classifications of pharmaceutical drugs1

8/3/2019 Classifications of Pharmaceutical Drugs1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/classifications-of-pharmaceutical-drugs1 1/24

► All anti-inflammatory drugs are divided into 2 groups:(a) Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory) drugs ; (b) Steroid anti-inflammatory drugsNonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs are classified according to chemical structureand anti-inflammatory activity.

I group – preparations with strong anti-inflammatory activity

A. Nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) I. Acid derivatives

1) Derivatives of salicylic (ortho-oxybenzoic) acidAcetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Lysine acetylsalicylateSodium salicilate Methyl salicylate

2) Pyrazolone derivativesPhenylbutazone

3) Derivatives of indole-acetic acidIndomethacin Sulindac

Derivatives of phenylacetic acidDiclofenac Sodium (Volveran)

Derivatives of propionic acidIbuprofen Naproxen Ketoptofen

Derivatives of anthranylic acid

Mefenamic acid

Oxicam derivativesPiroxicam Tenoxicam Lornoxicam

II. Non-acidic derivatives B. Preferential inhibitors of COX2 Meloxicam Nabumetone

C. Selective inhibitors of COX2 Celecoxib Rofecoxib

II group – preparations with poor anti-inflammatory activity

Pyrazolone derivativeMetamizol

Paraaminophenol derivativesParacetamol (Acetaminophen)

Preparations of other chemical structure- Ketorolac

► Antihistaminic drugs – blockers of H1-histaminic receptors:Drugs of the first generation (”old”): Diphenhydramine (Dimedrol) Promethazine (Diprazine, Pipolphen) Chloropyramine (Suprastin) Clemastine (Tavegyl) Phencarol Mebhydroline (Diazoline) Antihistamines of the second generation: Loratadine (Claritine, Clarotadin)

Acrivastine (Semprex)

Azelastine Cetirizine (Zyrtec) Ebastine (Kestine) Desloratadine (Aerius)



Fexofenadine (Telfast)

Inhibitors of mast cell and basophile degranulation: For internal use – Ketotifen For inhalation:Cromoglicic acid (Intal) Nedocromil (Tilade) Combined drugs (cromoglicic acid +fenoterol = Ditec)

For local use: Cromoglicic acid (Ifiral) Cromohexal

Others drugs with antiallergic action: Glucocorticoids Antileukotriene drugs:- Lipoxygenase blockers: zileuton - Blockers of leukotriene receptors: zafirlukast, montelukast

► FUNCTIONAL ANTAGONISTS OF HISTAMINE:

β2-adrenomimetics – – adrenalin, isadrine, orciprenaline (alupent) Muscarinic receptor blocker: Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) Methylxanthines: theophylline, aminophylline (euphylline)

Antileukotriene drugs:• lipoxygenase blockers: zileuton • blockers of leukotriene receptors: zafirlukast, montelukast

►Classification of analgesics,I. Narcotic analgesics

II. Non-narcotic analgesics1. Narcotic analgesics containing alkaloids of opium. Among these are Morphineand Codeine.

1. Synthetic narcotic analgesics.• Trimeperidine (Promedol)

• Fentanyl

• Piritramide• Pentazocine

• Tramadol

• ButorphanolClassification of narcotic analgesics according to their action on

different types of opioid receptors.

A. Full agonists of opioid receptors. They stimulate all types of opioidreceptors. Among these are Morphine, Trimeperidine, Fentanyl.B. Partial agonists of opioid receptors. The drugs are also calledagonists-antagonists because they stimulate some types of opioid receptorsand block others. Among these are:

• Pentazocine

• Butorphanol

• Nalbuphine

• Buprenorphine

• Piritramide



C. Narcotic analgesics with a mixed mechanism of action. Forexample,Tramadol.

2. Non-narcotic analgesics of different chemical groups. The main non-narcotic analgesics are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID).

1. Pyrazolone derivatives: Metamizole sodium2. Paraaminophenol derivatives: Paracetamol3. Heteroaryl-acetic acid derivatives: Ketorolac4. Drugs with a high anti-inflammatory activity can be recommended for thetreatment of pain syndrome caused by inflammation of peripheral tissues.

Among these are Diclofenac, Indometacin, Acetylsalicylic acid and

Meloxicam.

►AGENTS ACTING ON FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE APPARATUS

I. Agents influencing an appetitea) stimulants of an appetite ( bitter stuffs )b) preparations inhibiting an appetite (anorectics)

• Phepranone

• SibutramineII. Agents regulating motor (motional) function of GIT

1. Emetics

a) emetic drugs of direct action

• Apomorphineb) emetic drugs of reflex action

• preparations of Thermopsis2. Antiemeticsa) blockers of dopamine receptors of trigger zone of vomiting centre

• Tiethylperazine (Turicam)

• Bromopride

• Metaclopramide (Cerucal, Reglan)

• Domperidone (Mothilium)c) Blockers of serotonin 5HT 3 receptors

• Tropisetrone

• Ondansetroned) drugs of other mechanism of action

M-cholinoblockers (Scopalamine, “Aerone”)

Antigistaminic drugs (Diprazine, Dimedrol)

3. Preparations increasing tone of smooth muscles and motility of GIT

Anticholinesterase drug (Proserine)

4. Preparations decreasing tone of smooth muscles and motility of GIT

Spasmolitics (Papaverine, Drotaverine, Dibazol)

M-chlinergic blockers (Atropine)

Gaglionic blockers (Pirilen, Benzoxexonium)



III. Laxatives

A. Preparations causing mechanical irritation of mechanoreceptorsof mucous coat of intestineaccording to nature

1. Salt laxatives

• Magnesium sulfate

• Sodium sulfate

• Mineral salts2. Preparations swelling in intestine

• Laminaria

• Bran

• Seed of plantain

• Linseed

• Methylcellulose

• Carboxycellulose

• Prune3. Lactulose preparations

• Normaze

• DuphalacB. Preparations causing chemical irritation of chemoreceptors inintestine

1. Preparations containing anthraglycosides

• Rhubarb root

• Buckthorn bark

• Common [purging] buckthorn

• Senna leaves• Rhamnil

• Antrasennin

• Senade

• Agiolax2. Synthetic laxatives

• Phenolphtalein

• Oxyphenisatine

• Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

• Sodium picosulfate (Guttalax)3. Castor oil

C. Preparations softening fecal mass and facilitating their travel throughintestine – eccoprotic preparations

• sunflower-seed oil

• almond-oil

• olive oil

• liquid paraffin

• Poloscalpol

D. Carminative agents – stimulate passage of gases.

• Fennel seeds

• Dill seeds



• caraway-seeds

• aromatic waters (mint, anise, dill)IV. Antidiareal agents.

a) Preparations of specific action – acting on pathogenic organisms(antimicrobial and antibacterial agents)

b) Preparations of non-specific action (for symptomatic therapy) -

Drugs inhibiting intestine peristalsis

• Loperamide Immodium)

• Attapulgit (Caopectate)

• Smecta (Diosmectide)V. Agents influencing on secretion of GIT

a) Stimulators of secretion

• Histamine

• Pentagastrineb) agents inhibiting stomach secretion

VI. Antiulcer agents

1. Antacids

a) of systemic action (Sodium hydrocarbonate)b) of non-systemic action (Magnesium carbonate, Magnesiumsulfate, Calcium carbonate, Aluminium hydrate)

2. Preparations decreasing secretion of hydrochloric acida) histamine H2-receptors blockers:

• Ranitidine

• Famotidine

• Cimetidineb) proton pump inhibitors (blockers Н + K + - ATPase):

• Omeprazole

• Pantoprazole

• Lansoprazolec) muscarinic receptor blockers:

• nonselective m-cholinoblockersAtropine

• agents blocking M1-cholinoreceptors mainly Pirenzepine

3. Gastroprotectors – preparations protecting mucous coat of stomach from lesions

a) Preparations producing mechanical protection of mucous coat (ulcer surface).

• Sucralfat

• Bismuth tripotassium dicitrateb) Prostaglandin analogues:



• Misoprostol

• Enprostil

• Rioprostil4. Preparations stimulating regeneration of mucous coat of

stomach

a) Preparations received from liquorice

Carbenoxolon

b) Synthetic analogue of enkephalins – Dalargin

c) Preparations of biostimulants

• “Solcoseril”

• Methyluracil

• Vitamin U5. Preparation inhibiting chelicobacter pylori

• Metronidazole• Macrolide antibiotics (Clarythromycin, Roxithromycin)

• De-nolVII. hepatotropic agents

A. Influencing on liver function:

Bile-expelling preparations are divided into

a) Agents stimulating bile production (choleretica (chole – bile, rheo – flow)or cholesecretica).

b) Agents promoting bile excretion (cholagoga (chole – bile, ago – turn out)or cholekinetica).

c) Preparations relaxing biliary tracts

d) Preparations thining bile (dilutent)

B. Hepatoprotectors

• Silibinin

• Essentiale

• Corsil• LIV-52

C. Cholelitolitics

• Ursodeoxycholic acid

• Ursofalc

• Chenodeoxycholic acidVIII. Agents used in disorders of excretory function of pancreas

1. In deficiency of pancreas function substitute therapy is used

Pancreatin – enzyme of pancreas

2. Drugs used in increased function of pancreas (acute pancreatitis) -

Inhibitors of ptoteolitic enzymes



• Aprotinin

• Contrical IX. Drugs regulating balance of intestine microflora (so-called“eubiotics”)

• Lactobacterine

• Bifidumbacterine

• BactisuptilClassification of antianginal drugs: group and preparations

I. Drugs decreasing the myocardial oxygen demand

1. Nitrates• Short acting: Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, Nitroglycerine)• Long acting: Isosorbide dinitrate (short acting by sublingual route),

Isosorbide mononitrate, Erythrityl tetranitrate, Penta erythritoltetranitrate

2. Nitrites – closed to nitrates on mechanism of action:

Amylnitrite, Sodium nitrite

3. β- adrenoceptor blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol,Nebivolol etc.

4. Calcium channel blockers. They decrease the myocardium functionsand so the myocardial oxygen consumption too.

• Phelyl alkylamine: Verapamil• Benzothiazepine: Diltiazem• Dihydropyridines: Nifedepine, Felodipine, Amlodipine,

Nitrendipine, Nimodipine, Lacidipine5. Potassium channel opener - Nicorandil

II. Drugs increasing oxygen delivery to the myocardium:

They are less effective and so less popular and used rare.

1. Validol – the drug of reflex action, it is used for relief of angina pectorissymptoms

2. β2- adrenoceptor agonists: Oxyphedrine3. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase4. Coronary vasodilating drugs with adenosine mechanism of action. They increase adenosine concentration in the myocardium, dilatecollateral vessels – Dipyridamole

III. Inhibitors of platelet aggregation - Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)in small doses – up to 100 mg in a day

►CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

Group I - neurotropic drugs of central action

1) α2-adrenomimeticsClonidine , Methyldopa , Guanfacine

2) Agonist of imidazoline receptors

Moxonidine , RilmenadineGroup II - neurotropic drugs of peripheral action

1) Ganglionic blockers



Hexamethonium BenzosulfonateTrepirium Iodide (Hygronium)

2) SympatholyticsReserpineGuanethidine Sulfate

Combined preparations:

«Adelphan» , «Brinerdin» , «Crystepin»

3) selective α1adrenoceptor antagonist a) short term acting drug – Prazosinb) long term acting drug – Terazosin, Doxazosin, Bunazosin 4) β-adrenoceptor antagonist

1 generation – β1- β2- adrenoceptor antagonists

Propranolol , Pindolol , Bopindolol , Nadolol

2 generation – cardioselective β1- adrenoceptor antagonists

Metoprolol , Atenolol , Bisoprolol , Talinolol

3 generation

• nonselective – Carvedilol, Busindolol• selective - adrenoceptor antagonists with vasodilating properties

Nebivolol

Group III – drugs of myotropic action

1) Blockers of calcium channel• L-type - Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Diltiazem• T-type - Mibefradil2) Potassium channel activators

• Minoxidil

• Diazoxide3) Nitrosovasodilators

• Sodium Nitroprusside

• Molsidomine4) Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase

• Dibasol

• Papaverine5) Others

• Hydrolazine• Magnesium sulfateGroup IV – drugs acting on renin- angiotensin system

1) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

• Captopril

• Enalapril

• Lisinopril

• Benazepril• Ramipril

• Perindopril2) Angiotensin II antagonists



• Losartan

• Valsartan

• CandesartanGroup V – diuretics

• Hydrochlorothiazide

• Furosemide (Lasix)

• Spironolactone

CLASSIFICATION OF CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

A. According to nature1) Dihydropyridine derivatives

• Nifedipine

• Nicardipine

• Felodipine

• Lacidipine

• Nimodipine

• Nitrendipine

• Felodipine

• Amlodipine

• Isradipine They more influence on artery tone then on myocardium.

2) Benzothiazepine derivatives

• DiltiazemEqual influence both artery and myocardium.

3) Phenylalkylamine derivatives

• VerapamilInfluence on myocardium is greater then on arteries. So it is used in

arrhythmia and coronary heart disease.

According to generation

Generation 1(short term action)

• Nifedipine

• Nicardipine• Diltiazem

• VerapamilGeneration 2(prolonged forms of preparations of generation I, retard-formsor new compounds with long time of action)

• Isradipine

• NimodipineGeneration III

• Amlodipine• Lacidipine

Antihypotensive drugs.



Hypotension (low blood pressure) can be acute and chronic.Acute hypotension is observed in collapse, shock and faint. Chronic hypotensionis characterized by permanent low arterial blood pressure.For the treatment of hypotension depending on its cause the following groups of preparations are used.

1. Vasoconstrictive agents:

a) Agonists of angiotensin II

• Angiotensinamide (synthetic analogue of endogenousangiotensinamide).

It is manufactured in the form of powder in vials. It is dissolved ex temporeand administered intravenously. Angiotensinamide has short-time butvigourous action.

b) Adrenoceptor agonists (mainly α- adrenoceptor agonists)

• Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

• Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) They are non-selective α- adrenoceptor agonists.

• Mesaton –selective ones.c) Sympathomimetics

• EphedrineIt stimulates noradrenaline release from presynaptic membrane.

All the drugs are mainly used in acute hypotension.

d) Glucocorticoids

• Prednisolone

• Dexamethasone

• Hydrocortisone They are used in acute hypotension as they increase adrenoreceptorsensitivity to catecholamines, decreases penetrability of vessels.

2. Agents increasing cardiac output (improving heart function). They are used in case of shocks, in postoperative period.

a) Dopamine receptor agonists

• Dopamine hydrochlorideIt stimulates heart function and increases tone of vessels and used incardiogenic shock, traumatic shock.

b) β-adrenomometics

• Dobutaminec) Cardiac glycosides

3. Analeptics. They stimulate both tone of vessels and myocardiumfunction.

• Caffeine

• Cordiamin (Nikethamide)

• Camphor preparations



4. General tonic (general stimulants) – they increase a tone of CNS.

• Ginseng

• Aralia

• Devil's-club

• Schizandra Tinctures from the plants are used in chronic hypotension conditions.

5. If hypotension is due to loss of blood then preparations increasingvolume of blood circulation - plasma-substituting solutions, colloid solutions,crystalloid solutions (salt solutions).

Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, their groups andpreparations.

I. Drugs blocking ion channels of cardiac hystiocytes(conducting system of heart and contractile myocardium)

1. Drugs blocking sodium channels (membrane stabilizers;group IA)

Subgroup IA (quinidine and quinidine like drugs):

Quinidine sulfate Disopyramide

Procainamide Ajmaline

Subgroup IB:

Lidocain Phenytoin

Subgroup IC:

Flecainide Propafenone Ethmosine Ethacizine

2. Drugs blocking L-type of calcium channels (group IV)

Verapamil Diltiazem

3. Drugs blocking potassium channels (drugs increasingrepolarization duration and action potential; group III)

Amiodaron (Cordaron) Ornid Sotalol

II. Drugs mainly influencing on receptors of heart efferentinnervation

Drugs weakening adrenergic influences:

β- adrenergic blockers

Anaprilin and etc.

Drugs increasing adrenergic influences:

β- adrenergic agonistsIsoprenaline

sympathomimetics



Ephedrine

Drugs weakening cholinergic influences:

muscarinic receptor blocker

Atropine sulfate

III. Different drugs having antiarrhythmic activityPotassium and magnesium drugs Cardiac glycosides

Adenosine

Antiarrhythmic drugs are also classified into following groups:

A. Drugs used in tachyarrhythmia and extrasystoles

• Drugs blocking sodium channels

• Drugs blocking calcium channels

• Drugs blocking potassium channels• β- adrenergic blockers

• Cardiac glycosides (digitalis drugs)

• Adenosine

• Potassium and magnesium drugsB. Drugs used in bradyarrhythmia and conduction

abnormality

• Muscarinic receptor blocker

• β- adrenergic agonists

Classification of antibiotics (groups and drugs)

I. β (Beta) - lactam antibiotics

• Penicillins

• Cephalosporins

• Carbapenems

• MonobactamsII. Macrolides and azalides

III. Aminoglycosides

IV. Tetracyclines

V. Polymyxins

VI. Lincosamides

VII. Rifampicins

VIII. Glycopeptides

IX. Polyene antibiotics

X. Others: Chloramphenicol, Fosfomycin, Fusidic acid, Ristomycin, Gramicidin



Biosynthetic penicillins can be classified into:

1. Drugs with a short-term action:

Benzylpenicillin: benzylpenicillin-sodium; benzylpenicillin-potassium

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin

2. Drugs with a long-term action: Benzylpenicillin-procaine

Benzathine benzylpenicillin (bicillin-1, extencillin) Bicillin-3 (benzylpenicillin-potassium + benzylpenicillin-procaine +

benzathine benzylpenicillin in equal quantities) Bicillin-5 (1 part of benzylpenicillin-procaine, 4 parts of benzathine

benzylpenicillin)

Semisynthetic penicillins: drugs and their pharmacological features.

Semisynthetic penicillins can be classified into:

I. Penicillinase resistant penicillins:

Methicillin

Oxacillin

Cloxacillin

Dicloxacillin

Flucloxacillin

Nafcillin

II. Extended spectrum penicillins Ampicillin

Amoxicillin

Hetacillin

Talampicillin

Pivampicillin

III. Penicillins acting on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (blue pus bacillus)a) Carboxypenicillins: Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Carfecillin

b) Ureidopenicillins: Piperacillin, Azlocillin, Mezlocillin

►Cephalosporins are subdivided into following generations.

I. First generation:

1. Parenteral: Cephalothin, Cefazolin2. Oral: Cephalexin, CefadroxilII. Second generation:

1. Parenteral: Cefuroxime, Cefoxitin, Cefamandole

2. Oral: Cefaclor, Cefuroxime axetilIII. Third generation:



1. Parenteral: Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone,Cefoperazone/sulbactam

2. Oral: Cefixime, CeftibutenIV. Fourth generation:

Parenteral: Cefepime, Cefpirome

►

Modes of manufacturing Fourteen-membered Fifteen- membered Sixteen- membered

Naturalmacrolides

ErythromycinOleandomycin

Spiramycin JosamycinMidecamycin

Semisyntheticmacrolides

RoxithromycinClarithromycin

Azithromycin Midecamycin acetate

►Classification:

1. Aminoglycosides of the 1st generation: Streptomycin, Kanamycin,Neomycin

2. Aminoglycosides of the 2nd generation: Gentamycin, Tobramycin,Netilmicin

3. Aminoglycosides of the 3rd generation: Amikacin

►Quinolones and fluoroquinolones:

1. Drugs of the 1st generation: non-fluorinated quinolones

Nalidixic acid

Oxolinic acid Pipemidic acid

2. Drugs of the 2nd generation:

Ciprofloxacin

Norfloxacin

Ofloxacin

Pefloxacin Lomefloxacin (2 F)

3. Drugs of the 3rd generation:

Levofloxacin

Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin (3F)

Enoxacin

Tosufloxacin

Fleroxacin

Rufloxacin4. Drugs of the 4th generation:

Moxifloxacin

Clinafloxacin

Gatifloxacin

Trovafloxacin (3F)

1. Classification of antituberculous drugs (groups andmedicines).



According to their chemical structure antituberculous drugs can

be divided into:

I. Antituberculous antibiotics:

Rifampicin

Rifabutin

Capreomycin

Cycloserine Streptomycin

Kanamycin

AmikacinII. Hydrazides of isonicotinic acid:

Isoniazid

Metazide

Opiniazide

FtivazideIII. Derivatives of para-aminosalicylic acid:

Para-aminosalicylic acidIV. Synthetic drugs with other chemical structure:

Pyrazinamide

Ethionamide

Ethambutol

ThiacetazoneV. Fluoroquinolones:

Lomefloxacin

Ciprofloxacin

Ofloxacin

VI Macrolides :

Clarithromycin

AzithromycinAccording to their clinical utility antituberculous drugs can be

divided into:

I. Drugs of first line: These drugs have high antitubercular efficacy as well

as low toxicity; are used routinely

Streptomycin Rifampicin

Isoniazid

Ethambutol

PyrazinamideII. Drugs of second line: These drugs have either low antitubercular

efficacy or high toxicity or both; are used in special circumstances only.

Capreomycin

Cycloserine

Kanamycin Amikacin

Para-aminosalicylic acid

Lomefloxacin



Classification of antifungal drugs:

According to their chemical structure drugs are divided into followinggroups:

I. Antifungal antibiotics:

A. Polyenes: Amphotericin B, Nystatin, NatamycinB. Heterocyclic benzofurans: GriseofulvinII. Synthetic antifungal drugs:A. Azoles:

1. Imidazole derivatives: Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole,Ketoconazole, Oxiconazole

2. Triazole derivatives: Fluconazole, Intraconazole

B. Allylamines: Terbinafine, Naftifine

C. Thiocarbamates: Tolnaftate

D. Nitrophenol derivatives: Nitrofungin

E. Derivatives of undecylenic acid: ointment “Zincundan”, ointment“Undecin”

F. Antifungal drugs with other chemical structure:

1. Dequalinium chloride (Decamin)2. Iodine drugs: alcohol solution of Iodine, potassium iodide3. Drugs of salicylic acid

► I. Synthetic antiviral drugs:

1. Adamantane derivatives:

Amantadine

Rimantadine2. Nucleoside analogs:

Zidovudine (AZT)

Acyclovir

Valaciclovir

Vidarabine Ganciclovir

Idoxuridine3. Drugs with other chemical structure:

Arbidol

Oxolin

Tebrophen Bonaphton

FlorenalII. Drugs of a biological origin:

1. Interferons:

Interferon alfa (α)

Interferon alfa-2a



Interferon alfa-2b

Interferon beta (β)

Interferon gamma (γ)2. Drugs of a herbal origin:

Flacosid

Alpisarin

Helepin

Gossypol

According to their clinical utility antiviral drugs are classified into:I. Anti-influenza drugs:

a) Adamantane derivatives:

Amantadine

Rimantadineb) Inhibitors of viral neuraminidase:

Zanamivir

Ozeltamivirc) Inducers of interferon synthesis:

ArbidolII. Anti-herpes drugs:

1. Nucleoside analogs:

Acyclovir

Valaciclovir

Famciclovir Idoxuridine

Ganciclovir2. Inducers of interferon synthesis:

Cycloferon

III. Drugs used for the treatment of HIV:

1. Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase:

a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Zidovudine (AZT)

Didanozine

Stavudine

Lamivudine

Zalcitabineb) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Nevirapine

Efaverenz2. Protease inhibitors:



Saquinavir

Indinavir

Amprenavir

RitonavirIV. Drugs used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections:

1. Nucleoside analogs:

Ganciclovir

Valganciclovir2. Foscarnet

V. Antiviral drugs with an extended spectrum of action (nonselectiveantiviral drugs):

Ribavirin

Lamivudine Interferons: Interferon α, etc

There are drugs which increase resistance of body cells to an action of viruses (nonselective

antiviral drugs). Among these are:

Interferons: Interferon alfa (α), Interferon alfa-2a, Interferon alfa-2b, Interferon

beta (β), Interferon gamma (γ)

Inducers of interferon synthesis: Arbidol, Poludan, Neovir (Cridanimod),

Cycloferonum (Methylglucamine acridonacetate),

Immunomodulators: Imunofan, Licopid, Levamisole, Polyoxydonium

1. Classification of antiprotozoal drugs.

I. Drugs used for the treatment and prevention of malaria.

Chloroquine (chingamin)

Pyrimethamine (chloridin)

Mefloquine

Quinine

Primaquine

Sulfonamides: Sulfadoxine

Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, DoxycyclineII. Drugs used for the treatment of amebiasis.

Metronidazole

Emetine

Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Doxycycline

Chloroquine

IodoquinolIII. Drugs used for the treatment of lambliasis.

Metronidazole

Furazolidone

Aminochinole

IV. Drugs used for the treatment of trichomoniasis.

Metronidazole

Tinidazole



Trichomonacide

FurazolidoneV. Drugs used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

Pyrimethamine (chloridin)

Sulfadimidine (Sulfadimesine)VI. Drugs used for the treatment of balantidiasis.

Tetracyclines

Monomycin

ChiniofoneVII. Drugs used for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Solyusurmin

Sodium stibogluconate

Metronidazole

Pentamidine

Meglumine antimonite

According to localization of amoebas, antiamoebic drugs can bedivided into:

A. Antiamoebic drugs (amoebicides) used for the treatment of intestinal andextraintestinal amoebiasis.

Metronidazole

Tinidazole

Ornidazole

B. Amoebicides (with direct action) which are effective against amoebaslocalized within lumen of the large intestine.

Chiniofon

IodoquinolC. Amoebicides (with indirect action) which are effective against amoebaslocalized within lumen of the large intestine and in intestinal wall.

TetracyclinesD. Tissue amoebicides acting on amoebas localized in intestinal wall and inthe liver.

Emetine

DehydroemetineE. Tissue amoebicides effective against amoebas localized in the liver.

Chloroquine

Classification of antihelmintic drugs:

Antihelmintic drugs can be classified into:I. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal helminthiasises.1. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal nematodosises

Levamisole



Pyrantel pamoate Mebendazole

Albendazole

Piperazine adipate Pyrvinium embonate Bephenium hydroxynaphthoas

2. Drugs used for the treatment of intestinal cestodosises.

Mebendazole Albendazole

Praziquantel Aminoacrichine Niclosamide

II. Drugs used for the treatment of abenteric helminthiasises.

1. Drugs used for the treatment of abentericnematodosises. Diethylcarbamazine (ditrazine citrate)

1. Drugs used for the treatment of abentericcestodosises

Albendazole

Praziquantel

2. Drugs used for the treatment of abenterictrematodosises Praziquantel Chloxyl

Antimonyl Na- tartrate Emetine

Diethylcarbamazine (ditrazine citrate)

►Classification of antineoplastic drugs:I. Aalkylating agents:

Chlorethylamines: Cyclophosphamide, Chlorbutin,Dopane, Sarcolysine (merphalan)

Ethylenimine: Thiotepa (thiophosphamide) Derivatives of methanesulfonic acid: Myelosan

Nitrosoureas: Nitrosourea, Lomustine, Carmustine,Nimustine

Triazines: Dacarbazine, Procarbazine Drugs containing Platinum: Cisplatin, Carboplatin

II. Antimetabolites:

Antagonists of folic acid: Methotrexate

Purine antagonists: Mercaptopurine Pyrimidine antagonists: 5-Fluorouracil, Phthorafur, Cytarabine

III. Antineoplastic antibiotics:



Actinomycins: Dactinomycin

Anthracyclines: Rubomycin, Doxorubicin, Carminomycin

Phleomycins: Bleomycin

Drugs with other chemical structure: Olivomycin, Mitomycin,Rufocromomycin

IV. Vegetable antineoplastic drugs:

Vinca alkaloids: Vincristine, Vinblastine

Taxanes (alkaloids of Western yew tree): Paclitaxel,Docetaxel

Epipodophyllotoxin: Etoposide, Tenyposide

Alkaloids of showy autumn crocus: Colchamine, ColchicineV. Enzymatic drugs: L-Asparaginase

VI. Hormones and their antagonists:

Androgens: Testosterone propionate, Medrotestronepropionate, Tetrasterone

Estrogens: Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Diethylstilbestrol

Gestagens: Hydroxyprogesterone, Medroxyprogesterone

Antiestrogens: Tamoxifen, Toremifene

Antiandrogens: Flutamide, Cyproterone

Antagonists of hypothalamic hormone stimulating release of gonadotropic hormone: Goserelin, Leiprorelin

Aromatase inhibitors: Letrozole

Glucocorticoids: Prednisolone, DexamethasoneVII. Cytokinins:

Interferons: Interferon alfa

Interleukins: Interleukin-2

Derivatives of purine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine) increase cerebral blood flow. From this

drug group Pentoxyphylline (Agapurin, Trental) is used now for stroke treatment. It takes

moderate vasodilating action, decreases platelet aggregation, increases erythrocyte membrane

elasticity and improves microcirculation. The vasodilating effect is due to the adenosine receptor

block. Besides the drug inhibits phosphodiesterase and increases the cyclic adenosine

monophosphate contents in platelets. Pentoxyphylline is also used in peripheral circulation

disorders, diabetic angiopathy, eye blood flow disorders. Adverse effects include dyspepsia,

dizziness, redness.

Classification of drugs influencing tone and contractions of myometrium

A. AGENTS INCREASING STRENGTH AND FREQUENCY OF RHYTHMICCONTRACTION OF UTERUS (DELIVERY STIMULATING)

I. Neurotropic agents



1) M-cholinomimetics

• Acetylcholine

• Carbachol2) Anticholinergic drugs

• Neostigmine3) Ganglion-blocking agents

• Pachycarpine hydroiodide

• Hexamethonium benzosulfonate

• Azamethonium bromide

• Pempidine tosylate4) Dopaminomimetics

• Levodopa5) α-adrenomimetics

• Noradrenalin6) β-adrenoblockers

• Propranolol7) Serotonin receptor agonists

• Serotonin adipinate8) Agonists of histamine receptors

• HistamineII. Hormonal preparations

1) Preparations of posterior pituitary• Demoxytocin

• Oxytocin

• Pituitrin2) Prostaglandins

• Dinoprostone (prostaglandine E2 preparation)• Dinoprost (prostaglandin F2α preparation)

3) Estrogenic hormonesSteroid

• Esrone

• Estradiol

• Estradiol dipropionateNonsteroid synthetic

• Hexestrol

• Diethylstilbestrol4) Corticosteroid hormones

• Cortisone acetateIII. Cyclic nucleotides

•

cGMPIV. Calcium salts

• Calcium chloride



B. AGENTS INCREASING TONE OF MYOMETRIUM

Ergot alkaloids

• Ergometrine

• Ergotamine

• MethylergometrinePreparations of other plants

• Capsella bursa-pastoris (caseweed) fluid extract (herb)• Polygonum hydropiper (water pepper) fluid extract (herb)

• Nettle fluid extract (leaves)

• Arnica infusion (flowers)C. AGENTS INHIBITING CONTRACTILITY AND TONE OF MYOMETRIUM(TOCOLYTICS)

I. Neurotropic agents

1) M-cholinoblocking agents

• Atropine

• Platiphylline• Metocinium iodide

2) α-adrenoblocking agents

• Phentolamine

• Tropodifene hydrochloride3) β2-adrenomimetics

• Orciprenaline

• Salbutamol

• Fenoterol (Partusisten)

• Terbutaline

• Hexoprenaline (Gynipral)

• Isoxuprine

• Ritodrine4) GABA-ergic agents

• Sodium oxybutirate• Gamma aminobutyric acid (Picamolonum)

• Hopatenic acid (Pantogam)5) Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis

• Indomethacin

• Ibuprofen

• Mefenamic acid

• Diflunisal6) Hormonal gestagenic preparations

• Progesterone

• Oxyprogesterone capronate

• Allylestrenol (Turinal)7) Myotropic spasmolitics (inhibitors of phosphodiesterase)

• Theophylline

• Aminophylline

• Papaverine



• Drotaverine

• Pentoxifylline (trental)8)Magnesium salts

• Magnesium sulphateIV. AGENTS DECREASING TONE OF NECK OF UTERUS

•

Atropine sulfate• Dinoprost

• Dinoprostone

classifications of pharmaceutical drugs1

Documents