class 28: oceanography. class updates: reading: section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 today’s...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Class 28: Oceanography
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 2: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3,
16.1-16.2, 16.5
Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina
Class 28: Oceanography
![Page 3: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Continents: green/tan
avg. height 840m Oceans: blue
avg. depth 3800m,
cover 66% planet
The Oceans
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 4: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mostly Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na)
Minor amounts: SO4, Mg, Ca, K
Dissolved salts ~4 %
Ocean Water Composition
![Page 5: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dissolved ions come from: Chemical weathering:
Rivers dump 2.5 billion
tons/yr of dissolved salts
Volcanic activity:
-outgassing: sulphur, bromine
-hydrothermal circulation:
hot water dissolving rocks
Salty Origin
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 6: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ocean is not getting saltier, so where? Shells/hard parts:
Chemical sediments:
clays, oozes
Where do ions go?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 7: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ocean salt balanced by: Balancing Water (red)
• Rain
• Stream input
• Evaporation Balancing Salt (purple)
• River/volcanic input
• Reduction by sediments
and hard body parts
Salt Balance
![Page 8: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Salinity = amount of salt
in the water
• Factors for balance
change over Earth
Salinity of Ocean Surface
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 9: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Shallow surface mixed zone (< 450 m)• Transition zone (< 1500 m thick) • Deep zone
Changes with depth
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 10: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Shallow surface mixed zone–mixed by wind and currents–Uniformly warm–Generally higher salinity (surface evaporation)
Top: Mixed Zone
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 11: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•Transition zone (< 1500 m thick) –Temperature decreases rapidly - thermocline–Salinity decreases rapidly - halocline
Middle: Transition Zone
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 12: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Bottom water–Very cold, near freezing < 4˚C–Relatively low salinity
Bottom: Deep Zone
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 13: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Thermocline narrow at poles• Thermocline-top deep @ ~ 30, thicker @ equator
From North to South
![Page 14: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ocean conveyor belt• Warm @ surface • Cold @ bottom
Water is moving
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 15: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Warm water cools in North Atlantic• Cold water sinks: cold = densest
The Water Pump
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 16: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Cold water sinks and flows south along bottom:
Atlantic Deep Water
![Page 17: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Conveyor Belt = simplified• Actual surface flow in currents
Surface Currents
![Page 18: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Map flow with oceanographic instruments• Current flow is more complex: turbulence
Adding complication
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 19: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Persistent winds push water
• Subtropics: Trades (from E)
• Mid latitudes: Westerlies
Currents and Winds
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 20: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Currents and Winds
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
• Why do winds and currents go East or West?
![Page 21: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Coriolis Effect• Anything moving from equator (look along arrow) bends to the right
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 22: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
El Nino-Step 1• NORMAL CONDITION: • Trades (E to W) push water to W Pacific• W Pacific water = warm, E Pacific = upwelling cold• Air over warm water rises• Air over cold sinks
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 23: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
El Nino-Step 2• EL NINO CONDITION: • Trades (E to W) push less• Thermocline flattens: less upwelling cold water• Rain moves E:– Australia/Indonesia dry– Peru/Central Am wet
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 24: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
El Nino-Step 3• LA NINA CONDITION: • Trades (E to W) push extra hard• E Pacific = more upwelling cold• Air over warm water rises• Air over cold sinks
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 25: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Southern Oscillation• El Nino and La Nina are the extreme hot and cold parts of the Southern Oscillation cycle
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 26: Class 28: Oceanography. Class updates: Reading: Section 15.1-15.3, 16.1-16.2, 16.5 Today’s topics: Ocean water Ocean currents El Nino/La Nina](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f395503460f94c5623a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.