class 15 slides
TRANSCRIPT
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More Semantics
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Review of Quantifier Meaning
No American smokes.
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Review of Quantifier Meaning
No American smokes.
set of Americans set of people who smoke
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Review of Quantifier Meaning
No American smokes.
set of Americans set of people who smoke
no: the intersection of set #1 and set #2 is empty
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Review of Quantifier Meaning
No American smokes. Every Italian likes pasta.
no: the intersection of set #1 and set #2 is empty
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Review of Quantifier Meaning
No American smokes. Every Italian likes pasta.
no: the intersection of set #1 and set #2 is empty
every: set #1 is a subset of set #2
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Review of Quantifier Meaning
No American smokes. Every Italian likes pasta. Many Alaskans ice-fish.
no: the intersection of set #1 and set #2 is empty
every: set #1 is a subset of set #2
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Review of Quantifier Meaning
No American smokes. Every Italian likes pasta. Many Alaskans ice-fish.
no: the intersection of set #1 and set #2is empty
every: set #1 is a subset of set #2 many: the intersection of set #1 and set #2
is "pretty large"
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
No American smokes.
No American smokes cigars.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
No American smokes. entails
No American smokes cigars.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
No American smokes. entails doesn't entail
No American smokes cigars.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Americans Smokers
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Americans Smokers
No American smokes.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Americans Smokers
Cigar smokers
No American smokes.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Americans Smokers
Cigar smokers
No American smokes.-->No American smokes cigars.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
"No" is downward entailing:
if "No A are B" is true, and C is a subset of B, then "No A are C" is also true.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
"No" is downward entailing:
If "No American smokes" is true,and cigar smokers are a subset of smokers,then "No American smokes cigars" is also true.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Is "every" downward entailing?
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Is "every" downward entailing?
Every American smokes
Every American smokes cigars
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Is "every" downward entailing?
Every American smokes doesn't entail
Every American smokes cigars
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Is "every" downward entailing?
Every American smokes doesn't entail
Every American smokes cigars
--> no.
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Downward Entailing QuantifiersNo one lifted a finger to help. No one contributed a red cent. No one saw anything.
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Downward Entailing QuantifiersNo one lifted a finger to help. No one contributed a red cent. No one saw anything.
*Everyone lifted a finger to help. *Everyone contributed a red cent. *Everyone saw anything.
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Downward Entailing QuantifiersNo one lifted a finger to help. No one contributed a red cent. No one saw anything.
*Everyone lifted a finger to help. *Everyone contributed a red cent. *Everyone saw anything.
-->what's with these expressions?
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
downward entailing?no √ every x few a few most more than ten less than ten
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
downward entailing?no √every xfew √
less than ten √
a few xmost xmore than ten x
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
downward entailing? no √ no student did anything...
every x *every student did anything...
few √a few xmost
less than ten √
xmore than ten x
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
downward entailing?no √ no student did anything...
every x *every student did anything...
few √ few students did anything...
a few x *a few students did anything...
most x *most students did anything...
more than ten x *more than ten students did anything
less than ten √ less than ten students did anything...
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Downward Entailing QuantifiersNo one lifted a finger to help. No one contributed a red cent. No one saw anything.
*Everyone lifted a finger to help. *Everyone contributed a red cent. *Everyone saw anything.
-->these expressions must be in a downward entailing context.
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Downward Entailing QuantifiersJohn didn't lift a finger to help. John didn't contribute a red cent. John didn't see anything.
*John lifted a finger to help. *John contributed a red cent. *John saw anything.
-->what's licensing these expressions here?
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
John doesn't smoke.
John doesn't smoke cigars.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
John doesn't smoke. entails
John doesn't smoke cigars.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
John doesn't smoke. entails
John doesn't smoke cigars.
--> not creates a downward entailing context.
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Downward Entailing Quantifiers
Expressions like lift a finger, a red cent, and anything are Negative Polarity Items (NPIs)
-->need to be in a downward entailing context.
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
VP-ellipsis:
John bought a book, and Mary did ___ too.
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
VP-ellipsis:
John bought a book, and Mary did ___ too.
"buy a book"
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
identity condition on VP-ellipsis:
John bought a book, and Mary did ___ too.
"buy a book" *"sell an okapi"
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
VP-ellipsis:
John bought a book, and Mary did ___ too.
"buy a book"
John dislikes his father, and Bill does __ too.
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
VP-ellipsis:
John bought a book, and Mary did ___ too.
"buy a book"
John dislikes his father, and Bill does __ too. "dislike his (J or B's) father"
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Quantifiers and EllipsisAntecedent Contained Deletion (ACD)John visited every city [that Mary did __]
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Quantifiers and EllipsisAntecedent Contained Deletion (ACD)John visited every city [that Mary did __]
??
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
+
NP I' ! +
John I VP -ed )
V' +
V NPvisit ####
every city that Mary did __
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
+
NP I' ! +
John I -ed )
V' +
V visit
every city that Mary did __
VP
NP ####
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
+
NP I' ! +
John I -ed )
V' +
V visit
every city that Mary did [visit every city that Mary did __]
VP
NP ####
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
+
NP I' ! +
John I -ed )
V' +
V visit
every city that Mary did [visit every city that Mary did __]
VP
NP ####
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
+
NP I' This Way Lies Madness!! +
John I -ed )
V' +
V visit
every city that Mary did [visit every city that Mary did __]
VP
NP ####
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
+
NP I' ! +
John I VP -ed )
V' +
V NPvisit ####
every city that Mary did __
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
+
NP I' ! +
John I VP -ed )
V' +
V NP visit ####
Quantifier every city that Mary did __ Raising
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
Súπ NP NP I'
! +
every city John I VP that Mary -ed )
did __ V' )
V visit
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
Súπ NP NP I'
! +
every city John I VP that Mary -ed )
did __ V')
V visit
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Quantifiers and EllipsisIP
Súπ NP NP I' This Way Lies Sanity!
! +
every city John I VP that Mary -ed )
did [visit] V')
V visit
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
John refused to visit every city Mary visited.
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
John refused to visit every city Mary visited.
> John said, "I won't visit every city Mary visited"
> John said, "I won't visit Paris, London, or Tuscaloosa" (and those are the cities Mary visited)
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
John refused to visit every city Mary visited.
> John said, "I won't visit every city Mary visited"
> John said, "I won't visit Paris, London, or Tuscaloosa" (and those are the cities Mary visited)
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
John refused to visit every city Mary visited.
> John said, "I won't visit every city Mary visited"
> John said, "I won't visit Paris, London, or Tuscaloosa" (and those are the cities Mary visited)
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
John refused to visit every city Mary did ___.
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Quantifiers and Ellipsis
John refused to visit every city Mary did ___.
"visited"
"refused to visit"
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Quantifiers and EllipsisJohn refused to visit every city Mary did ___.
2 ambiguities: • "visit" vs. "refuse to visit"
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Quantifiers and EllipsisJohn refused to visit every city Mary did ___.
2 ambiguities: • "visit" vs. "refuse to visit" • John's refusal mentions "every city", or not.
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Quantifiers and EllipsisJohn refused to visit every city Mary did ___.
2 ambiguities: • "visit" vs. "refuse to visit" • John's refusal mentions "every city", or not.
in principle, 4 readings:
• John said, "I refuse to visit Paris, Rome, or Tuscaloosa" (and Mary had visited these cities)
• John said, "I refuse to visit Paris, Rome, or Tuscaloosa"(and Mary had refused to visit these cities)
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Quantifiers and EllipsisJohn refused to visit every city Mary did ___.
2 ambiguities: • "visit" vs. "refuse to visit" • John's refusal mentions "every city", or not.
in principle, 4 readings:
• John said, "I refuse to visit Paris, Rome, or Tuscaloosa" (and Mary had visited these cities)
• John said, "I refuse to visit Paris, Rome, or Tuscaloosa"(and Mary had refused to visit these cities)
• John said, "I refuse to visit every city Mary visits" • John said, "I refuse to visit every city Mary refuses to visit"
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Quantifiers and EllipsisJohn refused to visit every city Mary did ___.
2 ambiguities: • "visit" vs. "refuse to visit" • John's refusal mentions "every city", or not.
in fact, only 3 readings:
• John said, "I refuse to visit Paris, Rome, or Tuscaloosa" (and Mary had visited these cities)
• John said, "I refuse to visit Paris, Rome, or Tuscaloosa"(and Mary had refused to visit these cities)
• John said, "I refuse to visit every city Mary visits" • John said, "I refuse to visit every city Mary refuses to visit"
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But why? To be continued....