class 1-tg terminology and plane

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Class 1: Terminology and Planes

Anatomy

FES 4th ed: Section One Fundamentals

Red = Items on QuizTG



Basic Terminology

•Definitions

•Medical & Anatomical

Terminology



Definitions - pp. 1-3

Anatomy:

Study ofstructure of an

organism orbody

Gross Anatomy

Structures that

can be seenwithout

magnification or

with naked eye



Definitions - pp. 1-3

Physiology

Study of the

functions

performed by the

various systems of

the body

Histology

A form of

microscopic

anatomy that deals

with the

microscopic

structure of tissuesof a living organism



Definitions

Pathology: p. 30

The study of

disease and

disease processes

Kinesiology: p. 57

The scientificstudy of

muscular activityand themechanics of

body movement



Medical and Anatomical Terminology pp. 59-62

Composed of prefixes, roots or word stems, andsuffixes. Root word (stem) indicate body part or structure

involved Gastr - stomach

Prefix added in front of the stem to further meaning Epi gastric; epi - above Ab – away from; abduction

Suffix added to the end of the word often denote adiagnosis, symptom or surgical procedure, noun oradjective Gastr itis; itis-inflammation



Why is knowing anatomical

terminology important to you as a

massage therapist?



Why important to you?

To understand articles in massage

journals on specific massage techniques

To communicate with other health care

professionals and insurance companies

Prerequisite for many advanced

massage modality training classes



The study of the structure of the body

is called:

A. Kinesiology

B. Pathology

C. Physiology

D. Anatomy



The study o f the struc ture of the body

is cal led:

D. Anatomy



Body Organization

Levels of Organization Body Cavities &

Anatomical Position Regions

Directional Terms Structure of Body

Body Planes Organ Systems



Levels of Organization

Chemical Organ

Organelle Organ System

Cell Organism

Tissue



Levels of Organization p. 7




Chemical: p. 6

Subatomic: electrons, protons & neutrons

Atom: smallest part of an element; composed of

subatomic particles Element: substance containing only one kind of

atom such hydrogen & oxygen

Molecule: combination 2 or more atoms such as

H2O Organelles: (p. 11) basic components of cell

such as mitochondria




Cell: p. 13

Basic functional & structural unit

Basic unit of life

Where independent life begins

Tissue: p. 13

Group of cells that work together to perform asimilar function

4 or 5 types: epithelial, muscle, nervous,

connective, and liquid Organ: (p. 18) groups of 2 or more tissues that

combine to form a specific function such as stomach




Organ systems: (p. 18) organs that

combine to perform more complex

functions such as digestive system

Organism: (p. 18) body as a whole



The basic unit of life is the ____.

A. Atom

B. CellC. Molecule

D. Organelle



The basic un it o f l i fe is the ____.

B. Cell



The human body is a/an _____

A. Molecule

B. Organism C. Organ System

D. Tissue



The human body is a/an _____

B. Organism



ANATOMICAL POSITION P. 63 & 68

It is used as a reference position or starting point

for naming locations on the human body.



Anatomical Position

Anatomical Positionincludes:

Person is standing

erect & facing

forward Feet slightly apart

Arms are at the sides

with the palms facing

forward (supinated) Fingers and thumbs

are straight

(extended)



Directional Terms p. 67

Supine: face up ontable

Superficial: toward

surface of body

Contralateral: on

opposite side of

body

Superior : higher,toward head or

cranium

Prone: face down ontable

Deep: away fromsurface of body

Ipsilateral: on sameside of body

Inferior: lower,toward the feet



Directional Terms

Anterior (ventral):

in front of

Proximal: closest

to trunk or origin Lateral: on or toward

the side

Volar (palmar):palm side of hand

Posterior (dorsal):

behind, in back of

Distal: away from

trunk or origin Medial: on or

toward center or

midline

Plantar : sole of foot



P. 68 Fig. 3-7



Directional Terms

Volar Surface of Hand Plantar Surface of Foot



In the Western anatomical position, thehuman body is:

A. Standing erect, arms at side, palmsfacing forward

B. Standing erect, arms straight out,palms facing forward

C. Standing erect, arms at side, palmsfacing backwards

D. Standing erect, arms bent at elbow,palms facing up



In the Western anatom ical pos i t ion , the

human body is :

A. Standing erect, arms at side, palms

facing forward



The term superior refers to a location

on the body closer to the head while

the term _____ refers to a location

closer to the feet.

A. Proximal

B. Medial

C. Inferior

D. Posterior



The term super ior refers to a locat ion

on the body closer to the head whi le

the term _____ refers to a location

clo ser to the feet.

C. Inferior



The hand is located at the _____ end

of the forearm.

A. Proximal

B. Distal

C. Anterior

D. Posterior



The hand is located at the _____ end

of th e forearm.

B. Distal



Body Planes p. 69 Fig. 3-8

Sagittal Transverse

Frontal Oblique



Body Planes

SagittalPlane: avertical plane

running fromfront to backdividing thebody into

right and leftparts



Body Planes - Sagittal

Midsagittal or

median plane:

the plane divides

the body intoequal right and

left halves by

running throughthe middle of the

body (midline)



Body Planes - Transverse

Transverse or

Horizontal or

Cross section: an

imaginary line thatdivides the body

horizontally into

upper and lowerportions.



Body Planes - Coronal

Frontal or

Coronal Plane: a

plane dividing

the body intoanterior (ventral)

& posterior

(dorsal)portions.



Body Planes - Oblique

Oblique:

slanting plane



The _____ plane divides the body into

anterior and posterior portions.

A. Transverse

B. Frontal

C. Horizontal

D. Sagittal



The _____ p lane d ivides the body in to

anter ior and poster ior port ions .

B. Frontal



What is the term for the plane that

divides the body into right and left

sections?

A. Coronal plane

B. Transverse plane

C. Frontal plane

D. Sagittal plane



What is the term for the plane that

d iv ides the body into r ight and lef t

sect ions?

D. Sagittal plane



Body Cavities pp. 66

Cranial Cavity (dorsal) Brain

Spinal cavity (dorsal)

Vertebrae and spinal canal

Thoracic cavity (ventral) Pericardial cavity: contains the heart

Pleural cavity: contains the lungs

Abdominal cavity (ventral)

Liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small & largeintestines

Pelvic cavity (ventral)

Bladder, rectum, and some reproductive organs



Body Cavities



Body Cavities: Pericardial & Pleural



Body Regions p. 65 Fig 3-2

Nine Regions of Abdomen



Nine Regions of Abdomen

p. 66 & Fig. 3-5

Epigastric, umbilical,and hypogastric

Right and left

hypochondrium

Right and left lumbarregion

Right and left iliac or

inguinal



Four Quadrants of Abdomen

Right upper

Left upper

Right lower

Left lower



The space which houses the brain is

called the:

A. Thoracic cavity

B. Pericardial cavity

C. Ventral cavity

D. Cranial cavity



The space which houses the brain is

cal led the:

D. Cranial cavity



Structure of the Human Body

The head

The spine

The trunk

The extremities,appendages, or

limbs



ORGAN SYSTEMS:11 SYSTEMS

10 Systems with Circulatory =

Cardiovascular & Lymphatic

12 Systems with Cranial-sacral

System



Integumentary

•Skin

•Hair

•Nails

•Sweat glands

•Oil glands



Skeletal & Muscular System

Skeletal:

•Bones

•Ligaments

•Cartilage

•Joints

Muscles:

•Skeletal

•Smooth

•Cardiac



Nervous & Endocrine Systems

Endocrine:

Produces

hormones

Circulatory: Cardiovascular &



Circulatory: Cardiovascular &

Lymphatic Systems



Digestive, Respiratory, & Urinary Systems



Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

Maintaining Life



Maintaining Life

Functional Characteristics p. 5

Boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

B d i



Boundary maintenance

Cells and the body must keep the internalenvironment separate from the outsideenvironment

The cells use a cellular membrane The body uses the skin

M t



Movement

Includes: Motion of whole body by skeletal and

muscular systems in actions such aswalking and moving our fingers

Internally as in moving blood andlymph (circulatory system)

In muscle cells when they shorten

their length in contraction



Responsiveness or Irritability: The body’s ability to detect and respond to

changes.

Ability to sense changes in internal andexternal environments and respond to them

Nervous system is most responsible forresponsiveness

Nerve cells (neurons) are very irritable Neurons can communicate rapidly with each

other to produce any needed bodyresponses



Digestion & Metabolism

Digestion Breakdown of food by

digestive system into

simple molecules that can

move through circulatory

system to be used by

cells of the body

Metabolism The sum of all the

chemical processes that

occur in the body.

M t b li 2 Ph



Metabolism: 2 Phases

Anabolism: the building up of complexchemical substances from smaller, simplercomponents.

Catabolism: the breakdown of complexchemical substances into simpler

components. Example: Digestive system uses catabolism to

break proteins in food down into aminoacids.

These amino acids then are used toanabolize or build new proteins thatmake up body structures such asmuscles and bones.



Excretion & Reproduction

Excretion

Removal of wastesproduced by digestion

Removal of wastesproduced bymetabolism includingcarbon dioxide beingexhaled by the

Respiratory system

Reproduction

Occurs at cellular level inmitosis

Occurs at the organismlevel when an ovum isfertilized by a sperm inthe Reproductive system

G th



Growth

Increase in size of

body part

Increase in size of

the whole body as ingrowth from a

fertilized ovum to an

adult

S i l N d



Survival Needs

Oxygen

Nutrients

Water

Body

temperature

Atmosphericpressure



Survival Needs

Oxygen: Needed for the

chemical reactions

that release energyfrom food in thedigestive system

Nutrients: Chemical substances

found in the food weeat

Used for energy,building structures &substances that thecells need

Include carbohydrates,proteins, lipids (fats),vitamins and minerals



Survival Needs

Water : 60-80% of body

weight

Provides wateryenvironment for

chemical

reactions

Fluid base for

secretions and

excretions



Survival Needs

Body temperature:

Normal body

temperature allows

chemical reactions to

occur at rates that

can sustain life

Most body heat

produced by activity

of skeletal muscles

Atmospheric pressure:

Force exerted onsurface of the bodyby the weight of air

Appropriate pressureallows for breathingand the exchange ofoxygen and carbondioxide in the lungs



Which of the following is true about

catabolism?

A. Catabolic reactions use energy.

B. Catabolic reactions produce

monomers

C. Catabolic reactions release energy

D. Catabolic reactions consume

adrenaline



Which of the fo l low ing is true about

catabol ism?

C. Catabolic reactions release energy



HOMEOSTASIS P. 2

•Internal balance of the body•When the body’s internal

environment remains relatively

constant within physiological

limits.



Homeostasis

Primarily handled by nervous andendocrine systems

Body must monitor the internal andexternal environments for changesor variables

Uses negative & positive feedbackmechanisms

Homeostasis – Control Process



p. 27 Fig. 2-3

Receptor : A sensor that monitors the environment

Detects a change or stimulus and sends amessage about the stimulus

Control center : Receives the message and analyzes it

Decides how to react or respond to thestimulus (nerve impulse, hormone, or otherchemical signals)

Effector: receives instructions from controlcenter to implement the reaction or response



Homeostasis p 27



Homeostasis p. 27

Negative feedback mechanism: Most common type

Designed to prevent sudden severe changesin the body

The response is to decrease or shut off theoriginal stimulus

Examples:

Control of blood sugar levels by hormonesfrom the pancreas

Maintaining body temperature



Homeostasis



Homeostasis

Positive feedback mechanism:

Designed to enhance or exaggerate the

original stimulus

Examples are blood clotting, labor

contractions in childbirth, and immune

response to invading pathogens



What BEST explains the function of homeostaticmechanisms:

A. They help maintain balanced levels of nutrient

concentrations and hormones within the body

B. They help ensure the body systems are able tochange in response to numerous factors.

C. They help maintain equilibrium or stability with

respect to internal functioning of the body.

D. They help ensure that body temperatureremains the same regardless of environment.



What BEST exp lains the funct ion of

hom eostat ic mechanisms:

C. They help maintain equilibrium or

stability with respect to internal

functioning of the body.



Chemistry of Life

Anatomy and physiology are based oninteractions between chemicals such as

digestion of food, formation of bone

tissue and contractions of muscle cells.

Atoms p 7



Atoms p. 7

Composed ofunchargedneutrons &positively chargedprotons (+)

Surrounded by 1or more negativelycharged electrons(-) orbiting thenucleus

Atoms combinetogether to makemolecules

Elements



Elements

Pure substancescomposed of onlyone kind of atom

Examples: hydrogen,

carbon, nitrogen andoxygen

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen

make up about 96%of the body withtraces of about 20more



Compounds



Compounds

Moleculescomposed of morethan one kind ofatom

Example: Waterwith 2 hydrogenatoms and 1oxygen atom

Chemical Bonding p 7



Chemical Bonding p. 7

• Chemical bonding makes atoms morestable.

• 2 Types:

• Ionic

• Covalent

Ionic Bonding



Ionic Bonding

Occurs when oneatom donates an

electron to

another atom and

the resulting ionsattract each other

Example:

electrolytes or

salts

Ionic Molecules or Ions



Ionic Molecules or Ions

An ion is a positively (+) or negatively(-) charged atom or molecule

An atom or molecule that has had

electrons added or taken away

Usually dissolve easily in water because

it is a relatively weak bond

Molecules that form ions when dissolvedin water are called electrolytes or salts.

Ionic Molecules



Ionic Molecules

Some of the more importantelectrolytes are:

Sodium (Na+)

Magnesium (Mg2+) Potassium (K+)

Calcium (Ca2+)

Chloride (Cl-) Iodine (I-)

Solution Terminology:




Mixture: a combination of 2 or moresubstances

Solution: a homogenous mixture (evenlydistributed) of a substance of smaller

abundance (solute) dissolved into asubstance of greater abundance (solvent)

Solute: the dissolved substance such assalt or sugar

Solvent: the dissolving substance such aswater





Suspension: A mixture of 2 or more

substances in a liquid that

do not dissolve but

distribute equallythroughout the liquid

Example: blood





Tonicity: a measure of the strength ofconcentration of a solution

Hyper tonic: a solution with a higher concentration of solute. Dehydration results inhypertonicity, where the cells are in a solutionthat has many more solutes (& therefore lesswater) than the cells. Cells in hypertonicsolutions lose water & shrink.

Iso tonic: a solution with the same concentration of solute. Cells in isotonicsolutions keep their correct shape.

Hypo tonic: a solution with a lower concentration of solute. Cells in hypotonicsolutions take on water & swell or burst.



ORGANIC CHEMISTRY P. 10

Molecules that contain carbon in acarbon covalent bond (C-C), acarbon-hydrogen covalent bond

(C-H) or in both kinds of bonds.

Organic compounds: compounds made up of

carbon and hydrogen molecules P 8



carbon and hydrogen molecules P. 8

Carbohydrates: composed of monosaccharide(sugar ) units and can be broken apart for energy

Lipids: fat molecules composed mainly of glyceroland fatty acids and have many functions includingcushioning body organs, forming insulating

layers, and providing a reserve of energy rich fuelfor the body

Proteins: very large molecules that are complexstrings of amino acids and comprise bodystructures or regulate body functions

Nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) andRNA (ribonucleic acid) which are composed ofnucleotides; the sequence of nucleotides serves as acode for assembling proteins



Inorganic Chemistry P. 10

Molecules that do not contain carbon atoms &don’t have C-C or C-H bonds

Oxygen & carbon dioxide are inorganic gases

Water & electrolytes are inorganic molecules

Inorganic Chemistry



Inorganic Chemistry

Water : Most abundant

compound inthe body and is

found in andaround eachcell

It is the solventin which othercompounds(solutes) aredissolved

Acids, bases, and electrolytes (salts):

10



p. 10

Acids and bases (alkalines): compoundsthat profoundly affect chemical reactions inthe body

pH: the measurement of the acidity or

alkalinity of different substances The pH of body fluids affects body chemistry

and normal functioning can only bemaintained in a narrow pH range

pH Scale p. 10 Fig 1-4



p p g

Scale from 0-14 used

to measure acidity &alkalinity Neutral at 7 Below 7 is

considered an acid Stomach acid is

acidic at 0.8 Above 7 is

considered a baseor an alkaline

Blood is alkaline at7.4

The farther the pHis from 7, thestronger the acidor base

Definitions:



Acid: Substance that releases hydrogen (H+) in a

solution Example is hydrogen chloride (HCL) in stomach

Base: Substance that accepts or binds to hydrogen

ions (H+) in a solution Bases include urine, blood, and intestinal fluid, and

other things that we ingest like dairy and "TUMS". Buffer:

Any substance in a solution that prevents sharp

changes in pH In the human body, carbonate is the main buffer in

the blood and phosphate is the main buffer withincells.

Muscle Action Terms P. 69



Flexion

Decreasing the angle between articularbones (bones closer together)

Extension

Increasing the angle between articularbones (bones further apart)

Hyperextension

Increasing the angle beyond anatomicalposition

Lateral flexion

Bending to the side

Muscle Action Terms



Adduction Movement of a limb toward the midline

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from themidline

Horizontal adduction and abduction Movement of the arms to center front and

back Hyperadduction

Movement beyond the midline

Muscle Action Terms



Circumduction Movement of a limb so that it describes a

cone in space

Consists of flexion, abduction, extension,adduction in succession

Muscle Action Terms



Figure 9.3

Muscle Action Terms

http://d/Figure09_03.swf



Rotation

Turning of a bone around its own axis Between the first two cervical vertebra - atlas and

axis

Between the radius and ulna

Supination Movement between the radius and ulna

turning palms up or forward (forearm only)

Part of anatomical position

Pronation

Movement between the radius and ulnaturning palms down - radius and ulna arecrossed, relaxed position

Muscle Action Terms



Figure 9.4a,b

Muscle Action Terms



Figure 9.4c

Muscle Action Terms



Movement of the foot

Dorsiflexion Movement so that the foot approaches the shin

Flexion of ankle and elevation of sole

Plantar flexion Movement of the foot pointing the toes

Extends ankle and elevates the sole

Eversion Movement of sole laterally (outward)

Inversion Movement of sole medially (inward)

Muscle Action Terms



Shoulder and Jaw: Elevation

Movement in a superior or upward direction

Depression

Movement in a inferior or downward direction Protraction

Move a part of the body anteriorly or forward inthe horizontal plane

Retraction Movement of the body part posteriorly or backwards

Muscle Action Terms



Figure 9.5

Neck Movements



Flexion – look at the toes

Extension – look straight ahead

Rotation - turn head to the side

Hyperextension – look up at ceiling

Lateral flexion – look straight ahead, tilt

head to touch ear to shoulder

Shoulder Movements



Flexion – raise arm forward & overhead

Extension – lower arm to side of body

Hyperextension – move arm backwards

Abduction – raise arm away from side of body

Adduction – return arm to side of body

Horizontal adduction/abduction - move toward midline& away from midline

Internal (medial) rotation – move arm inward untilthumb is turned inward & toward the back

External (lateral) rotation – move arm outward untilthumb is turned outward

Circumduction – move arm in full circle

Elbow & Forearm Movements



Elbow & Forearm Movements

Elbow

Flexion – bend elbow

Extension – straighten

elbow

ForearmSupination – turn

forearm so palm is up or

forward; lateral rotationPronation - turn

forearm so palm is

down or backward;

medial rotation

Wrist Movements



Flexion – bend wrist forwardExtension – straighten wrist (fingers, wrist &

arm in same plane)

Hyperextension –

bring dorsal surface of handas far back as possible

Abduction (radial flexion) – bring wrist laterally

towards the thumb

Adduction (ulnar flexion) – bend wrist medially

towards 5th finger

Fingers & Thumb Movements



Fingers &thumb

Flexion – bend fingers & thumb into palm make a fistExtension – straighten fingers & thumb

Hyperextension – bend fingers as far back as

possible

Abduction – spread fingers apart / extend thumb

laterally

Adduction – bring fingers together/ thumb back to

hand

Circumduction – move finger/thumb in circular motion

Opposition – touch thumb to each finger of same

hand

Hip Movements



Flexion – move leg forward

Extension – move leg back beside other leg

Hyperextension – move leg backwards

Abduction – move leg laterally away from body

Adduction – move leg back to side of body

Horizontal adduction/abduction - move leg towardmidline and away

Internal (medial) rotation – turn leg inward so toes pointtoward midline

External (lateral) rotation - turn leg outward so toespoint away from body

Circumduction – move leg in circle

Knee & Ankle Movements



&

KneeFlexion – bring heel

toward back of thigh

Extension – return legto floor

AnkleDorsiflexion – move

foot so toes are pointed

upward; ankle flexionPlantar flexion – move

foot so toes are pointed

downward; ankle

extension

Foot Movements



Inversion – turn sole of foot inward ormedially

Eversion – turn sole of foot outward or

laterallyFlexion – curl toes downward

Extension – straighten toes

Abduction – spread toes apart

Adduction – bring toes together

Spinal Movements



Spine Flexion – when standing – bendforward from the waist

Extension – straighten up

Hyperextension –

bend backwardLateral flexion – bend to the side

Rotation – twist from the waist



Which of the following is acharacteristic associated with the

anatomical position?

A. The feet are together B. The head is rotated to the side

C. The arms are held overhead

D. The palms are supinated



Which of the fo l low ing is acharacter ist ic assoc iated w ith the

anatom ical posi t ion?

D. The palms are supinated



What is the definition of pronation? A. Turning the foot inward

B. Turning the foot outward

C. Turning the palm downward

D. Turning the palm upward



What is the def in i t ion o f pronation?

C. Turning the palm downward



Which of the following moves anextremity away from the midline?

A. Adductor

B. Abductor

C. Flexor

D. Rotator



Which o f the fo l low ing moves anextrem ity away from the m idl ine?

B. Abductor



What movement is created when theangle of the joint increases?

A. Abduction

B. Extension

C. Hyperextension

D. Flexion



What movement is created when theang le of the joint increases?

B. Extension



The term given to the action when thefoot is pulled closer so the anterior

angle decreases is

A. Plantar flexion B. Dorsiflexion

C. Supination

D. Pronation



The term given to the act ion when thefoo t is pu l led c loser so the anter ior

angle decreases is

B. Dorsiflexion

class 1-tg terminology and plane

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