class jawstetrapodamniote egguniform internal temperature mammary glands jawless fishes...

Class Jaws Tetrapod Amniote egg Uniform internal

temperature

Mammary glands

Jawless fishes (Cephalaspido-morphi)

No No No No No

Jawed fishes(Osteichthyes)

Yes No No No No

Amphibians(Amphibia)

Yes Yes No No No

Reptiles (Reptilia)

Yes Yes Yes No No

Birds (Aves)

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Mammals (Mammalia)

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Class Amphibia

• Scaleless body• Smooth or warty skin• Larvae, adults distinct

(exceptions)

http://www.utexas.edu/depts/tnhc/

http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS/

http://spongebob.ncsa.uiuc.edu/mike

http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS

http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2002/

http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2002/frogmar_files/

Class AmphibiaLarvae

Gills*

Herbivore/detritivores, predators

Aquatic**A few exceptions (plethodontid

salamanders)

Adults

Lungs*

Predators

Aquatic or terrestrial*A few salamanders retain gills

Order Caudata, Family Ambystomatidae(Ambystoma tigrinum: tiger salamander)

Identification: adult

• Tail (Caudata)

• Costal grooves (Ambystomatidae)

• Yellow spots or blotches

• Large (to 21 cm)/

http://biodiversity.wku.edu/salamanders/Salamander_Images

Illustration from Christoffel et al. 2001

Ambystoma tigrinum: tiger salamander

Identification: larva

• External gills

• Legs absent (early) or present (late)

http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology


Habitat

• Adults near/in ponds, or underground

• Larvae – ponds

Food

• Invertebrates, salamanders

(adults and larvae)

http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/


Other

• Egg mass in spring

• Migrations precede breeding

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~haddad/tigereggs.jpg

http://www.batraciens.net/illustrations/

Order Anura (frogs and toads)

• Smooth or warty skin

• Adult lacks tail (hops)

• Larva with internal gills (legs during metamorphosis)


http://www.utexas.edu/depts/tnhc/.www/biospeleology

http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2002/frogmar_files/

Family Bufonidae(Bufo americanus: American toad)


• Paratoid glands

• Warty skin

• Call a long trill


Illustration from Christoffel et al. 2001

Bufo americanus: American toad


• Dark color

• Eyes dorsal

• Small (to 2.4 cm)

http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS/

http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/


Habitat

• Adults - ponds or dry areas

• Larvae - ponds

Food

• Adults - invertebrates

• Larvae - algivores/detritivores

http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/


Other

• Eggs in strings

• Antipredator defenses - toxin (paratoid glands), urinating, puffing (garter snakes)

http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/paton/toad/

http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/watermarked/301/301530.jpg

Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Pseudacris triseriata:

western chorus frog)

Identification: adult• Stripes (variable, broken)• Smooth skin• Small (to 3.9 cm)• Call – finger along comb

http://snr.unl.edu/herpneb/images/

http://www.herpjournal.com/

Pseudacris triseriata: western chorus frog

Identification: larva• Eyes lateral• Tail fin rises above body• Little pigment on fin• Dorsal tail musculature dark• To 3.7 cm long

http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/amphibians/images/

http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/tadpole/psestr2t.jpgIllustration from Conant and Collins 1991

Habitat• Adults - wetland margins,

ditches • Larvae - ephemeral to

permanent wetlands

Food• Adults - small invertebrates• Larvae - algae

http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/amphibians


Other

• Very common, tolerates disturbance

• Early breeder (March)

• Larvae develop quickly (2-2.5 months)


http://www.cortland.edu/herp/keys/images

Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Pseudacris crucifer: spring peeper)


• X on back

• Wide suction cups

• Smooth skin

• To 3.2 cm

• Call – birdlike peeps, jingling bells (chorus)

http://www.bio.sdsu.edu/pub/tod/herpetology/anurans/

Pseudacris crucifer: spring peeper

Identification: larva• Eyes lateral• Fin may rise above body• Fin generally clear, musculature

unpigmented• To 3.4 cm

http://gruagach.home.mindspring.com/tadpoles/pseudacris.crucifer.t.jpg


Habitat• Adult - wooded areas, edges;

low vegetation or on ground• Larvae - wooded wetlands

Diet• Adults - invertebrates• Larvae - algae, detritus


Other• Breed April – May• Single egg attached to

structure• Larvae morph 2-3 months• Central IA is western extent

of range

http://www.cortland.edu/herp/keys/images/frogs/pcrucilg.jpg

Eggs

http://www.cmnh.org/collections/vertzoo/frogs/fig15.gif

Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoscelis: gray treefrog)

Identification: adult• Gray to green• White spot below eye• Inner legs orange• Warty skin• Wide suction cups• To 5.1 cm• Call a trill (slow to fast)

http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/pix/gtf1378.jpg

Hyla versicolor/chrysoscelis: gray treefrog

Identification: larva• Red, tapered tail• High tail fin• To 3 cm

Illustration from Conant and Collins (1991)

http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/paton/LH_treefrog.html

http://wwknapp.home.mindspring.com/docs/gray.tfrogs.html


Habitat• Adult - arboreal; on ground

during breeding• Larvae - wetlands

Food• Adults - invertebrates (grab

flying insects from air)• Larvae – algae, detritus

http://www.kbs.msu.edu/ACWA/natres/

Other• Breed May-July• Overwinter under objects

(glycerol in blood prevents freezing)

• Individuals change color


Order Anura, Family Hylidae(Acris crepitans: cricket frog)

Identification: adult• Somewhat warty• Triangle often on head• To 3.8 cm• Call – clicking marbles

http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/mc/services/dep/herps/photos/

Acris crepitans: cricket frog


• Tail tip usually black

• Tail dorsal musculature with black bands

• To 4.4 cm

http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/VHS/coastal%20plain%20cricket%20frog%20tadpole.jpg

Illustration from Conant and Collins 1991

Habitat• Adults - prefer permanent

water bodies• Larvae - in water near adults

Food• Adults - tiny insects• Larvae - algae


http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/pix/

Other• Hop into water, return to

water edge• Breed March-April• Larvae metamorphose 7

weeks• Declining in northern states,

northern IA


Order Anura, Family Ranidae(Rana catesbeiana: bullfrog)

Identification: adult• Large (to > 15 cm)• Green to brown body• No dorsolateral ridge• Call – “rumm”

http://frogphotos.home.mindspring.com/photos/bullfrog1.jpg

Christoffel et al. 2000

Rana catesbeiana: bullfrog

Identification: larva• Greenish, large (to > 16 cm)• Black dots

http://www.samford.edu/schools/artsci/biology/vertzoo-03s/pages/37.htm

http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/c1258_Dodd/circ1258_plates_20b.jpg

Habitat• Permanent water bodies

(lakes, ponds, rivers)

Food• Adults - invertebrates and

vertebrates (incl. frogs)• Larvae - macroscopic algae,

plants

Rana catesbeiana: bullfrog

http://www.batraciens-reptiles.com/rana_catesbeiana.jpg

Other• Breed June-July• Large egg mass• Larvae metamorphose in 2

yrs.• Exotic in central IA –

threaten native amphibians

Rana catesbeiana: bullfroghttp://www.hawthornevalleyfarm.org/fep/amphibia/bullfrog%20tadpole.jpg

Order Anura, Family Ranidae(Rana pipiens: northern leopard frog)

Identification: adult• Spots (rarely unspotted)• Dorsolateral ridge• To 9 cm• Call – long snore, grunts

http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/images/Frogs_Toads/

Rana pipiens: northern leopard frog

Identification: larva• To 8.5 cm• Flecks (not dots)

Illustration from Conant and Collins 1991

http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/c1258_Dodd/circ1258_plates_22a.jpg

Habitat• Permanent waters• Disperse widely (often far

from water)

Food• Adults – invertebrates• Larvae – algae, plants, detritus

Unspotted form

http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/


http://www.denniskalma.com/rana%20pipiens.jpg

http://www.herpnet.net/Iowa-Herpetology/images/Frogs_Toads/N.Leopard_frog_Burnsi_B.jpg

Other• Breed March-April

• Spherical/elliptical egg mass

• Larvae metamorphose 3 months

• Absorbs water transcutaneously

• Declining – habitat loss (incl. road kills), water pollution (chemicals), UV light(?)


http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/

http://www.amphibiaweb.org/aw/images/leopardpieterjohnson.jpg

class jawstetrapodamniote egguniform internal temperature mammary glands jawless fishes...

Documents

larvae http

edumike http

eduvhs http

long http

metamorphosis http

breeding http

eduherpnebimages http

comb http