classical imperial india: expansion & collapse. a. the mauryan empire (324 b. c. e.–184 b. c....
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Classical Imperial India:Classical Imperial India:Expansion & CollapseExpansion & Collapse
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A. The Mauryan Empire (324 B.C.E.–184 B.C.E.)A. The Mauryan Empire (324 B.C.E.–184 B.C.E.)
1. Agricultural & iron production
2. Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire founded by ChandraguptaChandragupta
-Kautilya: Kautilya: a Machiavellian Brahmin & advisor -wrote book of political statecraft-network of spies
3. Imperial governmentImperial government:-large army-25% percent tax on all goods
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5. most famous Mauryan emperor: AshokaAshoka (r. 269–232 B.C.E.)
- shaken by carnage in brutal war & converted to Buddhism- inscribed Buddhist policies throughout empire on rocks & pillars ( “rock edicts”“rock edicts”)- built extensive roads
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B. Commerce & CultureB. Commerce & Culture
1. The Mauryan empire collapsed in 184 B.C.E. due to: political political
fragmentationfragmentation
2. Economic development: creation of guilds & merchants
3. Cultural developments: creation of epic Indian literature:
– Ramayana– Bhagavad Gita
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C. The Gupta Empire (320 C.E.–550 C.E.)C. The Gupta Empire (320 C.E.–550 C.E.)
1. Gupta Empire Gupta Empire conquered north & central India, lead by Chandra Gupta IIChandra Gupta II
-iron deposits, state monopolies, 25% agricultural tax
2. army controlled core of empire, but provincial provincial administration left to governorsadministration left to governors (hereditary)
3. lack of military force created “theater-statetheater-state”
- redistributing wealth from trade & elaborate ceremonies
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4. Achievements:
- math & astronomy - invented our “Arabic” numerals- concept of “zero”- Chinese monk Faxian’sFaxian’s travel journal
through Gupta India
5. Women’s rights: NO inheritance or property… treated like lowest varna
- married very young- widow may be required to burn herself
on her husband’s funeral pyre (satisati)
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6. dominated by dominated by HinduismHinduism & classic form of Hindu temples & classic form of Hindu temples
7. Gupta India linked by extensive trade networks
8. 550 C.E Gupta empire collapsed under rule of local princes rule of local princes & financial burden of defense & financial burden of defense against HUNSHUNS
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Extensive Trade: 4Extensive Trade: 4thth c. c. Extensive Trade: 4Extensive Trade: 4thth c. c.
spices
spices
spicesspices
gold & gold &
ivoryivory
gold & gold & ivoryivory
rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses
cotton goods
cotton goods
cotton goods
cotton goodssilkssilks
Out of India:
cotton,rice,wheat, &SPICES
Into India:
horses,gold,ivory,silk, &SPICES
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MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature
MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy
PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal
guidesguides
1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified
PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery
C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme
dd
InoculatioInoculationsns
500 healing500 healingplants plants
identifiedidentified
DecimalDecimalSystemSystem
ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero
PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416
KalidasKalidasaa
SolarSolarCalendarCalendar
The The earthearth
is roundis round
GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia
Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen
tsts
Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen
tsts
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ROMANS, HAN & GUPTAROMANS, HAN & GUPTA
Economic
Social
Political
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South East Asia 50-1025 C.E.
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A. Geography and Resources1. Southeast Asia has three
geographical zones: (1) the Indochina mainland, (2) the Malay Peninsula, and (3)
the islands.
Area influenced by China and India
2. Natural resources : fertile agricultural lands, dependable monsoon rains, and
several growing seasons a year.
Supports large dense population
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B. Early Civilization
1. Early inhabitants practiced swidden (slash and burn) agriculture and domesticated important crops and animals, including rice, soybeans, sugar cane, chickens, and pigs.
2. Southeast Asia received waves of migrations of Malay peoples from southern China.
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1. Malay migrations continued into the Pacific Islands and into the Indian Ocean.
2. Early Malay groups in Southeast Asia lived in small villages, manufactured bronze tools, and were organized in small political units.
C. Migration
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3. The first large states S.E. Asia emerged due to strategic location for trade between Asia and India.
Trade brought business and Hindu/Buddhist culture.
4. Funan: First major state to appear.
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1. Located on Sumatra dominated new southern trade route through modern Malaysia and Indonesia.
2. Political system: Unites four different ecological zones and their local rulers under the authority of the Srivijayan king.
Four zones were: (1)Core of Musi River, (2) the upland Sumatran interior(3) river ports(4) Fertile rice lands of central Java.
C. Srivijayan Kingdom
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3. Kings kept control through a combination of military power, diplomacy, control of trade, and the techniques of the theater-state.
Kings though to have magical powers Patronized monasteries and schools.
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4. Indian culture influenced Srivijayan concepts of kingship and government.
Hinduism/ Buddhist became the dominant faiths of the region.
Srivijayans borrowed from Indian civilization and adapted ideas to their own culture and needs.
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D. Decline
5. Changes in trade routes led to the decline of Srivijaya in the eleventh century. The capital was destroyed in 1025 by the Chola kingdom.