Forms of Argumentation Classical, Rogerian, Toulmin

In academic speech and debate there are three models of argumentation an orator can use to change his/her opponent’s mind: classical, Rogerian, and Toumlin. The classical argument, traced back to Socrates and Aristotle in 400 BC ancient Greece, emphasizes evidence and refutation to convince an opponent. Refute means to prove that your adversary is wrong. A Rogerian argument attempts to establish a “win-win” negotiation, where there are no losers. This argument emphasizes what the orator and opponent have in common (similar beliefs and values). Finally, the Toulmin argument underscores the orator’s evidence and the strength of that evidence in proving his thesis. Whereas the Rogerian and Toumlin arguments are directed at opponents who are close-minded, the classical argument is designed for an opponent with an open-mind.

Classical Argument Method: Argues an issue using evidence and refutation Opponent: open-minded Classical Structure 1.) Introduction hook your opponent’s attention and declare your thesis- your main opinion that you can support with claims and evidence. 2.) Background: provide context information and define confusing terms. 3.) Confirmation present key claims and evidence that support your thesis in a logical order (strongest to weakest point). Use format of observation, evidence, explanation. 4.) Refutation, Concession examine your opponent’s viewpoint and refute/ discredit your opponent’s counter argument. 5.) Summation restate your thesis, restate your key claims and evidence and conclude with a final thought.

Rogerian Argument Method: Argues an issue emphasizing similarity with your opponent’s beliefs Opponent: close- minded Rogerian Structure 1.) Background provide context information and define confusing terms. 2.) Common ground discuss how you and your opponent share similar beliefs. Restate your opponent’s argument in your own words. 3.) Context, Conditions state your thesis but do not insist that your thesis is better than your opponent’s. 4.) Concession restate that you share many similar beliefs with your opponent but your thesis is different and worth considering.

References: Martin, Cathlena. Forms of Argumentation. < http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/cmartin/UWPENC1102/argumentation.htm>

Toulmin Argument Method: Argues an issue emphasizing the strength of your evidence Opponent: close minded Toulmin Structure 1.) Claim state your thesis- main opinion that can be supported by logic and evidence. 2.) Evidence provide accurate statistics, quotes, and events that support your claim. 3.) Warrant explain the importance of this evidence. Make relevant inferences based on the evidence. 4.) Refute/ discredit your opponent’s counter arguments Rebuttal by attacking the credibility of their evidence. 5.) Concession acknowledge that your opponent has several valid points. Restate the value of your thesis.

Stephen Toulmin

Scientific Method

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