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Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

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Page 1: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Classical Civilizations:Athens & Sparta

Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta

Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Page 2: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

This powerpoint was used in a workshop at ESC 16 in Amarillo on June 26, 2012. It includes Lessons 8 and 9 from the Focus: Middle School World History publication from CEE.Many slides are procedural directions for teachers. Any teacher can use the powerpoint as a springboard for teaching the lessons with some modifications.

Page 3: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta—Imagine the Possibilities

Athens and Sparta were both Greek city-states*.If they were similar in so many ways, why did they develop such different economic systems?* A city-state is a city and surrounding region that is also an independent nation with its own army, currency, laws, and elected leaders.

Page 4: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta—Imagine the Possibilities

Pair students and have one in each pair read “Athen’s Choices” (p. 118) and one read “Sparta’s Choices” (p. 119).Give each pair a copy of the Venn diagram on page 122 and the list on page 120. Have them work together to put each of the 15 statements (statement numbers) into the Venn diagram.

Page 5: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athen’s Choices (p. 118)

Athens was located in one of the least fertile areas in ancient Greece.It could not grow the grain necessary to feed the growing city-state.It grew olives and grapes, which it used to produce olive oil and wine.Athens traded olive oil and wine for grain.Their dependence on trade led to the building of the Athenian fleet, which sailed the Mediterranean from Spain in the west to the Black Sea in the East.

Page 6: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athen’s Choices (p. 118)Athenians built magnificent temples, such as the Parthenon, but lived in simple sun-dried brick homes.Houses had no plumbing and used olive oil lamps.Marriage and family were important; marriages were arranged by families. Girls at the age of 14 were married to older men twice their age. Women didn’t have much freedom in Athens. Although women were citizens, they could not own or inherit property.Women remained at home and managed the household and slaves, appearing in public only with permission from their husbands.Girls did not receive a formal education; most stayed home and learned how to manage a household.

Page 7: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athen’s Choices (p. 118)Men did much of the shopping at the market.Boys usually went to school at the age of 7 and learned reading, writing and grammar, music, and gymnastics. They wrote on wax-covered wooden tablets.At age 18, a boy received a year of military training.Most families of the citizen class owned at least one slave, who commonly farmed, the main industry in Athens.Slaves also worked in the home and cleaned, cooked, and made clothing. Slaves also worked in the silver mines, the worst job.The arts were celebrated and great works of art, literature, and drama set a standard for today. Some of history’s greatest thinkers and philosophers—Socrates, Plato, Aristotle-- walked the streets.Athens was the birthplace of democracy.

Page 8: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Sparta’s Choices (p. 119)

Sparta conquered Messenia around 725 B.C., taking over Messenian land and enslaving the Messenians to serve as agricultural slaves called helots. Why? Sparta could not feed a growing population.They forced the helots to grow crops for Sparta. The helot population grew, outnumbering the Spartans by 8 to 1.In 600 B.C., the helots revolted and were almost successful.Sparta responded by focusing on military strength, and their government exerted total control.

Page 9: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Sparta’s Choices (p. 119)

Every newborn baby had to be presented to rulers who decided whether the baby had the potential to be a great soldier or the mother of strong children. Those who failed the test were abandoned to die.Daily life for men focused on the military. At age 7, boys left home and moved into military barracks.Their schooling involved marching and training during the day and sleeping on hard benches at night.To encourage stealthiness, boys were fed poorly and encouraged to steal food—but were warned they would be beaten if caught. That made tough soldiers who were ready to fight.Spartan mothers told their sons to come back from war carrying their shields (victorious) or upon them (dead).

Page 10: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Sparta’s Choices (p. 119)

Spartan women had freedom compared to women living in other Greek city-states, taking on responsibilities such as managing the family estate.Spartan women could inherit property.Girls were encouraged to be fit and strong—they ran, wrestled, and played sports because strong Spartan women would produce strong Spartan men for military service.Their government included two kings, a council of elders, and an assembly who ran the day-to-day affairs.People were not permitted to travel except for wars, and trade was discouraged.Money was made of iron bars.Free expression was discouraged and the arts and philosophy that flourished in Athens did not occur.

Spartan society valued strength, duty, and discipline over individual worth and freedom. From this society we get the English word Spartan, which means simple, frugal, or austere. Other Greeks were amazed at Sparta’s military power.

Page 11: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Compare and ContrastLESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Athens Sparta

Page 12: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta—Imagine the Possibilities

Page 121 gives answers:

Sparta:– 1, 2, 3, 9, 12, 14, 15

Athens:– 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13

Both:– 4, 5

Page 13: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta—Imagine the Possibilities

Why could neither city-state produce enough food for their citizens?

How did Athens solve the problem?

How did Sparta solve the problem?

Page 14: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta—Imagine the Possibilities

You could stop here just to teach the history, but the following slides extend the economic content by reviewing basic concepts and applying them to Athens and Sparta.

Page 15: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta—Imagine the Possibilities

Explain that economists have developed theories and tools that help explain human behavior, both by individual people and entire societies.Economists use economic concepts and a key economic tool to explain how Athens and Sparta developed differently.If students already know the difference between and command economy and a market economy, they could also apply that to Athens (market) and Sparta (command).

Page 16: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Societies must make choices because of scarcity.

Scarcity: The condition that exists because human wants exceed the capacity of available resources to satisfy those wants. Productive Resources: Natural resources, human resources, and capital resources used to make goods and services.

LESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 17: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Productive resources include:Natural Resources — "Gifts of nature" that

can be used to produce goods and services; for example, oceans, air, mineral deposits, forests, and fields of land.

Human Resources — The health, education, experience, training, skills, and values of people; for example, doctors, teachers, and farmers.

Capital Resources — Goods made and used to produce and distribute goods and services; examples include tools, machinery, and buildings.

   

 

LESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 18: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Societies must make choices because of scarcity.

Choices: Because our wants are greater than our resources, people must make choices. When you choose one thing, you must give up something else, which means there is an opportunity cost. 

Opportunity Cost: The highest valued alternative that is given up when a choice is made.

LESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 19: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Production Possibilities Frontier

Production Possibilities Frontier: A table or graph that shows the various combinations of two goods it is possible to produce with a given amount of resources.

Imagine a society that used all of its resources (natural, human, and capital) to produce two goods: olives and grapes. We can illustrate their choices on a production possibilities frontier, shown on the next slide.

LESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 20: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Production Possibilities Frontier

LESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 21: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Guns vs. Butter

Guns vs. Butter: A phrase that refers to the trade-off that nations face when choosing to devote more or fewer resources to military or civilian goods and services.

Guns: Resources devoted to the production of military goods or services. Butter: Resources devoted to the production of civilian goods or services. 

LESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 22: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Guns vs. ButterLESSON 8 – ATHENS AND SPARTA: IMAGINE THE POSSIBILITIES

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Where would Athens likely be?

Where would Sparta likely be?

Page 23: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Lesson 9: Athens and Olive OilThis is a good follow-up to the lesson on Athens and Sparta.This lesson delves deeper into the trading that Athens did to obtain grains.Discuss trade:– Why do people trade? (to get goods and services they can’t

efficiently produce themselves)– Are people better off or worse off when they trade? (Students should recognize that specializing and trading is more

efficient than trying to be self-sufficient.)– You hear Americans complain that very little is manufactured in

the United States. Why do they see this and the resulting trade as a negative? (answers could vary including making U.S. dependent on other countries)

Ask student what they know about olive oil and its many uses, then have then read Activity 9.1.

Page 24: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Activity 9.1: Agriculture in AthensThe 630,000 acres of land in Attica, the region in which Athens was located, were rocky and unproductive. In fact, 1/3 was not suitable for any kind of farming.Even with careful land management and irrigation, the region only produced 675,000 bushels of grain per year—hardly enough to supply a quarter of its population. Without imported food, Athens would have starved.

Page 25: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Activity 9.1: Agriculture in AthensThe terrain of Attica was well suited for growing olives but not grain.An olive tree takes 16 years of growing to produce usable olives and 40 years to reach full productivity. Olive trees were so valuable in Athens that cutting one down was a crime punishable by exile or death.The olive tree and its leaves became symbols of peace, wisdom, and victory, but olive oil was the “liquid gold” that was the source of Athen’s wealth.Greek olive oil was considered the finest in the ancient world.

Page 26: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Activity 9.1: Agriculture in AthensOlive oil is used as a food and in cooking, in religious ceremonies, as lamp fuel for lighting homes, as a skin conditioner and a cleanser instead of soap, and as a medicine.Hippocrates, the father of medicine, referred to it as “the great therapeutic” with more than 60 uses as a medicine. Olive oil was applied to the skin of Olympic athletes before competitions.Olive oil was as valuable to the ancient world as petroleum oil is to the modern world.In Greek mythology, olives and olive oil were considered gifts from the goddess Athena, who was selected as Athen’s patron saint over Poseidon.

Page 27: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Activities 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4: Athens and Olive Oil

When students have read Activity 9.1, debrief enough to assess their understanding of olive oil and its importance to Athens.. (Activity can be done without going on to Activity 9.2)Then tell students they will travel back in time to visit the Athenian assembly and listen to a discussion that might have taken place.Activity 9.2 on page 138 needs 17 characters and a narrator.Give the 4 students who play the part of Athenian slaves copies of Activity 9.3.Give the 4 students who play the part of Egyptian slaves copies of Activity 9.4.Give each student a pebble or paper clip; the teacher will need two cups.Read Activity 9.2. Each of the 8 slaves has a flip card.

Page 28: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Activities 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4: Athens and Olive Oil

As students read Activity 9.2, you can debrief along the way, or you can do it at the end.– Why doesn’t Pericles grow his own food? It is more beneficial; the

time to grow food would take away from his blacksmithing.– Why does Themistocles grow food but not make his own tools and

weapons? It is more beneficial to farm and use the profit to buy tools.

– Compared to Pericles, is Themistocles better at farming or blacksmithing? He does both well.

– If he is better at both, why doesn’t he do both? He would give up too much farm production by blacksmithing.

Use the next 3 vocabulary slides to discuss voluntary exchange, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage.

Page 29: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Vocabulary

Voluntary Exchange: Trading goods and services with other people because both parties expect to benefit from the trade.  Absolute Advantage: The ability to produce more units of a good or service than some other producer, using the same quantity of resources. (Themistocles has an absolute advantage at farming. Themistocles also has an absolute advantage at blacksmithing.)

 

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 30: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Vocabulary

Comparative Advantage: The ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than some other producer. This is the economic basis for specialization and trade. (see next slide)

Opportunity Cost: The highest valued alternative that is given up when a choice is made.

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 31: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

In Athens:Producing one jar of olive oil meant giving up one-half bushel of wheat.

The opportunity cost of is  In Egypt:Producing one jar of olive oil meant giving up four bushels of wheat. The opportunity cost of is  

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 32: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

In Egypt:Producing one bushel of wheat meant giving up one-fourth jar of olive oil.

The opportunity cost of is  In Athens:Producing one bushel of wheat meant giving up two jars of olive oil.

The opportunity cost of is   

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 33: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Which country has the comparative advantage at growing wheat? Egypt Why? It has the lower opportunity cost.

Which country has the lower opportunity cost of producing olive oil? Athens—they only give up ½ bushel of wheat.

Which country has the comparative advantage in producing olive oil? Athens

Therefore, who should produce olive oil? Athens

Who should produce wheat? Egypt (Even though, like Themistocles, they may produce both very well.)

Comparative Advantage: The ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than some other producer.

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 34: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

The articles which it is difficult to get, one here, one there, from the rest of the world, all these it is easy to buy in Athens.

—Isocrates, Greek Orator (436–338 B.C.) The magnitude of our city draws the produce of the world into our harbor, so that to the Athenian the fruits of other countries are as familiar a luxury as those of his own.

— Thucydides, Greek Historian (460–395 B.C.)

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 35: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Vocabulary

Production Possibilities Frontier: A table or graph that shows the various combinations of two goods it is possible to produce with a given amount of resources.

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Athens All cards wheat

Flip one card

Flip second

card

Flip third card

Flip last card

Wheat 4 3 2 1 0

Olive Oil 0 2 4 6 8

Athens’ Production Possibilities Table

Page 36: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Athens’ Production Possibilities Graph

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 37: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Egypt All cards wheat

Flip one card

Flip second

card

Flip third card

Flip last card

Wheat 16 12 8 4 0

Olive Oil 0 1 2 3 4

Egypt’s Production Possibilities Table

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 38: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Egypt’s Production Possibilities Graph

LESSON 9 – ATHENS AND OLIVE OIL

FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY

Page 39: Classical Civilizations: Athens & Sparta Lesson 8: Athens and Sparta Lesson 9: Athens and Olive Oil

Jean WalkerDirector, West Texas Center for Economic Education

College of BusinessWest Texas A&M University

Canyon, Texas806-651-2515

[email protected]