class aves: birds 18a

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Class Aves: Birds 18A

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Common Characteristics Covered with feathers Have thin-walled, often hollow bones (these bones are not lighter, but they are denser, stiffer, and stronger) Require enormous amounts of energy Demand lots of oxygen for respiration Are endothermic (warm-blooded) Have high metabolism Have no teeth (durable beak made of keratin is just as efficient but lighter) Oviparous

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Page 1: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Class Aves: Birds

18A

Page 2: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Common Characteristics• Covered with feathers• Have thin-walled, often hollow bones (these bones are

not lighter, but they are denser, stiffer, and stronger)• Require enormous amounts of energy• Demand lots of oxygen for respiration• Are endothermic (warm-blooded)• Have high metabolism• Have no teeth (durable beak made of keratin is just as

efficient but lighter)• Oviparous

Page 3: Class Aves: Birds 18A
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FeathersTwo types• Down feathers make up the underlayer providing insulation as and cushion• Contour feathers are the vaned feathers that cover most of the body and give

external shape and color, and also the flight feathers which extend from the wings and tail

Page 8: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Feathers

• Fully developed feathers, likes scales and hairs are dead

• Bird sheds or molts old feathers and replaces them

Page 10: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Wings• Elliptical- short and wide providing for quick takeoffs and landings, low

speed flight, and maneuverability (sparrows, woodpeckers)• High-speed- thin, long, tapered shape that produces minimum drag

(terns, swifts, sandpipers)• Soaring- long and thin and resemble the wings of a glider; enable the bird

to expend minimal energy in staying aloft but provide little maneuverability (gulls)

• High-lift- wings are large and convex; they give a great amount of lift even at low speeds, allowing birds to carry large prey (hawks, eagles, owls)

Page 11: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Feet• Wading- long, thin, widely spread toes that distribute weight; thin

toes and legs permit movement in water without creating turbulence• Swimming- webbed and serve as paddles• Climbing- two toes in front and two behind to provide grip and

balance• Running- toes are strong and hoof like and support heavy birds as

they run along the ground• Grasping- toes with talons (long curved claws) designed to grasp and

kill prey• Perching- three front toes and one back toe; a locking device closes

toes and remains tightly closed until the bird releases it

Page 13: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Skeleton• A bird’s skeleton has numerous air-filled cavities within the bone• Elongated upper jaw (maxilla) and lower jaw (mandible) are elongated and form the bill• Vertebrae of the tail are free moving and help in guiding flight• The trunk vertebrae, the flat ribs, and the sternum (breastbone) are fused to make the

trunk a rigid framework• central ridge of the breastbone called the keel provides attachment for flight muscles.• Clavicles (collarbones) are enlarge and fused, forming the “wishbone” which also

provides attachment for flight muscles

Page 14: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Bird Systems

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Digestion

• Birds need a lot of energy to fly so they have to eat a lot.

• They also have to be able to digest food quickly. They can’t carry heavy food around while flying and they need the energy.

Page 16: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Bill• The type of bill

depends on the bird’s diet

• Spearing fish- long slender

• Probing for insects- long slender

• Cracking and crushing seeds- short and stout

• Tearing prey- hooked pointed bills

• Filtering- bills contain throat pouch

Page 17: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Digestion• Esophagus• Crop- stores food. It is an

enlargement of the esophagus• Proventriculus- first part of the

stomach, produces digestive juices• Gizzard- second part of the stomach,

where grinding of the food (mechanical digestion) occurs. It has thick muscular walls. Birds swallow gravel to help grind the food.

• Intestines- final digestion and absorption

• Cloaca- serves as the common opening for the intestine, kidney duct, and reproductive organs

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Respiration• Air Sacs- unique to birds– The lungs are unable to supply all the oxygen the bird needs to

maintain its high metabolism. – As the bird exhales oxygen rich air goes from the air sacs to the

lungs, so the bird has oxygen rich air passing through their lungs as they breathe in and out.

– Also make the bird light because they are located in places where fluids or fat would be in other organisms.

Page 19: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Respiration

• High metabolism produces a lot of heat• Respiration is important because it helps cool

the bird• They can rapidly move air in and of their air

sacs. The exiting air carries heat.

Page 20: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Circulation• 4 chambered heart• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood completely

separated

Page 21: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Circulation• Relative to its body size birds have the largest hearts of

all vertebrates• 135-570 heart beats per minute (avg human heartrate is

60-100 bpm, could be around 200 bpm during exercise)

Page 22: Class Aves: Birds 18A
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Excretion• Pair of dorsal kidneys• Waste empties directly from the kidneys into the

cloaca• Birds do not store urine or feces

Page 24: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Sound

• Syrinx- song box, enlargement of the trachea just above where it divides to enter the lungs

• Syrinx and associated muscles produce sound

Bird Mimicryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kdfos4Y

Page 25: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Sensing• Reptiles, amphibians, and fish rely heavily on smell and taste• Birds rely heavily on hearing and sight• Vision of a hawk is 8 times more acute than that of a human• Owls can see in light 1/10 to 1/100 the brightness required by

man to see• Light receptors in the retina of a bird’s eye are packed from 2-

5 times more tightly than those in humans

Falconhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7lglchYNewEagle goathttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VklTs-Tid_IHawk- iguanahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vQuqg5hZYMBird of Prey- Snakehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-sHY1zSA2IBird of Prey- Sealhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ugxq3yLNk6gBird Ordershttp://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/search

Page 26: Class Aves: Birds 18A

Behaviors

• Mating rituals

Birds of Paradise mating dancehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L54bxmZy_NEPrairie Chicken mating dancehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2_wdMmEupQ