classification of solid waste, sources,...
TRANSCRIPT
Classification of solid waste,
sources, composition
By
Dr. Moazzam Ali Khan
Classification of solid waste,
sources, composition
• Elements of solid waste management
Problems of Solid Waste
Management in Karachi
Is municipal waste our number one waste
problem?
• NO!! Municipal waste is a very small part of total solid wastes.
• Who generates the most waste?
• 75% Mining and petroleum products
• 13% Agriculture
• 9.5% Industry
• 1% Sewage sludge
• 1.5% Municipal
Why Solid waste!
• According to the daily "DAWN" dated
February 27th,2002, Karachi alone
produces about some 10,000 metric tones of
solid waste daily out of which only 30 - 40
percent is transported and dumped into open
landfills while the rest is either left
unattended or is being burnt in-situ.
SOLID WASTE
• MUNICIPAL
• INDUSTRIAL
• HAZARDOUS
STAGES OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMNT
• Primary collection
From house hold to
dustbin sites collected
manually
Secondary collection
From dustbin to
landfill sites done
mechanically
• Final disposal
At landfill sites
HAZARDOUS WASTE
• SYRINGES,
NEEDLES,
BANDAGES
• FLUIDS, ANIMAL
AND HUMAN
TISSUES
NON HAZARDOUS WASTE
• PAPER, CARD
BOARDS, FOOD
WASTE
Solid waste generation in districts of Karachi 1991-2010
Source : NESPAK study and estimates (1993)
Districts
Present solid waste
generation (Tons/day)
Future solid waste
generation (Tons/day)
Total
percentage
1991 1996 2001 2010
East+
Malir
1602 2613 3623 8122 33
West 0777 1267 1757 3938 16
South 1021 1664 2306 5168 21
Central 1165 1900 2635 5907 24
Cantonme
nt board
0291 475 0659 1477 06
Total 4856 7918 10980 24612 100
Solid waste composition in Karachi
(2005-2006, IES data)
S.No
Components Percentage by weight
Low income
areas
Middle
income
areas
High income
areas
Average
1. Food waste 11.86 25.75 28.25 21.95
2. Plastic and
polythene
5.50 8.54 10.54 8.19
3. Glass 1.25 6.50 8.85 5.53
4. Paper and
cardboard
15.60 12.85 15.54 14.66
5. Bones and shell 0.25 2.75 4.62 2.54
6. Metals 0.65 1.25 4.75 6.65
7. Leather and
Rubber
6.43 8.75 5.65 6.94
8. Textile waste 20.25 11.50 9.32 13.69
9. Wood 5.57 2.25 3.10 3.64
10. Miscellaneous 32.64 19.86 9.38 20.22
Total 100 100 100 100
solid waste
Disposal
transport
Separation and
processing and
transformation of
and processing
at the source
Collection
Transfer and
Waste handling,
Waste
Generation
separation, storage,
Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management
Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste Management
Composition of solid waste in Karachi
• Recycled items (75%)
• Non recyclable (25% approx.)
Under prevailing system, following are the five elements of SWM in Karachi.
i. Primary storage
ii. Primary collection/transport
iii. Secondary storage
iv. Secondary transport
v. Final disposal (dumping ground/landfill sites)
COLLECTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE
OF SOLID WASTE
Where lies the problem?
• 9 major internationally funded studies have been prepared
• Recommendations of these studies have never been implemented fully.
• Even if they had been, they would not have solved Karachi’s SWM problem because none of them recognized the crucial role of the recycling industry, most of which is in the informal sector.
Where lies the problem?i. The solid waste reaching the dust bins is mixed i.e it contains
household, commercial and even commercial refuse. Many a times trimming of the lawns and trees is also added.
ii. The primary collection and storage system is ineffective. The municipalities staff carries out street sweeping in the early morning and late evening, whereas the shopping centers open their shutters at around 10 to 11 a.m.
iii. The refuse thrown at odd times, by the shopkeepers and evenhouseholds, having no primary storage arrangement, that isone of the reason for insanitation witnessed most of the time onthe roads/streets of Karachi
iv. The staff deployed is un-trained.
v. Ideally the refuse should be put inside the containers but practically the conditions are opposite.
vi. Approximately 500 vehicles carryout the job of secondary transport of solid waste in the city of Karachi. Timings of waste collection are not synchronized. Role of land mafia.
Where lies the problem?
vi. The design of the containers is such that, it is not veryeasy for the people, domestic servants and sanitaryworkers especially females to dispose household garbagedirectly into the containers. This is one of the basicreasons for garbage being thrown all around.
vii. The practice of burning of refuse by the sanitaryworkers/motor coolies in attempt to reduce the volume,and by the domestic servants especially for garden refuseor by scavengers to get iron, metals (e.g wires from usedtyres) makes these containers an environmental healthhazard.
Where lies the problem?ix. If for any reasons, the garbage is not removed from the site on
the same day (which is not uncommon), thedecomposition/putrefaction promoted by the high temperatureand humidity of Karachi and resultant emission of gasesmakes the life of the neighborhood miserable.
x. The scavengers spread the garbage and thereby createunaesthetic sites, which is a cause of nuisance. The practiceexposes the waste to a variety of vectors of diseases such asflies, rats and other rodents.
x. We do not have a separate system for collection ofhazardous/toxic/hospital waste. This practice exposes the publicin general and scavengers in particular to the dreadful effects oftoxic waste.
xi. A large number of people and NGOs may advocate
encouraging this practice of scavengers on the plea that it
helps in minimizing the amount of solid waste for
secondary removal and is a source of collection of
recycle-able, but in doing so they do not take into account
that this is one of the worst forms of the “Child Labour”.
It exposes the scavengers to a number of diseases e.g
tetanus etc. and is a major public health problem.
Final disposal
Following are the designated landfill sites inKarachi.
1. Jam Chakro
Near Surjani Town
2. Sector 6, Mehran Town
Near Korangi, Industrial Area.
3. Govind Pass
Near Hub Chowki
4. Dhabeji
Near Railway Station, Dhabeji, District Thatta