classification of mosses

7/21/2019 Classification of Mosses

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CONTENT


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Mosses belong to the group of plants call Bryophytes which never produce

flowers or seeds They have a long history of evolution co!pared to flowering

plants" with fossil record dated bac# $$% !illion years ago in the &ilurian period

Most of the !osses are s!all" non'vascular" land plants" but so!e !ay be as large

as ()c! tall and so!e are se!i'a*uatic

The !osses share a uni*ue life cycle in having a first generation of

do!inant ga!etophyte The ga!etophyte for!s the green leafy structure we

ordinarily associate with !oss Mosses are essentially land plants" and they

depend on a fil! of water for the !ale cell +sper!ato,oid- to be transported to the

fe!ale cell" both which are produced on the ga!etophyte .hen conditions are

right" the ne/t generation" the sporophyte or spore'bearing structure is grown

The sporophyte is typically acapsule growing on the end of a stal# called the seta

The sporophyte has no chlorophyl and it grows parasitically on

its ga!etophyte !other The sporophyte dries out and releases spores that grow

into a new generation of ga!etophytes" if they ger!inate

In general" when we are tal#ing about !osses" we are generally referring to

the ga!etophyte generation of the !osses0 life cycle

Mosses do not have veins to transport water and food" instead" all parts of

the plant are used to absord water and nutrients 1ence" !osses are found !ostly

at places where there are a consistent supply of water Mosses

have rhi,oids instead of roots" which are branched threads .hile the rhi,oids can

absorb water" they are !ainly used to anchor the plant


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ORD2R &3145N462&

The &phagnales is an order of !oss with only four living genera7

4!buchanania" 2osphagnu!" 8latbergiu!" and &phagnu!

8igure7 a clu!p of Sphagnum" peat !oss

84MI69 &3145N4C242

This fa!ily of this plant grows in swa!ps where the te!perature is lower

at high altitudes" such as in Dieng 1yaline cell wall has a ring'shaped or spiral


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thic#ening" hyaline cells that hold water 3eat !oss leaves have a straight trun#

and branches for!ing a rosette at the end The sporogoniu! short'ste!!ed with

foot haustoriu! +tool nutrient absorption- which later developed into

pseudopodiu! It spore capsule has closed but there are no peristo!e Colu!ella

is he!ispherical

8igure7 Sphagnum fimbriatum

4NDR2462&

This order of plants reddish brown to greenish brown for!ing s!all tufts

The leaves falcate to secund'falcate" ovate'lanceolate to lanceolate This order

have the strong costa " la!inal papillaefor the other characteristisc also include to

dioicous" where the calyptras is tiny" ca!panulate'!itrate" seta lac#ing"

sporophytes i!!ersed to e!ergent on a ga!etophytic pseudopodiu!" peristo!e

and operculu! absent


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8igure4ndreaea nivalis 1oo#

84MI69 4DR24C242

This plants of this fa!ily is reddish brown to greenish brown for!ing

s!all tufts 6eaves falcate to secund'falcate" ovate'lanceolate to lanceolate" %:;


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s!all si,e and is probably under collected because of its higher elevation

tendencies 1abitat 4ssociations7 4ndreaea nivalis for!s reddish'brown !ats on

a!p boulders in strea!let gullies" e/posed roc# outcrops" boulders ne/t to !elting

snow" dry cliffs" sandy soil over boulders" and da!p cliff faces in alpine to

subalpine areas in the 3acific Northwest 4lthough referred to as a granite !ossE

this genus often occurs on igneous roc#s It !ay for! large !ats or s!all patches

and !ay or !ay not be abundant when found

8igure. Andreae rupestris

ORD2R 4NDR2BRI462&The distribution restricted to the northwestern part of Canada and adFacent

4las#a" grows on calcareous roc#s" in colder cli!ates" contrasting with the acidic

granite preference of 4ndreaea

ORD2R 8UN4RI462&

The order consists of two fa!ilies" Disceliaceae " with a single species"

and 8unariaceae &o!e species are annual and only grow for a few wee#s when


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conditions per!it 4n order of the true !osses +subclass Bryidae- The 8unariales"

often annuals or biennials and so!eti!es ephe!eral" are for the !ost part

characteri,ed by a unifor!ity of ga!etophytic structure in contrast to a variability

of sporophytic characters Reduction in sporophytic characters is often associated

with disturbed habitats and a shortened life cycle

84MI69 8UN4RI4C242

This fa!ily of the plant !inute to !ediu! si,e which usually growing on

soil This also have light'green or yellow of color which gregarious of for!ing

loose tufts This have the long seta" slender is tough" reddish brown" stal#'li#e

structure and the leaves" ape/ is acute to acu!inate" costa single" s!ooth and

rather thin'walled

Funaria hygrometrica

Life Cycle

This fa!ily have the sa!e reproduction too vwith the co!!on life cycle

of the !oses li#e this figure below


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8igure7 The ife cycle of fa!ily funariaceae

ORD2R BR9462&

This order is tree !osses which rese!ble s!all evergreen trees and are

found in da!p" shady places throughout the Northern 1e!isphere The branches

clustered at the top of the shoot The reddish'brown capsules +spore cases-" borne

on the fe!ale plant" have lids with long bea#s and !ature in the fall

Bryum capillare

84MI69 BR94C242
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryum_capillare&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryum_capillare&action=edit&redlink=1


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3lants a*uatic" for!ing loose floating !ats" trailing fro! a single point of

attach!ent" light to dar# green &te!s usually elongate The leaves unistratose"

rather flaccid &eta very short Capsule i!!ersed to e!ergent" oval cylindrical

Habitat

Usually attached to sub!erged roc#s and wood in slow to fast flowing

strea!s or in ponds" but !ay be e/posed for short periods when water levels drop

&outh 4frican plants are believed to be introductions fro! 2urope

ORD2R BUGB4UMI462&

Buxbaumia +Bug !oss" Bug'on'a'stic#" 1u!pbac#ed elves" or 2lf'cap

!oss- is a genus of twelve species of !osss +Bryophyta- It was na!ed in


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3lants of Buxbaumia have a !uch reduced ga!etophyte" bearing a

sporophyte that is enor!ous by co!parison In !ost !osses" the ga!etophyte

stage of the life cycleis both green and leafy" and is substantially larger than the

spore'producing stage Unli#e these other !osses" the ga!etophyte of Buxbaumia

is !icroscopic" colorless" ste!less" and nearly leafless It consists e/clusively of

thread'li#eprotone!atafor !ost of its e/istence" rese!bling a thin green'blac#

felt on the surface where it growsThe plants are dioicous" with separate plants

producing the !ale and fe!ale organsMale plants develop only one !icroscopic

leaf around each antheridiu!" and fe!ale plants produce Fust three or four tiny

colorless leaves around each archegoniu!

Because of its s!all si,e" the ga!etophyte stage is not generally noticed

until the stal#ed sporangiu!develops" and is locatable principally because the

sporangiu! grows upon and above the tiny ga!etophyte The e/tre!ely reduced

state ofBuxbaumiaplants raises the *uestion of how it !a#es or obtains sufficient

nutrition for survival In contrast to !ost !osses"Buxbaumiadoes not produce

abundant chlorophylland is saprophyticIt is possible that so!e of its nutritional

needs are !et by fungithat grow within the plant

The sporophyte at !aturity is between $ and


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This order have the best !osses vascular syste! to transport water fro! the

ground leaves" ste!s cells having speciali,ed in transporting water and plant

epider!is waterproofing" so that unli#e typical !osses where water is transported

by capillarity through the epider!is" the transport in these species is internal

84MI69 3O69TRIC4C242

The 3olytrichaceae is a co!!on fa!ily of !osses Me!bers of this fa!ily

tend to be larger than other !osses with a thic#ened central ste! and a rhi,o!e

The leaves have a !idrib that bears la!ellae on the upper surface &pecies in this

group are dioicous 4nother characteristic that identifies the! is that they have

fro! (A to :$ peristo!e teeth in their sporangiu!

4 thic#ened central ste! and a rhi,o!e The leaves have a !idrib that bears

la!ellae on the upper surface In this fa!ily the hard leaves with la!ellar !any

e/pansions will !a#e the sheet retains water surface and increase photosynthesis

Habitat

This !oss live wildly and beco!e the co!!on hair cap !oss that is easy to

find 3referring to live in lightly shaded areas with !oist slightly acidic soil" it

can also survive in areas of full sunlight provided the soil is !oist The co!!on

hair cap !oss can also grow in areas of poor soil and slow drainage

Reproduction

The fe!ale shoots develop the eggs and the !ale shoots develop the sper!

In the spring" raindrops splash the sper! fro! the !ale shoots to the fe!ale

shoots where they then travel into the egg During the su!!er spores are releasedand carried by the wind .hen the spore reaches a habitat it can survive in" it

ger!inates and the process starts over again

One of the e/a!ple of this fa!ily isPolytrichum commune


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ingdo! 7 3lantae

3hylu! 7 Bryophyta

Class 7 Bryopsida

Order 7 3olytrichales

8a!ily 7 3olytrichaceae

5enus 73olytrichu!

&pecies 7 Polytrichum

commune

Life Cycle of Polytricaceae


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ORD2R T2TR431ID462&

This order has single fa!ily Tetraphidaceae represented by two genus

Tetraphis and Tetradontiu! Tetraphis is northen 1e!isphere genus"

inhabitingconiferus forests The s!all plants grow on deco!posing wood" prat

ban#s and rarely on sandstone

84MI69 T2TR431I4C242

The leaves are s!all but those on the upper ste! are big bright green" ovate

and costateThis plants are !onoceous" the archegonia and antheredia are on

ter!inal separate branchesThis order has A genus7 Tetraphis and

Tetrodontiu!This !oss can live in !oist place that have aciditic or neutral 31

One of the e/a!ple of tetraphiaceae is etraphis pellucida


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The !orphology of

etraphis pellucida are

&te! are not rhi,o!es"

costa slender" capsule long'

e/serted and leave s!all

Tetraphis

pellucida

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Bryophyta

Class: Bryopsida

Order: Tetraphidales

Family: Tetraphidales

Genus: Tetraphis

Species: Tetraphis

pellucida


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KingdomPlantae

Superdivision

Bryophytes

DivisionAnthocerotop

hyta(Hornwortsh)

ClassAnthocerotop

sida

DivisionBryophyta(Mosses)

ClassAndreaeop

sida(ranitemosses)

ClassPolytrichopsida

!rderDiphysciaales

"amilyDiphysciac

eae

!rder

Bu%#aumiales

"amily

Bu%#aumiaceae

!rderPolytricale

s

"amilyPolytricac

eae

!rder$etraphida

les

"amily$etraphidac

eae

ClassAndreaeo#ryo

psida

DivisonHepatoph

yta(&iverwort

s)

ClassHepatopsida

Superdivis

ionPteridophytes

Superdiviso

nSpermatoph

ytes

4ctually we got another source about the !osses classification" here below thegraph


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Andreaeopsida the ranite !osses

This is a s!all" cool'cli!ate class of siliceous'roc#dwelling !osses

+&chofield


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pseudopodiu!" a character in co!!on with &phagnopsida" a stal# produced at

capsule !aturity fro! the ga!etophyte tissue Of ecological significance" it is

autoicous +having !ale and fe!ale reproductive organs in separate clusters on the

sa!e plant- This ensures there will be others around to acco!plish fertili,ation

8igure AAndreaea rupestris" Class 4ndreaeopsida"

ga!etophyte with sporophyte showing four valves of capsule and

pseudopodiu! of ga!etophyte

Andreaeobryopsida

This class li#ewise is co!prised of a single genus" 4ndreaeobryu! +8igure

(-" which has been considered by !ost to belong to the 4ndreaeopsida" but

recently separated in the treat!ent by Buc# and 5offinet +A%%%- It differs in being

dioicous +having !ale and fe!ale reproductive organs on separate plants- andpossessing a seta Its calyptra is larger" covering the capsule" and the capsule is

valvate" but unli#e the 4ndreaeopsida" the ape/ erodes" so the valves are free" not

Foined at the ape/ The distribution is narrow" restricted to the northwestern part of

Canada and adFacent 4las#a" where it grows on calcareous roc#s" contrasting with

the acidic granite preference of 4ndreaea


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8igure

( 4ndreaeobryu! !acrosporu! with valvate capsules 3hoto fro! Biology (A

classification of mosses

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