classification/taxonomy
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Classification/Taxonomy. Chapter 17. Why Classify?. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms & group them in a logical manner. Taxonomy. Defined : Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Classification/TaxonomyClassification/Taxonomy
Chapter 17Chapter 17
Why Classify?Why Classify?To study the diversity of life, biologists use a To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms & classification system to name organisms &
group them in a logical manner.group them in a logical manner.
TaxonomyTaxonomyDefinedDefined::
Discipline of classifying Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organisms and assigning each
organism a universally organism a universally accepted name.accepted name.
In other words, naming things.
Why common names don’t workWhy common names don’t workCommon names vary among languages.Common names vary among languages.
Example:Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawkUnited Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vultureUnited States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture
Another Example:Another Example:
Dolphin Dolphin
Tursipos truncatus Mahi mahi
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)(1707 – 1778)
Created the system of naming we use today.Created the system of naming we use today.
In taxonomy, a group or level of In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category organization is called a taxonomic category or or taxontaxon..
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature ““Bi” means 2Bi” means 2
““nomial” means namingnomial” means naming
Nomenclature means “the system of”Nomenclature means “the system of”
DefinedDefined::
In binomial nomenclature, each In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part species is assigned a two-part
scientific name. (Genus & species)scientific name. (Genus & species)
Example of Binomial NomenclatureExample of Binomial NomenclaturePolar Bear is Polar Bear is Ursus maritimusUrsus maritimus
UrsusUrsus: genus : genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bearsUrsus contains 5 other kinds of bears
maritimusmaritimus: species : species
The Latin word, The Latin word, maritimusmaritimus, refers to the sea., refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea. Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
Definitions to knowDefinitions to know
GenusGenus: is a group of closely related species: is a group of closely related species
SpeciesSpecies: Group of similar organisms that can : Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspringbreed and produce fertile offspring
FamilyFamily: Group of genera that share many : Group of genera that share many characteristicscharacteristics
OrderOrder: Group of similar families: Group of similar families
ClassClass: Group of similar orders: Group of similar orders
PhylumPhylum: Group of closely related classes: Group of closely related classes
KingdomKingdom: Largest taxonomic group,: Largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related consisting of closely related phyla.phyla.
Here We Go…Here We Go…Polar BearPolar Bear
Species: Species: maritimusmaritimusGenus: Genus: UrsusUrsus
Family: UrsidaeFamily: UrsidaeOrder: CarnivoraOrder: CarnivoraClass: MammaliaClass: MammaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataKingdom: AnimiliaKingdom: Animilia
What do these mean?...lets seeWhat do these mean?...lets see
What they meanWhat they mean
Species: Species: maritimus maritimus (lives in marine environment)(lives in marine environment)
Genus: Genus: Ursus Ursus (kind of bear)(kind of bear)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)
How to remember:How to remember:
DDa a KKing ing PPhillip hillip CCame ame OOver ver FFor or GGreen reen SSaladalad
DDomain omain KKingdom ingdom PPhylum hylum CClass lass OOrder rder FFamily amily GGenus enus SSpeciespecies
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus Ursus
Speciesmaritimus
Taxonomy Video Taxonomy Video
The Three-Domain SystemThe Three-Domain System There are 3 Domains:There are 3 Domains:
Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya
There are 6 Kingdoms: There are 6 Kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista
4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
The Three-Domain SystemThe Three-Domain System There are 3 Domains:There are 3 Domains:
Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria Unicellular/ProkaryotesUnicellular/Prokaryotes Cell walls have PeptidoglycanCell walls have Peptidoglycan
Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria Unicellular/ProkaryotesUnicellular/Prokaryotes Cell walls withOUT PeptidoglycanCell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, AnimaliaKingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria
- Unicellular ProkaryoteUnicellular Prokaryote- Cell walls withOUT PeptidoglycanCell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan- Extremophiles – Love extreme environmentsExtremophiles – Love extreme environments
like volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springslike volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs
Archaea Hydrothermal Vent Hot Spring Volcaone
Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria
- Unicellular ProkaryoteUnicellular Prokaryote- Cell walls with PeptidoglycanCell walls with Peptidoglycan- All other bacteria you encounter everydayAll other bacteria you encounter everyday
E. coli Staphlycoccus Streptococcus
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
- Unicellular or MulticellularUnicellular or Multicellular- Live in coloniesLive in colonies
Amoeba Euglena Paramecium
Video Clip: Amoeba
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
- Unicellular or MulticellularUnicellular or Multicellular- Cell walls made of Cell walls made of ChitinChitin- Heterotrophs….they eat!Heterotrophs….they eat!
Yeast Mushrooms
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
- MulticellularMulticellular- Cell walls made of Cell walls made of CelluloseCellulose- Autotrophs….make their own foodAutotrophs….make their own food
Trees & Grass Moss Venus Fly Trap
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
- MulticellularMulticellular- NO cell wallsNO cell walls- Heterotrophs….they eatHeterotrophs….they eat
Worms Insects Jellyfish Giraffes
6 Kingdoms6 KingdomsEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae AnimaliaEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
E. ecoli Paramecium Fern frodH. coccinea Homo sapiensPyrococcus furiosus
ProkaryoteProkaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph orheterotroph
Autotroph/heterotroph
Heterotroph HeterotrophAutotroph
Most common bacteria
Cell wall w/ Peptidoglycan
Live in very hot places
Includes Algae
Don’t belong in other euk
Cell wallsw/cellulose
& Chloroplasts
Release enzymes to digest
food
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Multicellular
“Ancient Bacteria”
Write Scientific Names CorrectlyWrite Scientific Names Correctly
Genus species Genus species Genus capitalizedGenus capitalized Species lower caseSpecies lower case Underline if hand writtenUnderline if hand written Italics if typedItalics if typed
Homo sapiens Genus species
Canis lupis
Hippocampus erectus
If these three species belong to the same If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common genus, they are descended from a common ancestor.ancestor.
Scientific Name: Genus species
Felis
domestica
leo
margarita Sand cat`
Lion
Domestic Cat
Felis domestica
Felis leo
Felis margarita
A Problem with Traditional ClassificationA Problem with Traditional ClassificationExample: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpetExample: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
• The barnacle and the limpet have similarly The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alikeshaped shells & look alike
• The crab has a very different body formThe crab has a very different body form
• Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different be classified together and the crab in a different group.group.
Related
This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related
Crustaceans
Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually
related
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Draw this!
Classification Using Classification Using CladogramsCladograms
CladogramCladogram: : A diagram that shows the A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Crustaceans
Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics
because they both molt & are segmented
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Crustaceans
You can also see that ALL have a free
swimming larva stage
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Where do viruses go?Where do viruses go?VirusesViruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein, : Are particles of nucleic acid, protein,
and in some cases lipids that can reproduce and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells. ONLY by infecting living cells.
Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.surrounded by a protein coat.
These are T4 Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a virus which infects
bacteria
Where do viruses go? (continued)Where do viruses go? (continued)
Viruses are not considered alive because they Viruses are not considered alive because they don’t have don’t have ALLALL the characteristics of life. the characteristics of life.
ExampleExample: They can’t reproduce independently: They can’t reproduce independently
These are the Influenza Viruses
Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory
tract that can affect millions of people every year.
The End.