class 5 morphemes and their properties iii: semantic density · 2015-07-09 · morphemes iii:...
TRANSCRIPT
Morphology
Class 5
Morphemes and their
properties III: semantic
density
FS 2014
Rik van Gijn
Morphemes III: semantic density
This class is about the semantics of morphemes, more particular about
how much semantic information can be packed into morphemes, and
how you should analyse this. We also look at the level of the word and
how much semantics can fit in there
√ Exponence
√ Synthesis
√ Polysemy
√ Lexicalization
Goal of this class
Morphemes III: semantic density
Morpheme
Today we move to the meaning part of morphemes, and challende the
ideal picture presented below
Form
Meaning
concrete abstract
concrete abstract
consistent variable
consistent variable
Morpheme
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Form
Form
Meaning
Morpheme
-ed -t
ablaut
-d Shortening
suppletion
past
Form Meaning
>1 1
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Form
Form
Meaning
Morph
Tagalog (Austronesian)
Intsik ka-intsik-an
‘Chinese person’ ‘the Chinese’
pulo ka-pulu-an’
‘island’ ‘archipelago’
German (Germanic, IE)
der Stab / die Stäbe der Turm / die Türme die Not / die Nöte der Wald / die Wälder das Haus / die Häuser
Form Meaning
>1 1
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Morpheme
Form Meaning
1 >1
Form
Meaning
Meaning
Morpheme
English (Germanic, IE)
in-put in-equality
apple-s see-s
gold-en dark-en
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Form
Meaning
Meaning
Morph
Spanish (Romance, IE)
habl-ó
speak-3SG.PAST.PERF.IND
‘He spoke.’
Form Meaning
1 >1
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Meaning Morph
English (Germanic, IE)
noun verb
hammer hammer
plant plant
ship ship
walk walk
drink drink
Form Meaning
0 1
Conversion
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Meaning Morph
Yurakaré (Isolate)
bata-y ‘I go’
bata-m ‘You go’
bata ‘S/he goes’
bata-tu ‘We go’
bata-p ‘You (pl) go’
bata-w ‘They go’
Form Meaning
0 1
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Meaning Morph
Maori (Austronesian)
active passive gloss
huri huri-h-ia ‘turn’
inu inu-m-ia ‘drink’
karanga karanga-t-ia ‘call’
mau mau-r-ia ‘seize’
paa paa-ng-ia ‘touch’
tomo tomo-k-ia ‘enter’
Form Meaning
-1 1
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the 1-form-1-meaning «ideal» are in fact abundant. They
are of several types
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
Form Morph
Spanish (Romance, IE)
habl-o corr-o
habl-a-s corr-e-s
habl-a corr-e
habl-a-mos corr-e-mos
habl-a-is corr-e-is
habl-a-n corr-e-n
Form Meaning
1 0
Morphemes III: semantic density
Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning
This raises two related problems (which have not been solved in
morphology):
1. What is a morpheme?
2. How do we decide whether we are talking about one and the same
morpheme?
Morphemes III: semantic density
What is a morpheme?
Concrete - - - - - - Abstract
invariant concatenative concatenative ablaut zero
concatenative w. predictable w. unpredictable etc.
allomophy allomorphy
Some morphological operations on a scale of formal concreteness
forms processes
Morphemes III: semantic density
What is a morpheme?
Two broad theoretical extremes:
Morphemes are formal units stored in the
lexicon
There are word forms, features and association
rules
Morphemes III: semantic density
What is a morpheme?
morphome
morpheme morpheme
morph morph morph morph
unpredictable variants
predictable variants
Morphemes III: semantic density
What is a morpheme?
PLURAL
-z -en (oxen)
-ez -s morph morph
unpredictable variants
predictable variants
Morphemes III: semantic density
What is a morpheme?
Formative (Bickel & Nichols 2007)
Marker of inflectional information
Can be linear or nonlinear
Can be free or bound
Can have different lexically determined allomorphs
Can have one meaning or several meanings at the same time
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
Regularity is an important criterion for recognizing a morpheme
MEANING
ACROSS CONTEXTS
FORM
ACROSS CONTEXTS
Regular Irregular
Regular Single morpheme
Irregular Different morphemes
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
Regularity is an important criterion for recognizing a morpheme
MEANING
ACROSS CONTEXTS
FORM
ACROSS CONTEXTS
Regular Irregular
Regular Single morpheme
Irregular Unpredictable
allomorphy Different morphemes
Complementary distribution, see next week
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
Regularity is an important criterion for recognizing a morpheme
MEANING
ACROSS CONTEXTS
FORM
ACROSS CONTEXTS
Regular Irregular
Regular Single morpheme Vague or unclear semantics
Irregular Unpredictable
allomorphy Different morphemes
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
Some ingredients of regularity of morphemes
(apart from phonetic form)
1. Consistency of meaning across contexts
2. Consistency of resulting category
3. Consistency of base category
4. Consistency of the range of allomorphs
5. Consistency of effects on the base
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
See data sheet
1. Consistency of meaning across contexts
(a) earth-en (b) broad-en
flax-en damp-en
gold-en dark-en
lead-en deaf-en
silk-en hard-en
wheat-en light-en
wood-en sick-en
wool(l)-en soft-en
≈ made of X ≈ cause to be
(more) X
Data from Bauer (2003) Introducing linguistic
morphology. Edinburgh UP
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
2. Consistency of resulting category
3. Consistency of base category
(a) earth-en (b) broad-en
flax-en damp-en
gold-en dark-en
lead-en deaf-en
silk-en hard-en
wheat-en light-en
wood-en sick-en
wool(l)-en soft-en
N A A V
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
4. Consistency of the range of allomorphs
(a) in-come (b) in-dependent
in-door in-direct
in-house in-edible
in-land in-eligible
in-lay in-eloquent
in-put in-equality
in-set in-sociable
in-shore in-solvent
in-tangible
in-transitive
illigitimate irregular
inland inroad
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
5. Consistency of effects on the base
(a) ín-come (b) in-dependent
ín-door in-direct
ín-hóuse in-edible
ín-land in-eligible
ín-lay in-eloquent
ín-put in-equality
ín-set in-sociable
ín-shóre in-solvent
in-tangible
in-transitive
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
5. Consistency of effects on the base
(a) summer-y (b) democrac-y
jitter-y diplomac-y
salt-y spectroscop-y
Change of final /t/ Stress shift
No change of final /t/ No stress change
Morphemes III: semantic density
How do we decide between single and different morpheme?
5. Consistency of effects on the base
(a) summer-y (b) democrac-y
jitter-y diplomac-y
salt-y spectroscop-y
Morphemes III: semantic density
Unclear semantics
Regularity is an important criterion for recognizing a morpheme
in- ex- con- re- trans- de-
-port
-mit
-ceive
-duce
-cede
-fer
-scribe
-gress
-sist
Morphemes III: semantic density
Vague semantics
Dutch conversion
Noun Verb
bier ‘‘beer’’ bier ‘‘drink beer’’
kaas ‘‘cheese’’ kaas ‘‘produce cheese’’
melk ‘‘milk’’ melk ‘‘take milk from an animal’’
tafel ‘‘table’’ tafel ‘‘dine’’
water ‘‘water’’ water ‘‘urinate’’
Some activity involving X
From Booij (2007) The grammar of words.
Oxford UP UP
Morphemes III: semantic density
Extended semantics
Dutch diminutives
kind ‘‘child’’ kind-je ‘‘small child, darling’’
broek ‘‘trousers’’ broek-je ‘‘panties’’
Geert ‘‘boy’s name’’ Geert-je ‘‘girl’s name’’
bier ‘‘beer’’ bier-tje ‘‘glass of beer’’
man ‘‘man’’ mann-e-tje ‘‘small man, little boy, unofficial worker’’
auto ‘‘car’’ autoo-tje ‘‘small, inexpensive car, toy car’’
From Booij (2007) The grammar of words.
Oxford UP UP
Morphemes III: semantic density
Multiple semantics
habl -ó 3SG.PAST.PERF.IND
Morphemes III: semantic density
Multiple semantics
habl -ó 3SG.PAST.PERF.IND
habl -é 1SG.PAST.PERF.IND
habl -a 3SG-PRES.IND
habl -aba 3SG.PAST.IMPF.IND
habl -ara/ase 3SG.PAST.SUBJ
Morphemes III: semantic density
Typological parameter: Exponence
The degree to which different categories are grouped together in
single, indivisable morphemes
Values: cumulative, separative
Morphemes III: semantic density
Multiple semantics
sg. pl.
nom. kitap kitap-lar
acc. kitab-ı kitap-lar-ı
gen. kitab-ın kitap-lar-ın
dat. kitab-a kitap-lar-a
abl. kitap-tan kitap-lar-dan
sg. pl.
nom. liber libr-i
acc. libru-m libro-s
gen. libr-i libro-rum
dat. libr-o libr-is
abl. libr-o libr-is
Turkish case, plural: separative Latin case, plural: cumulative
Morphemes III: semantic density
Synthesis
The degree to which different categories are grouped together in words
Spanish
habl-ó
speak-3SG.PAST.PERF.IND
‘He spoke.’
Yurakaré (Van Gijn 2006) ti-ma-y-mala-ma 1SG-3PL-GO-go.SG-IMP.SG ‘Go and get them for me!’
Lai Chin (Bickel & Nichols 2007)
Tsew Máŋ niʔ ʔa-ka-t̪hoʔŋ
Tsew Máŋ ERG 3SG.A-1SG.P-hit
‘Tsew Mang hit me.’
Morphemes III: semantic density
Synthesis
Analytic word
Few categories, if any apart from the root.
Synthetic word
Elaborate number of categories
Polysynthetic word
Elaborate number of categories and lexical roots
Morphemes III: semantic density
Synthesis
Turkish
tan-ıs-tır-ıl-a-ma-dık-lar-ın-dan-dır.
know-RECIP-CAUS-PASS-POT-NEG-NZR-PL-3POSS-ABL-3COP
‘It is because they cannot be introduced to each other.’
(lit., ‘[it] is from their not being able to be made known to each other.’)
Morphemes III: semantic density
Polysynthesis
Yup’ik Eskimo (Eskimo-Aleut; Alaska; Mithun 1999)
kai-pia-llru-llini-u-k
be.hungry-really-PT-apparently-IND-3DU
‘The two of them were apparently really hungry.’
Yimas (Lower Sepik-Ramu; Papua New Guinea; Foley 1991)
paŋkra-kaykaykay-kwalca-mpi-kulanaŋ-tal-kia-ntu-ŋkt.
1PAUC.S-quickly-rise-SEQ-walk-start-at.night-REM.PT-PAUC
‘We few got up at night and quickly started to walk.’
>> see “compounding”
Morphemes III: semantic density
Synthesis
Balthasar Bickel, Johanna Nichols. 2013. Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/22, Accessed on 2014-03-12.)