classification and taxonomy biology 1. 11.1 taxonomy branch of biology that classifies organisms...
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Classification and Classification and TaxonomyTaxonomy
Biology 1Biology 1
11.1 Taxonomy11.1 Taxonomy
Branch of biology that classifies Branch of biology that classifies organisms organisms into a series of groups calledinto a series of groups called taxa. taxa. The most The most common system used today has 7 taxa:common system used today has 7 taxa: kingdom, kingdom, phylumphylum, , classclass, order, family, , order, family, genusgenus and and speciesspecies..
The largest taxa is The largest taxa is kingdomkingdom, it has the most , it has the most numbers of organisms. The smallest is numbers of organisms. The smallest is speciesspecies which has the fewest in it.which has the fewest in it.
Taxonomy of LifeTaxonomy of Life
All Living Things
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Taxonomy …Taxonomy … Organisms are named using their Organisms are named using their genusgenus as as
their first name and the their first name and the speciesspecies as the last as the last name. name. GenusGenus is always is always capitalizedcapitalized, , speciesspecies is is NEVER capitalized, both are NEVER capitalized, both are italicizeditalicized. . Giving organisms two names is known as Giving organisms two names is known as binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature..
Sometimes three names are used when a Sometimes three names are used when a subspecies is known. Then it is subspecies is known. Then it is trinomial trinomial nomenclature.nomenclature.
More Taxonomy….More Taxonomy….
PlantPlant taxonomists use taxonomists use the term “division” the term “division” instead of instead of phylumphylum..
By using By using DNADNA samples, samples, relationships between relationships between organismsorganisms can be can be determined with great determined with great accuracyaccuracy..
Bacillus subtilis
Abutilon theophrasti
Micrurus fulvius
11.2 Dicotomous Key11.2 Dicotomous Key
Organisms are placed into their correct orders Organisms are placed into their correct orders by using a by using a dicotomousdicotomous key which is a series of key which is a series of questions.questions.
http://pals.sri.com/tasks/5-8/DichotomousKey/directs.html
VirusesViruses
Characteristics of virusesCharacteristics of viruses NON-living organismsNON-living organisms Smaller than the smallest Smaller than the smallest
prokaryoticprokaryotic cells. cells. Do not have the Do not have the characteristicscharacteristics of of
living things.living things. Can only reproduce if they get Can only reproduce if they get
inside a inside a hosthost organism. organism.
If they infect a bacterium cell, they If they infect a bacterium cell, they are called are called bacteriophagesbacteriophages..
Viral StructureViral StructureStructure:
•Inner core composed of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid.
Lytic cycle is the method by which viruses reproduce themselves.In order to infect a plant or animal cell, the capsid must match a receptor site on the host cell.
Specific VirusesSpecific Viruses
The virus that causes AIDS can only attach to The virus that causes AIDS can only attach to white bloodwhite blood cells. cells.
Antibiotics are not effective against Antibiotics are not effective against virusesviruses. . Antibiotic means “against Antibiotic means “against lifelife” and they only ” and they only work against work against bacterialbacterial infections because infections because bacteria are living organisms. bacteria are living organisms.
Viruses are NOT Viruses are NOT livingliving!!!!!!!!!! Antibiotics are sometimes effective against Antibiotics are sometimes effective against
fungalfungal infections. infections.
11.3 Kingdom Monera11.3 Kingdom Monera
MoneraMonera
The only kingdom to The only kingdom to include include prokaryotesprokaryotes is is the kingdom the kingdom monera.monera.
Prokaryotes vs EukaryotesProkaryotes vs Eukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotes Do NOT have a Do NOT have a true nucleustrue nucleus Do NOT have membrane-bound Do NOT have membrane-bound organellesorganelles DO have a DO have a cell wallcell wall outside the cell membrane outside the cell membrane
MoneransMonerans are the most widespread and most are the most widespread and most numerous organisms on earthnumerous organisms on earth
Sometimes divided into 2 kingdoms: Sometimes divided into 2 kingdoms: archaebacteriaarchaebacteria and and eubacteriaeubacteria..
ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria Believed to be the oldest living organisms Believed to be the oldest living organisms Can live in Can live in harshharsh environments such as hot environments such as hot
sulfur springssulfur springs, volcanic , volcanic deep-sea ventsdeep-sea vents on the on the ocean floor, the ocean floor, the Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake, and even the , and even the intestines of intestines of mammalsmammals..
Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic (can make their own (can make their own foodfood))
EubacteriaEubacteria
More common type of bacteriaMore common type of bacteria Classified according to Classified according to shapeshape and how they and how they
respond to a process called respond to a process called Gram stainingGram staining Some are Some are heterotrophsheterotrophs and rely on others as and rely on others as
their food sourcetheir food source Others are Others are parasitesparasites and get their nutrients by and get their nutrients by
feedingfeeding on other organisms on other organisms Some are Some are saprotrophssaprotrophs and feed on dead and feed on dead
organisms organisms organic wastesorganic wastes
More Eubacteria feeding habitsMore Eubacteria feeding habits
Still others are Still others are autotrophsautotrophs and make their own and make their own foodfood..
Example: cynobacteria are Example: cynobacteria are photosynthetic photosynthetic autotrophs autotrophs
Chemosynthetic autotrophs make food by the Chemosynthetic autotrophs make food by the break down of break down of inorganicinorganic compounds that compounds that contain contain nitrogennitrogen and and sulfursulfur
Bacteria get a bad rap, Bacteria get a bad rap, butbut……
Actually there are more PROS than CONSActually there are more PROS than CONS PROS:PROS:
NitrogenNitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the -fixing bacteria live in the rootsroots of of plantsplants Many foods such as Many foods such as picklespickles, yogurt, sauerkraut, and , yogurt, sauerkraut, and SwissSwiss
cheesecheese owe their distinctive owe their distinctive odorsodors and and flavorsflavors to bacteria. to bacteria. Certain ones make Certain ones make antibioticsantibiotics such as such as neomycinneomycin and and
erythromycinerythromycin Probiotics live in the intestines and produce Probiotics live in the intestines and produce vitaminsvitamins, ,
enhance the absorption of enhance the absorption of nutrientsnutrients and strengthen the and strengthen the immuneimmune system. system.
On the other hand…On the other hand…
Many do cause diseasesMany do cause diseases Some form Some form endosporesendospores which can cause which can cause
botulism or botulism or tetanustetanus Others cause Others cause LymeLyme disease, disease, strepstrep throat, and throat, and
cavitiescavities in your teeth in your teeth
11.5 Kingdom Protista11.5 Kingdom Protista
ProtistsProtists
Contains so many Contains so many organismsorganisms that don’t fit that don’t fit elsewhere.elsewhere.
No such thing as a typical No such thing as a typical protistprotist Microscopic or Microscopic or largelarge, , uniunicellular or cellular or multimulti--
cellularcellular Autotrophs or Autotrophs or heterotrophsheterotrophs Are all alike in that they are Are all alike in that they are EUKARYOTESEUKARYOTES!!
Protozoans – animal-like protistsProtozoans – animal-like protists
Single-Single-celledcelled One that has no definite shape is the One that has no definite shape is the amoebaamoeba
Moves by Moves by pseudopodspseudopods which are extensions of its which are extensions of its cytoplasmcytoplasm
Others move using Others move using ciliacilia or or flagellaflagella
A paramecium moves using ciliaA paramecium moves using cilia
Some cause diseases such as Some cause diseases such as malariamalaria Some have specialized parts such as the Some have specialized parts such as the
contractile contractile vacuolevacuole which pump which pump water water our of our of the cell. If this did not take place, the cell the cell. If this did not take place, the cell would would burstburst due to due to osmosisosmosis..
Plant-like protistsPlant-like protists
Many of these are Many of these are autotrophsautotrophs and contain and contain chlorophyllchlorophyll and carry out and carry out photosynthesisphotosynthesis. . These protists are algae.These protists are algae.
Algae do not have Algae do not have rootsroots, stems, , stems, leavesleaves, or , or flowers like plantsflowers like plants
Because they have other pigments than Because they have other pigments than chlorophyll, they may appear chlorophyll, they may appear redred, brown, or , brown, or goldengolden
Algae are important Algae are important food sourcefood source for many for many animalsanimals
Types of algae include euglenoids, Types of algae include euglenoids, goldengolden algae, algae, greengreen algae, algae, brownbrown algae, and algae, and red red algae.algae.
Diatoms have a Diatoms have a glass-likeglass-like outer shell. It forms outer shell. It forms diatomaceous diatomaceous earth when it dies. This is used earth when it dies. This is used as an as an abrasiveabrasive in toothpastes and as a in toothpastes and as a filteringfiltering agent for liquidsagent for liquids
Fungal-like protistsFungal-like protists
Decompose dead organismsDecompose dead organisms Includes Includes slimeslime molds, downy molds, downy mildewsmildews, and , and
water water moldsmolds
11.6 Kingdom Fungi11.6 Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Found everywhere there is Found everywhere there is moisturemoisture.. Most are Most are multi-celledmulti-celled, but a few are single-celled like , but a few are single-celled like
yeastsyeasts.. The roles of fungi include that of The roles of fungi include that of consumerconsumer because because
they do they do notnot contain chlorophyll and therefore cannot contain chlorophyll and therefore cannot make their own food.make their own food.
Fungi feed by a process called Fungi feed by a process called extracellular digestionextracellular digestion. . They send out They send out hyphaehyphae into their source of food. The into their source of food. The hyphae secret hyphae secret enzymesenzymes that break down the food into that break down the food into small enough particles that can be small enough particles that can be absorbedabsorbed into the into the fungi by fungi by diffusiondiffusion..
Fungal FactsFungal Facts
Have cell walls made of Have cell walls made of chitinchitin.. Some are Some are saprophytessaprophytes which feed on dead organic which feed on dead organic
matter.matter. They are They are decomposersdecomposers Some are Some are parasitesparasites and cause ringworm and and cause ringworm and athlete’sathlete’s
foot in humans.foot in humans. LichensLichens which are found growing on which are found growing on rocksrocks and and treestrees
are actually two organisms, a are actually two organisms, a fungusfungus and a green and a green algaealgae which live in a which live in a mutualisticmutualistic relationship. relationship.
Reproduction and locomotionReproduction and locomotion
Some fungi reproduce sexually, some Some fungi reproduce sexually, some asexuallyasexually, and some both sexually AND , and some both sexually AND asexually.asexually.
Yeasts reproduce by Yeasts reproduce by buddingbudding.. Most mushrooms reproduce sexually by Most mushrooms reproduce sexually by
forming forming sporesspores called called basidiosporesbasidiospores.. Bread molds produce asexual Bread molds produce asexual sporesspores in in
specialized specialized hyphahypha called a called a sporangiumsporangium..
The “Good-guy” FungiThe “Good-guy” Fungi
Can be harmful or beneficialCan be harmful or beneficial Benefits:Benefits:
Some are Some are edibleedible (mushrooms) (mushrooms) YeastsYeasts make bread rise, juice ferment to alcohol make bread rise, juice ferment to alcohol PenicilliumPenicillium mold is used to make mold is used to make penicillinpenicillin Others make Others make cheesescheeses
““Bad-Guy Fungi”Bad-Guy Fungi”
Cause plant diseases such as Cause plant diseases such as rustsrusts and and smutssmuts Destroys large amounts of Destroys large amounts of cropscrops and t and timberimber
each yeareach year Some fungal Some fungal sporesspores are are fatalfatal if ingested by if ingested by
humans.humans.
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
Characteristics of Plants:Characteristics of Plants: Made of more than Made of more than oneone cell cell Cells are Cells are eukaryoticeukaryotic Autotrophic – can make their own food by Autotrophic – can make their own food by
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Also have cell walls made of Also have cell walls made of cellulosecellulose
250 000250 000 species exist today! species exist today!
BotanistBotanist –scientist who studies plants –scientist who studies plants Two major divisions:Two major divisions:
Non-vascular plantsNon-vascular plants
Vascular plantsVascular plants
12.2 Non-vascular plants 12.2 Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)(bryophytes)
3 divisions:3 divisions: Bryophyta - mossesBryophyta - mosses Hepatophyta - liverwortsHepatophyta - liverworts Antheocerophyta - Antheocerophyta - hornwortshornworts
Scan diagram of moss pg 201Scan diagram of moss pg 201
Hepatophyta: less than Hepatophyta: less than 22 cm tall cm tall Antheocerophyta: Antheocerophyta: hornwortshornworts – – None of these have true leaves, nor None of these have true leaves, nor rootsroots.. Have Have rhizoidsrhizoids that that anchoranchor them like roots them like roots The only way they receive water or nutrients is The only way they receive water or nutrients is
by by osmosisosmosis or or diffusiondiffusion..
ReproductionReproduction
Reproduce by using Reproduce by using sporesspores that contain either that contain either the egg or the the egg or the spermsperm cell cell
Bryophytes undergo Bryophytes undergo alternationalternation of of generationsgenerations which is in two stages:which is in two stages: First: First: gametophytegametophyte stage – haploid cells stage – haploid cells 22ndnd: : sporophytesporophyte stage – diploid cells undergo stage – diploid cells undergo
meiosis to produce spores.meiosis to produce spores.
12.3 Vascular Plants12.3 Vascular Plants
Tissues that can Tissues that can transporttransport materials throughout materials throughout the the plantplant..
Two kinds of vascular tissue:Two kinds of vascular tissue: Xylem: carries Xylem: carries water and mineralswater and minerals UP to the UP to the stem stem
and and leavesleaves.. Phloem: carries Phloem: carries foodfood from the from the leavesleaves to wherever to wherever
it is neededit is needed Divided into 2 divisions according to Divided into 2 divisions according to method of method of
reproduction.reproduction.
Seedless vascular plantsSeedless vascular plants
Seedless vascular plants form Seedless vascular plants form sporesspores and are and are found in warm, found in warm, moistmoist regions. regions.
Pterophyta: ferns – 10,000 speciesPterophyta: ferns – 10,000 species Produce spores in brown cases called Produce spores in brown cases called sporangiasporangia
found on the leaves or found on the leaves or frondsfronds Have thick underground stems called Have thick underground stems called rhizomesrhizomes
Psilotopohyta: whisk ferns – no Psilotopohyta: whisk ferns – no rootsroots and no and no truetrue leavesleaves
Lycophyta: club mosses – have true roots, Lycophyta: club mosses – have true roots, stems, and leavesstems, and leaves
Sphenophyta: horsetails – only one genus still Sphenophyta: horsetails – only one genus still alive todayalive today
Seed producing - GymnospermsSeed producing - Gymnosperms
Produce seeds either in Produce seeds either in conescones or in some or in some “naked”“naked” form. form.
Seed is not protected by a Seed is not protected by a fruitfruit Cycadophyta: cycadsCycadophyta: cycads Ginkophyta: only one living species – Gingko Ginkophyta: only one living species – Gingko
liloba – bright liloba – bright yellowyellow leaves leaves Gnetophyta: woody vines, small shrubs, or Gnetophyta: woody vines, small shrubs, or
turnip-like plantsturnip-like plants
Coniferophyta: conifersConiferophyta: conifers
Produce seeds in cones – Produce seeds in cones – needlikeneedlike leaves leaves Very important – provide building materials, Very important – provide building materials,
paperpaper, medicine, medicine Tallest trees are in this division – the Tallest trees are in this division – the redwoodsredwoods
Seed Producers - AngiospermsSeed Producers - Angiosperms
FloweringFlowering plants – anthophyta plants – anthophyta All have flowers, but some All have flowers, but some flowersflowers are so are so
small they are not noticeable.small they are not noticeable. 240,000240,000 species species All have roots, stems, and All have roots, stems, and leavesleaves Seed produced in the Seed produced in the flowerflower and protected by and protected by
a a fruitfruit
Two groups: Monocots & DicotsTwo groups: Monocots & Dicots
Monocotyledons:Monocotyledons: Have Have oneone seed leaf seed leaf Parallel Parallel veinsveins Flower parts in groups of Flower parts in groups of threethree Examples: corn, Examples: corn, lilieslilies, pineapple, and , pineapple, and grassesgrasses
DicotyledonsDicotyledons
Have Have 22 seed leaves seed leaves Veins Veins branchedbranched or or nettednetted Flower parts in Flower parts in 44’s or ’s or 55’s’s 170 000 species170 000 species Examples: roses, Examples: roses, daisiesdaisies, dogwoods, , dogwoods, maplemaple
trees, shrubs, trees, shrubs, wildflowerswildflowers, herbs, and many , herbs, and many flowersflowers grown around homes. grown around homes.
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Characteristics of all animalsCharacteristics of all animals
MulticellularMulticellular No cell wall, no chlorophyllNo cell wall, no chlorophyll EukaryoticEukaryotic Heterotrophs – no photosynthesis!Heterotrophs – no photosynthesis!
Other characteristics:Other characteristics: Usually move around at some point in their life cycleUsually move around at some point in their life cycle Have specialized cells that serve special functions Have specialized cells that serve special functions
and can form tissues, organs, and in most animals and can form tissues, organs, and in most animals organ systems.organ systems.
ClassificationClassification
According to According to structuralstructural similarities similarities EvolutionaryEvolutionary relationships relationships BodyBody plans plans
Some are Some are asymmetricalasymmetrical (no particular shape) (no particular shape) Some are Some are radiallyradially symmetrical (bodies arranged symmetrical (bodies arranged
around a around a central pointcentral point) ex. Starfish) ex. Starfish Other have Other have radialradial symmetry (you can draw a line symmetry (you can draw a line
lengthwiselengthwise down the animal’s body along only one down the animal’s body along only one plane to divide it into 2 equal halves.plane to divide it into 2 equal halves.
Body PlansBody Plans
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Assymetrical
Nine Main PhylaNine Main Phyla
In order from least complex to most complex:In order from least complex to most complex: Porifera, Porifera, CnideriaCnideria, Platyhelminthes, , Platyhelminthes,
NematodaNematoda, Mollusca, , Mollusca, AnnelidaAnnelida, Arthropoda,, Arthropoda,
Echinodermata, and Echinodermata, and ChordataChordata..
The first 8 make up the The first 8 make up the invertebratesinvertebrates or animals or animals with no backbones, while with no backbones, while ChordataChordata is the only is the only phyla of animals with backbones. They are phyla of animals with backbones. They are also known as also known as vertebratesvertebrates..
Classification of HumansClassification of Humans Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimalia Phylum: Phylum: ChordataChordata sub-phylum: vertebratasub-phylum: vertebrata Class: Class: MammaliaMammalia Order: Order: PrimatePrimate FamilyFamily: Hominidae: Hominidae Genus: Genus: HomoHomo SpeciesSpecies: sapiens: sapiensScientific Name: Scientific Name: Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
13.2 Invertebrates13.2 Invertebrates