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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)

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14 Growth and development

14.1 Concepts of growth and development (Book 2, p. 14-3)

A Growth (Book 2, p. 14-3)

� Growth (生長) is an irreversible increase

in the (1) _______________ and

(2) _______________ _______________

of an organism. It is brought about by:

- Cell division: Cells divide by

(3) _______________ cell division.

This leads to an increase in the

(4) _______________ of cells.

- Cell enlargement: Cells assimilate

food substances and synthesize new

materials in the cytoplasm. This leads

to an increase in the

(5) _______________ of cells.

B Development (Book 2, p. 14-3)

� Development (發育) is an irreversible

change in the (6) _______________ of

an organism and an increase in its

(7) _______________. It is brought about

by the (8) _______________ (分化) of

cells.

� Differentiation is the process in which a

cell becomes (9) _______________ to

perform a particular function.

zygote

two cells

four cells

a ball of cells

first mitotic cell division

second

mitotic cell

division

repeated

mitotic cell divisions

Ce

ll d

ivis

ion

C

ell

en

larg

em

en

t

cells differentiate

to perform

different functions

cardiac

muscle

cells

red

blood

cells

neurone

Dif

fere

nti

ati

on

heart

(circulatory system)

brain

(nervous system)

tissues

similar

cells

group together

organs

systems

▲ Growth and development of a human zygote into an embryo

5-week-old embryo

Gro

wth

D

ev

elo

pm

en

t

�


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14.2 Growth and development in plants (Book 2, p. 14-5)

A What is the structure of a seed? (Book 2, p. 14-5)

� Most plants grow and develop from a seed.

B What are the conditions necessary for seed germination? (Book 2, p. 14-6)

� (8) _______________ _______________ is the process by which a seed grows and develops

into a seedling. The following are necessary for this process to take place:

Condition Reason

Water

� It (9) _______________ the seed coat and makes the cotyledons

(10) _______________. This breaks the seed coat so that the

(11) _______________ can emerge.

� It activates the (12) _______________ in the seed. The enzymes catalyse the

(13) ______________ of insoluble stored food into simpler and soluble food.

� It acts as a (14) _______________ in the hydrolysis of insoluble food.

� It acts as a medium for (15) _______________ the soluble food to the

growing regions of the embryo.

Warmth � It allows the (16) _______________ in the seed to work efficiently.

Oxygen � It is needed for the seed to carry out (17) _______________ which provides

energy for the growth of the embryo.

(1) _______________:

- a small hole for the entry of

(2) _______________

during seed germination

(種子萌發)

(3) _______________ (種臍):

- the scar left from where the

seed was attached to the fruit wall

(4) _______________ _______________:

- protects the embryo from damage and

attack by microorganisms

(5) _____________ (胚芽):

- develops into the shoot

(6) _____________ (胚根):

- develops into the root

(7) _____________ (子葉):

- contains stored food for

the growth of the plumule and the radicle during seed germination

em

bry

o

▲ External (left) and internal (right) structure of a seed of a dicotyledonous plant


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C What happens when a seed germinates? (Book 2, p. 14-8)

radicle

seed coat breaks

Day 2

� (18) _______________ is absorbed through the micropyle.

� The seed coat breaks. The (19) _______________ emerges

and grows downwards to form the root.

� Enzymes are activated to (20) _______________ the

insoluble food to soluble forms for growth and development.

root hairs

cotyledons

Day 3

� Root hairs develop on the radicle to increase the

(21) _______________ _______________ for absorbing

water and minerals.

shoot forms a

curved shape

plumule tip

protected by cotyledons

Day 4

� The (22) _______________ grows upwards to form the shoot.

� The growth of the shoot lifts the (23) _______________ up

above the soil.

� The cotyledons protect the plumule tip on their way out.

cotyledons turn green

curved shoot straightens

Day 5

� The curved shoot beneath the cotyledons straightens.

� The cotyledons turn (24) _______________ and carry out

photosynthesis.

young leaves

cotyledons will fall off

Day 6

� Young leaves develop to make food by

(25) _______________.

� The cotyledons will fall off.


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D Where do growth and development take place in plants? (Book 2, p. 14-9)

� In plants, growth starts to take place only in (26) _______________ (分生組織) which consist of

a group of (27) _______________ cells. The cells are able to divide by (28) _______________

cell division throughout the plant’s life.

� There are two important kinds of meristems, (29) _______________ _______________

(頂端分生組織) and (30) _______________ _______________ (側生分生組織):

Apical meristems Lateral meristems

Where they are found

At the (31) _______________ of roots

and shoots

At the (32) _______________ of stems

and roots

Effect of their growth

Increases the (33) _______________ of

the plant, i.e. (34) _______________

growth

Increases the (35) _______________ of

the plant, i.e. (36) _______________

growth

1 At the root tip and the shoot tip

� Primary growth of the root and the shoot takes place in three regions: the region of

(37) _______________ _______________ (細胞分裂區), the region of (38) _______________

(延長區) and the region of (39) _______________ (分化區).

A

B

C

root cap

root hair

vascular bundle

apical meristem

C

B

A

young leaf

apical meristem

xylem

phloem

▲ Regions of growth and development at the root tip (left) and shoot tip (right)


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Region Growth and development Appearance of cells

A Region of cell

division

� Apical meristem produces new cells by

(40) _______________ cell division.

dense cytoplasm (no vacuole)

thin cell wall

B Region of

elongation

� The cells take in water by osmosis to form

many small (41) _______________ and the

cells (42) _______________.

� Elongation of the cells pushes the apical

meristem in the root (43) _______________

and that in the shoot (44) _______________.

small vacuole

thin cell wall

C Region of

differentiation

� Small vacuoles in the cells fuse to form

(45) ______________ ______________.

� More cellulose fibres are made and added to

the cell walls, therefore the cell walls become

(46) ______________ and more

(47) ______________.

� The cells (48) ______________ to different

types of specialized cells to perform particular

functions.

large vacuole

thick cell wall

2 At the periphery of stems and roots

� Secondary growth in woody plants is mainly caused by

the activity of the (49) _______________

_______________ (維管形成層), which is a lateral

meristem found between the xylem and phloem of stems

and roots.

� New cells produced in this tissue differentiate into

(50) _______________ xylem and phloem.

� The secondary xylem is pushed (51) _______________

(inwards / outwards) and the secondary phloem is pushed

(52) _______________ (inwards / outwards). This causes

an increase in the (53) _______________ of the stems and

roots.

primary phloem vascular

cambium

cortex

epidermis

primary xylem

secondary phloem

secondary xylem

▲ Secondary growth at the periphery of a stem


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� Go to

Practical 14.1 Design an investigation of the conditions for seed germination

(Book 2, p. 14-6; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 14-1)

Practical 14.2 Investigation of the growth of the main roots of young seedlings

(Book 2, p. 14-11; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 14-7)

14.3 Measurement of growth (Book 2, p. 14-15)

Growth parameter

Advantage Disadvantage Suitable for

Size

(length, height,

surface area or

volume)

� Growth in all

dimensions

(4) _____________

(may / may not) be

taken into account

Stems and roots,

rats’ tails (length),

leaves (surface

area) and fruits

(volume)

Fresh mass /

fresh weight

(鮮質量／鮮重)

(mass including

water content)

� The organism remains

(1) _______________

so its growth can be

measured

(2) _______________

� Easy and

(3) _______________

� Easily affected by the

(5) _______________

content of the organism

The whole body of

animals and plants

Dry mass /

dry weight

(乾質量／乾重)

(mass with all

water removed)

� An (6) _____________

method to measure the

amount of

(7) _______________

matter in an organism

� The organism is

(8) _______________,

so continuous

measurement of the

growth of the same

individual is impossible

� A large

(9) _______________

_______________ of

specimens is needed

� (10) _______________-

consuming

� Not suitable for large

organisms

Microorganisms,

seeds and

seedlings


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14.4 Growth curves (Book 2, p. 14-18)

� A (1) _______________ _______________ (生長曲線) can be obtained by plotting the size,

mass or growth rate of an organism against (2) _______________.

A What are the stages of growth in annual plants? (Book 2, p. 14-18)

� An (3) _______________ plant (一年生植物) is a plant which only lives for one growing

season. It has limited growth (有限生長). Rice plants, soya plants and sunflowers are examples.

� S-shaped growth curve of an annual plant:

▲ Growth curve of an annual plant

Stage 1

� Dry mass (4) _______________ (increases / decreases) during the early stage of

seed germination because the (5) _______________ stored in the seed is broken down to

provide energy for growth.

Stage 2

� Dry mass (6) _______________ (increases / decreases) when (7) _______________

_______________ have developed to make food by photosynthesis. Since the rate of

photosynthesis is faster than the rate of respiration, there is a net gain in the amount of

(8) _______________ _______________.

Stage 3

� Dry mass (9) _______________ (increases / decreases) due to the dispersal of fruits and

seeds.

time (week) 5 10 15 20 25

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 2 3

death

dry

mass (

g)

stage


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B What are the stages of growth in humans? (Book 2, p. 14-19)

▲ Growth curve of humans

Stage Description

I a rapid growth

II b slow growth

III c height remains steady

IV d negative growth (decrease in height)

V

I: (10) ________ II: (11) ________ III: (12) ________ IV: (13) ________ V: (14) _______

i) Growth rates of different sexes

▲ Growth curves of boys and girls

age (year)

girls

boys yearly g

row

th in h

eig

ht

(c

m p

er

year)

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

The growth rate of girls is

(15) _______________

(faster / slower) than that of boys.

The growth rate of girls is

(16) _______________

(faster / slower) than that of boys.

i.e. Girls enter puberty

(17) _______________

(earlier / later) than boys.

age (year)

height

3 0 13 18 65

birth

foetal growth

infancy (嬰兒期)

childhood(兒童期)

adolescence(青年期)

adulthood(成年期)

old stage (衰老期)

death

I

II

III

IV

V


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ii) Growth rates of different body parts

▲ Growth curves of the brain, reproductive organs and

the whole body

� The (18) _______________

grows rapidly during infancy and

early childhood. This enables a

lot of learning behaviours to aid

the (19) _______________ of the

young.

� The (20) _______________

_______________ only start to

grow rapidly at puberty. This

allows time for a person to

mature before giving birth to

offspring.

� The relative sizes of different body parts change with age:.

- The relative size of the (21) _______________ decreases with age because it grows

rapidly at the early stage and then it grows more slowly than the rest of the body.

- The relative size of the (22) _______________ increases with age because they grow

slowly at the early stage and then they grow more rapidly than the rest of the body.

- The relative size of the (23) _______________ remains nearly the same because it grows

at a rate proportional to that of the whole body.

age (year)

siz

e o

f org

an o

r bo

dy

rela

tive to f

inal siz

e (

%)

0 5 10 15 20

brain

whole body

reproductive organs

20

40

60

80

100 perc

enta

ge o

f he

ight (%

)

0

25

50

75

100

9 weeks (foetus)

newborn 2 years 5 years 13 years 22 years

age


- 48 -

Answers

Ch 14 Growth and development

14.1 1 size 2 dry mass 3 mitotic 4 number 5 size

6 form 7 complexity 8 differentiation 9 specialized

14.2 1 micropyle 2 water 3 hilum 4 seed coat 5 plumule

6 radicle 7 cotyledon 8 Seed germination 9 softens 10 swell

11 radicle 12 enzymes 13 hydrolysis 14 reactant 15 transporting

16 enzymes 17 respiration 18 Water 19 radicle 20 hydrolyze

21 surface area 22 plumule 23 cotyledons 24 green 25 photosynthesis

26 meristems 27 undifferentiated 28 mitotic 29 apical meristems 30 lateral meristems

31 tips 32 periphery 33 length 34 primary 35 thickness

36 secondary 37 cell division 38 elongation 39 differentiation 40 mitotic

41 vacuoles 42 elongate 43 downwards 44 upwards 45 large vacuoles

46 thicker 47 rigid 48 differentiate 49 vascular cambium 50 secondary

51 inwards 52 outwards 53 thickness

14.3 1 alive 2 continuously 3 convenient 4 may not 5 water

6 accurate 7 organic 8 killed 9 sample size 10 Time

14.4 1 growth curve 2 time 3 annual 4 decreases 5 food

6 increases 7 green leaves 8 organic mater 9 decreases 10 a

11 b 12 a 13 c 14 d 15 faster

16 slower 17 earlier 18 brain 19 survival 20 reproductive organs

21 head 22 limbs 23 trunk

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