brooks flow into Mono Lake, but into Mono Lake, but not a stream of any not a stream of any kind flows out of it. It kind flows out of it. It neither rises nor falls, neither rises nor falls, apparently, and what it apparently, and what it does with its surplus does with its surplus water is a dark and water is a dark and bloody mystery. bloody mystery.

300 miles long

GREAT BASIN

Origin of the Basin & Range ProvinceOrigin of the Basin & Range Provinceand the Great Basin and the Great Basin

• Ancient Lake Lahontan that existed during the ice age, covering much of northwestern Nevada, extending into northeastern California and southern Oregon. At its peak approximately 12,700 years ago, the lake had a surface area of over 8500 square miles.

World World Endorheic basinsEndorheic basins

• From the Greek: ἔνδον, éndon, "within" and ῥεῖν, rheîn, "to flow"; also terminal or closed basin) is a closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans. Frémont is credited with determining the Great Basin as endorheic http://www.astrotheme.com/portraits/kmKyV7E534wm.htm

Where Does Tahoe Water Stop?Where Does Tahoe Water Stop?

104 miles long

The Great Basin “the Big Graben” The Great Basin “the Big Graben” and the Weatherand the Weather

• The Great BasinThe Great Basin is a large, arid region of the western is a large, arid region of the western United States, commonly defined as the contiguous United States, commonly defined as the contiguous watershed region, roughly between the Rocky Mountains watershed region, roughly between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, that has no natural outlet to the and the Sierra Nevada, that has no natural outlet to the sea. sea.

• The The Great Basin DesertGreat Basin Desert is defined by the extent of is defined by the extent of characteristic plant species, and covers a somewhat characteristic plant species, and covers a somewhat different area. different area.

• The The Great Basin Culture AreaGreat Basin Culture Area, home to the Great , home to the Great Basin Indian tribes also extends further to the north and Basin Indian tribes also extends further to the north and east than the hydrographic basin. Paiute and Washoe.east than the hydrographic basin. Paiute and Washoe.

Rain (precipitation) Shadow?Rain (precipitation) Shadow?• A rain shadow (or more accurately, A rain shadow (or more accurately, precipitation precipitation

shadowshadow) is a dry region on the surface of the Earth ) is a dry region on the surface of the Earth that is that is leewardleeward or behind a mountain with respect to or behind a mountain with respect to the prevailing wind direction. the prevailing wind direction.

• **A rain shadow area is dry because, as moist air A rain shadow area is dry because, as moist air masses rise to top a mountain range or large masses rise to top a mountain range or large mountain, the air cools and water vapor condenses mountain, the air cools and water vapor condenses as rain or snow, falling on the as rain or snow, falling on the windward sidewindward side or or toptop of the mountain.of the mountain.

• This process is called This process is called orographic precipitationorographic precipitation. . (Related to, or caused by, physical geography ('o`ros, (Related to, or caused by, physical geography ('o`ros, a mountain + -graphy ).a mountain + -graphy ).

Rain (precipitation) Shadow?Rain (precipitation) Shadow?

• The Death Valley is behind both the Pacific Coast The Death Valley is behind both the Pacific Coast Ranges of California and the Sierra Nevada, and is Ranges of California and the Sierra Nevada, and is one of the driest places on the planet. one of the driest places on the planet.

• Hawaii also has rain shadows, with some areas of Hawaii also has rain shadows, with some areas of the islands being desert.the islands being desert.

• Chile’s Atacama Desert the most arid place in the Chile’s Atacama Desert the most arid place in the world with mountains 22,590 feet on the windward world with mountains 22,590 feet on the windward side. The average rainfall is 1 mm per year, and at side. The average rainfall is 1 mm per year, and at one time no rain fell for 400 years. Some weather one time no rain fell for 400 years. Some weather stations never received rain. stations never received rain.

Windward side vs Leeward sideWindward side vs Leeward side

Orographic precipitation

Wet side!!

Arid land

West East

Windward side

Prevailing wind direction

Leeward sideAverage Rainfall

Sacramento Placerville Reno

17.4 inches 38.3 inches 7.5 inches

The Great Basin regionOrographic

Rain Shadow

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_and_Range

WindwardWet

Leeward Dry

West East

Prevailing winds

2 Million to 65 Million Years Ago Volcanic Activity

The Tahoe Basin is SealedThe Tahoe Basin is Sealed

• About 2 million years ago, lava flowing About 2 million years ago, lava flowing from north shore's Mt. Pluto (the mountain from north shore's Mt. Pluto (the mountain is now known as the Northstar Ski Resort) is now known as the Northstar Ski Resort) formed a barrier across the basin's formed a barrier across the basin's northeastern outlet. northeastern outlet.

• Water from rivers and streams then filled Water from rivers and streams then filled the Lake Tahoe Basin over 600 feet higher the Lake Tahoe Basin over 600 feet higher than its present level.than its present level.

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Mt Pluto

Mt Pluto

Krakatoa Volcano 1883Krakatoa Volcano 1883• Light colored magma plugged the dark colored magma.Light colored magma plugged the dark colored magma.• The explosions were heard on Rodriguez Island, 2800 miles The explosions were heard on Rodriguez Island, 2800 miles

(4653 km) distant across the Indian Ocean.(4653 km) distant across the Indian Ocean.• Three months after the eruption ash products had spread to Three months after the eruption ash products had spread to

higher latitudes causing such vivid purple sunset. Unusual higher latitudes causing such vivid purple sunset. Unusual sunsets continued for 3 years. Lowered Earth’s temp 2 sunsets continued for 3 years. Lowered Earth’s temp 2 degrees for a few years. Theory: the ash in the air caused a degrees for a few years. Theory: the ash in the air caused a reflective field around the planet and the Sun’s rays were reflective field around the planet and the Sun’s rays were reflected away from earth.reflected away from earth.

• The blast had the power of 100 megatons (million tons) of TNT. The blast had the power of 100 megatons (million tons) of TNT. Hiroshima atomic bomb 20 kilotons (thousand tons) Hiroshima atomic bomb 20 kilotons (thousand tons)

• Ash fell on Singapore 500 miles (840 km) to the North Ash fell on Singapore 500 miles (840 km) to the North • The tsunami generated by the The tsunami generated by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, 1883 eruption of Krakatoa,

IndonesiaIndonesia. The wave reached heights of 40 meters (140 feet) . The wave reached heights of 40 meters (140 feet) above sea level.above sea level.

3 Million Years Ago Glaciers

Rivers of IceRivers of Ice• A Daily GrindA Daily Grind during the last Ice Age, during the last Ice Age,

huge glaciers grew in the surrounding huge glaciers grew in the surrounding mountains. The broad U-shaped valleys of mountains. The broad U-shaped valleys of Emerald Bay, Fallen Leaf Lake and Emerald Bay, Fallen Leaf Lake and Cascade Lake were carved by these rivers Cascade Lake were carved by these rivers of ice.of ice.

MoraineMoraine•  (mo rān´), a formation composed of (mo rān´), a formation composed of

unsorted and unbedded rock and soil unsorted and unbedded rock and soil debris called till, which was deposited by a debris called till, which was deposited by a glacier. The till that falls on the sides of a glacier. The till that falls on the sides of a valley glacier from the bounding cliffs valley glacier from the bounding cliffs makes up lateral moraines, running makes up lateral moraines, running parallel to the valley sides.parallel to the valley sides.

Geological RemnantsGeological Remnants• Hot springs - natural geothermal activity Hot springs - natural geothermal activity • North Shore Lake Tahoe - Brockway Springs North Shore Lake Tahoe - Brockway Springs • Grover's, Markleeville - Used by John C. Fremont Grover's, Markleeville - Used by John C. Fremont

in 1844.in 1844.• Carson City Hot Springs, by the Carson City Carson City Hot Springs, by the Carson City

Airport – 1849Airport – 1849• David Wally’s, Genoa 1862David Wally’s, Genoa 1862• Steamboat, South Reno on highway 395 Steamboat, South Reno on highway 395 • University of Nevada Reno is using their University of Nevada Reno is using their

geothermal resources to be energy self geothermal resources to be energy self sustaining.sustaining.

“Behold a steamboat in the desert” – Mark Twain 1861

Tahoe TreesTahoe Trees1.1. Sugar Pine ( Pinus Lambertiana) – most prized in the basin – Sugar Pine ( Pinus Lambertiana) – most prized in the basin –

was used for building because of its clear lumber.was used for building because of its clear lumber.2.2. Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) – Federally protected Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) – Federally protected

– was used for ground contact and shingles because of the – was used for ground contact and shingles because of the resistance to decay.resistance to decay.

3.3. Jeffery Pine (Pinus Jeffrey) - used for general purposes. If Jeffery Pine (Pinus Jeffrey) - used for general purposes. If alive preserve (Cousin to the lower elevation Ponderosa Pine. alive preserve (Cousin to the lower elevation Ponderosa Pine. Slight differences and both are called Yellow Pines.) Cones Slight differences and both are called Yellow Pines.) Cones differences - gentle Jeffery, prickly Ponderosa.differences - gentle Jeffery, prickly Ponderosa.

4.4. Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) – used for tee-pee poles Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) – used for tee-pee poles straight. (Sometimes mistakenly named Tamarack by locals. straight. (Sometimes mistakenly named Tamarack by locals. Tamarack is actually only found on the East Coast.)Tamarack is actually only found on the East Coast.)

5.5. White-Fir/ Red-Fir - used for firewoodWhite-Fir/ Red-Fir - used for firewood6.6. Douglas Fir - used for strengthDouglas Fir - used for strength7.7. Quaking AspenQuaking Aspen

Sessions S. Wheeler Tahoe Heritage the Bliss Family of Glenbrook, Nevada University of Nevada Press1992 page 28

Ranger Randy needle bundle count Ranger Randy needle bundle count and tree identificationand tree identification

• 1 – one needle makes an “I” = Fir 1 – one needle makes an “I” = Fir • 2 – two needles makes a “L” = Lodgepole2 – two needles makes a “L” = Lodgepole• 3 – three needles makes an “Y” = Yellow Pine 3 – three needles makes an “Y” = Yellow Pine

(Jeffery and Ponderosa)(Jeffery and Ponderosa)• 4 – no trees with bundle of four 4 – no trees with bundle of four • 5 – (-1) four needles makes a “W” = White pine 5 – (-1) four needles makes a “W” = White pine

(white bark) – Sugar Pine(white bark) – Sugar Pine

One Minute ReviewOne Minute Review

• What was the most useful or meaningful What was the most useful or meaningful thing you learned during this session?thing you learned during this session?

• What question(s) remain upper-most in What question(s) remain upper-most in your mind as we end this session?your mind as we end this session?

Week #1 hour 1 summaryWeek #1 hour 1 summary• Hour 1 How Tahoe was Hour 1 How Tahoe was

formedformed• Next hour #2.• Hour 2 Ancient peopleHour 2 Ancient people

Tahoe Basin = Water Shed Land Tahoe Basin = Water Shed Land Area and Lake Tahoe Surface AreaArea and Lake Tahoe Surface Area• Tahoe Basin = 500 Tahoe Basin = 500

square miles square miles (506)(506)

• Land portion = 300 Land portion = 300 square miles square miles (314)(314)

• Water portion = 200 Water portion = 200 square milessquare miles

(192)(192)

Does Tahoe Ever Freeze?Does Tahoe Ever Freeze?• No, because the lake water is always in No, because the lake water is always in

motion. Each winter the cold water on the motion. Each winter the cold water on the surface sinks while warm water rises from surface sinks while warm water rises from the deep. the deep.

• This mixing motion keeps the lake from This mixing motion keeps the lake from freezing over, though Emerald Bay will on freezing over, though Emerald Bay will on occasion freeze. occasion freeze.

Littoral DriftLittoral Drift

How Cold is Tahoe Water?How Cold is Tahoe Water?• The surface water in Lake Tahoe ranges The surface water in Lake Tahoe ranges

from 41 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit, from 41 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit, depending the season. depending the season.

• At 600 feet below the surface the At 600 feet below the surface the temperature stays a constant 39 degrees temperature stays a constant 39 degrees Fahrenheit. Fahrenheit.

The First PeopleThe First People

• The Washoe tribe of Nevada and The Washoe tribe of Nevada and California will tell you that it cannot be said California will tell you that it cannot be said when the first people came to the lake, as when the first people came to the lake, as the Washoe have always been at Tahoe.the Washoe have always been at Tahoe.

• http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/ltbmu/documents/faqs/index

**What were the Names of the Four What were the Names of the Four Indian Tribes that Lived or Traded Indian Tribes that Lived or Traded

in the Lake Tahoe Basin?in the Lake Tahoe Basin?

Paiute- Paiute- Nevada Nevada Pyramid LakePyramid Lake

Nisenan Maidu- Nisenan Maidu- California Sierra foothills – California Sierra foothills – Coloma Gold Rush Coloma Gold Rush

Miwok- Miwok- California Coast to Sierra California Coast to Sierra foothills – El Dorado Hills Casinofoothills – El Dorado Hills Casino

Lyndall Laundauer, Ph.D. “The Mountain Sea” 1996 Flying Cloud Press pg 9

Washoe Washoe – (may have – (may have descended from Martis) Eastern descended from Martis) Eastern

Sierra and Great BasinSierra and Great Basin

Roseville CA Roseville CA Maidu Maidu

Nisenan Nisenan Cultural Cultural CenterCenter

Piute

Paiute

Chief Truckee - Murphy Townsend Stevens Party.Son - Chief Winnemucca – leader of the 1860 Pyramid Lake War

Granddaughter Sarah Winnemucca - writer historian

California Nisenan

PaiutePaiute

• Chief Truckee helped Walker party in 1833, Chief Truckee helped Walker party in 1833, Military Fremont in 1844, private Stevens Military Fremont in 1844, private Stevens party later in 1844 and many others to party later in 1844 and many others to cross the Sierra. Helped in the Mexican cross the Sierra. Helped in the Mexican War 1846. War 1846.

• Chief Winnemucca – (Truckee’s son) Chief Winnemucca – (Truckee’s son) Paiute War of 1860. 76 of the 105 US Paiute War of 1860. 76 of the 105 US militiamen were killed. Numaga militiamen were killed. Numaga (Winnemucca’s Nephew) also fought.(Winnemucca’s Nephew) also fought.

• Sarah Winnemucca: (Winnemucca’s Sarah Winnemucca: (Winnemucca’s daughter) became an author.daughter) became an author.

ChiefChiefWinnemuccaWinnemucca

-1882-1882

Sarah Sarah WinnemuccaWinnemucca1842 -18911842 -1891

Chief TruckeeChief Truckee- 1859- 1859

Why was Fort Churchill built?Why was Fort Churchill built?It was built to protect emigrants and local settlers from the 1860 It was built to protect emigrants and local settlers from the 1860 Paiute attacks. Paiute attacks. Fort Churchill as occupied by US soldiers after the Paiute War Fort Churchill as occupied by US soldiers after the Paiute War from July 1860 through 1869 to patrol and keep the Emigrant from July 1860 through 1869 to patrol and keep the Emigrant trial open. trial open. The silver and gold mining increased white settlement, which The silver and gold mining increased white settlement, which resulted conflicts. Silver in Virginia City 1859, Pony Express resulted conflicts. Silver in Virginia City 1859, Pony Express 1860 to 1861, Telegraph 1861, Civil War 1861 to 1865, 1860 to 1861, Telegraph 1861, Civil War 1861 to 1865, Transcontinental Railroad 1869.Transcontinental Railroad 1869.

Fort Churchill

Tahoe Native Trade DevelopmentTahoe Native Trade Development• Many of the roads we use today to travel in the Many of the roads we use today to travel in the

mountains and foothills of the Sierra were first used mountains and foothills of the Sierra were first used by Washoe and Maidu people. by Washoe and Maidu people.

• They traveled to and from their winter and summer They traveled to and from their winter and summer camps, and they traveled between summer camps of camps, and they traveled between summer camps of neighboring tribes. neighboring tribes.

• Evidence – obsidian for arrow heads were found in Evidence – obsidian for arrow heads were found in the Western Sierras near Wright’s Lake where there the Western Sierras near Wright’s Lake where there is no obsidian. (6 miles north of Kyburz). Obsidian is no obsidian. (6 miles north of Kyburz). Obsidian rocks from each volcano produces a distinguishable rocks from each volcano produces a distinguishable type of obsidian, making it possible for type of obsidian, making it possible for archaeologists to trace the origins of a particular archaeologists to trace the origins of a particular artifact.artifact.

• Conclusion - the obsidian was brought to Western Conclusion - the obsidian was brought to Western Sierra Nisenan Miadu by the Eastern Sierra Washoe.Sierra Nisenan Miadu by the Eastern Sierra Washoe.

• This map shows the general overlap in territory between the Washoe (white) to the east and the Maidu (red) to the west.

Tahoe

Every summer for Every summer for hundreds of years, hundreds of years, Maidu (from the Maidu (from the western Sierra foot western Sierra foot hills) and Washoe hills) and Washoe peoples came to the peoples came to the higher elevation (from higher elevation (from the eastern Sierra the eastern Sierra foothills). foothills). Some items gathered Some items gathered locally were traded for locally were traded for items from other areas. items from other areas. They quickly became They quickly became very sophisticated in very sophisticated in bargaining. bargaining.

Example of a Example of a PetroglyphPetroglyph

• Bedrock mortars or Bedrock mortars or grinding rocks were grinding rocks were used to grind. used to grind.

• Summer camp sites Summer camp sites have fragments of have fragments of rock used to make rock used to make scrapers, scrapers, arrowheads, arrowheads, hammers and other hammers and other items. items.

• This is a photo of a This is a photo of a petroglyph found near petroglyph found near Donner Pass. Donner Pass.

The Court of AntiquityThe Court of Antiquity• This rock art site is on the This rock art site is on the

edge of Interstate 80, just edge of Interstate 80, just minutes from downtown Reno. minutes from downtown Reno. Some rock art is located on Some rock art is located on those vertical surfaces but those vertical surfaces but most are found on the most are found on the horizontal bedrock that looks horizontal bedrock that looks out over the Truckee River. out over the Truckee River.

The Lagomarsino The Lagomarsino Rock Art SiteRock Art Site

•   The Lagomarsino Rock Art Site The Lagomarsino Rock Art Site is roughly 12 miles north of is roughly 12 miles north of Virginia City. It consists of more Virginia City. It consists of more than 2,000 panels of rock art than 2,000 panels of rock art scattered over 1/4 mile on a scattered over 1/4 mile on a south facing rim rock and the south facing rim rock and the talus slope below. There is talus slope below. There is abundant ground stone among abundant ground stone among the rock art and a large the rock art and a large habitation feature across the habitation feature across the wash. The rock art is primarily wash. The rock art is primarily non-representational but there non-representational but there are a small number of animal are a small number of animal (including 2 big horn sheep) and (including 2 big horn sheep) and human motifs as wellhuman motifs as well

Pyramid Lake – Pyramid Lake – Tahoe water terminus North/East RenoTahoe water terminus North/East Reno

• The petroglyphs found on limestone boulders near The petroglyphs found on limestone boulders near Pyramid Lake in northern Nevada’s high desert are Pyramid Lake in northern Nevada’s high desert are similar in design to etchings found at a lake in similar in design to etchings found at a lake in Oregon that are believed to be at least 7,600 years Oregon that are believed to be at least 7,600 years old old

• Whether they turn out to be as old as 14,800 years Whether they turn out to be as old as 14,800 years ago or as recent as 10,500 years ago, they are still ago or as recent as 10,500 years ago, they are still the oldest petroglyphs that have been dated in North the oldest petroglyphs that have been dated in North America,” said Benson, a former research scientist America,” said Benson, a former research scientist for the U.S. Geological Survey and current curator of for the U.S. Geological Survey and current curator of anthropology at the University of Colorado Natural anthropology at the University of Colorado Natural History Museum in Boulder.History Museum in Boulder.

• http://www.laketahoenews.net/2013/08/n-americas-oldest-petroglyphs-found-in-nev/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+LakeTahoeNews+%28Lake+Tahoe+News%29&utm_content=Yahoo%21+Mail

Landauer’s VocabularyLandauer’s Vocabulary

• These roaming families were not the first These roaming families were not the first to come over the land bridge to the to come over the land bridge to the Western Hemisphere from Asia but were Western Hemisphere from Asia but were among the native groups that dispersed among the native groups that dispersed through thethrough the salubrioussalubrious (se (se lōōlōō brē es) brē es) land at the western edge of the continent. land at the western edge of the continent. page 7page 7

• Answer: “To promote health or favorable Answer: “To promote health or favorable to health.”to health.”

Ancient PeopleAncient People• Indian artifacts found in Squaw Valley and Indian artifacts found in Squaw Valley and

Donner area have been dated 8,000 years ago.Donner area have been dated 8,000 years ago. Landauer pg 7

• The earliest people have been identified as The earliest people have been identified as belonging to Hokan (Washoe) and Penutian belonging to Hokan (Washoe) and Penutian (Maidu and Miwok) language. Shoshone or Uto-(Maidu and Miwok) language. Shoshone or Uto-Azetecan (Paiute) languageAzetecan (Paiute) language. Landauer pg 8

Washoe Tribe

Nisenan MaiduNisenan Maidu

MiwokMiwok

- UTO

PaiutePaiute

Ancient PeopleAncient PeopleKnown Washoe sites are Known Washoe sites are in King’s Beach and in King’s Beach and Tallac PointTallac Point. Landauer pg 11

Big Metate, Washoe Big Metate, Washoe Indians food grinder.Indians food grinder.

Meeks Bay was known by the Washoe as Meeks Bay was known by the Washoe as magulu watah, one of a number of well-magulu watah, one of a number of well-established sites around Da-ow-a-ga.established sites around Da-ow-a-ga.Long time locals have stated small Indian Long time locals have stated small Indian summer camps were near the current Safeway summer camps were near the current Safeway parking lot and Park Avenue / Stateline beach parking lot and Park Avenue / Stateline beach existed beforeexisted before WWIIWWII. . http://www.tahoecountry.com/oldtimetahoe/maguluwatah

**Physical Evidence of Indians in the Physical Evidence of Indians in the South ShoreSouth Shore

• Squaw Rock• Indian Baskets - room B103• Tallac Site - Washoe Indian hut built by

Scouts some summers

Which Was More Lethal to the Which Was More Lethal to the California Native Indians - Guns or California Native Indians - Guns or

Disease?Disease?• Before 1845 estimate was between 100,000 to Before 1845 estimate was between 100,000 to

300,000 Native Indians. 300,000 Native Indians. Landauer pg 13

• Disease – 1849 only 20,000 Native Indians left.Disease – 1849 only 20,000 Native Indians left.• 1900 few thousand native Indians in California 1900 few thousand native Indians in California

were able to maintain any aspect of their age-old were able to maintain any aspect of their age-old society.society.

• 1919 Ishi was the last known “wild” Native Indian 1919 Ishi was the last known “wild” Native Indian in California.in California.

• Dat-So-La-Lee master Washoe Indian basket Dat-So-La-Lee master Washoe Indian basket weaver in Tahoe 1900’sweaver in Tahoe 1900’s.. Landauer

California NativesCalifornia Natives

• California Indians had a style of living built California Indians had a style of living built around food gathering and fishing rather around food gathering and fishing rather than sowing, planting or harvesting. than sowing, planting or harvesting.

• Called “Digger Indians” by the localsCalled “Digger Indians” by the locals.. • Resolved differences between tribes Resolved differences between tribes

peacefully.peacefully.• Landauer pg 15 Rolle/Graines The Golden State: A History of

California 2nd ed Harlan Davidson Inc. 1979 Pg 13

IshiIshi• In August of In August of

1911, a “wild” 1911, a “wild” Yana Indian Yana Indian walked into a walked into a slaughterhouse slaughterhouse near Oroville, near Oroville, California, where California, where he was turned he was turned over to the local over to the local sheriff.sheriff. http://www.thebicyclingguitarist.nethttp://www.thebicyclingguitarist.net/ishi/ishi

Ishi

Ishi – Ishi – Yana tribeYana tribe

• A UC Berkeley Anthropology A UC Berkeley Anthropology professor, Alfred L. Kroeber, professor, Alfred L. Kroeber, sent an associate, Thomas sent an associate, Thomas T. Waterman, with a list of T. Waterman, with a list of words (Rosetta Stone of words (Rosetta Stone of sorts) to communicate with sorts) to communicate with this last of the a "wild men"this last of the a "wild men" (Riffe and Roberts, 1992).(Riffe and Roberts, 1992).

• The Bureau of Indian Affairs The Bureau of Indian Affairs gave permission for Ishi to gave permission for Ishi to go to the San Francisco go to the San Francisco museum as a study. Ishi, museum as a study. Ishi, became a popular sensation. became a popular sensation. He lived several years at the He lived several years at the museum, even working as a museum, even working as a janitor there to earn his own janitor there to earn his own keep, before dying of keep, before dying of tuberculosis in 1916.tuberculosis in 1916. http://www.thebicyclingguitarist.net/ishihttp://www.thebicyclingguitarist.net/ishi//

Tahoe’s Tahoe’s Washoe Indian Washoe Indian master basket master basket

weaver - Dat So weaver - Dat So La Lee La Lee Landauer pg 16Landauer pg 16

One Minute ReviewOne Minute Review

• What was the most useful or meaningful What was the most useful or meaningful thing you learned during this session?thing you learned during this session?

• What question(s) remain upper-most in What question(s) remain upper-most in your mind as we end this session?your mind as we end this session?

PiuteLast Week We LearnedLast Week We Learned Week #1- Ancient Peoples,

Tahoe Geology, Tahoe’s trees Week #2:Week #2: United States History prior to

1844 Emigrant Trail beginnings Chapter 3- John C. Fremont –

1844 Chapter 4 – Gold California and

Tahoe Gold