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Classifying sounds: place and manner of articulation

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Where and how sounds are made

• Say ‘mmmm’ – where is the ‘m’ sound produced? It’s a bilabial consonant (this is the place of

articulation) • Pinch your nose – what happens? It stops: it’s a nasal (not an oral) consonant • Put your fingers in your ears – what do you hear? The vibrations of the vocal cords: it’s a voiced

consonant

Thinking about sounds

Some places of articulation: bilabial consonants

p pie b buy m mute w wood

lips

Labiodental consonants

f fine v vine

upper teeth

lower lip

Dental consonants

θ thin ð this

upper teeth

tip of tongue

Alveolar consonants

t tie d die s Sue z zoo n night l light

alveolar ridge

tip/blade of tongue

Post-alveolar / palato-alveolar consonants

ʃ shoe, pressure Ʒ pleasure

ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r rack

Palatal consonants

j yes

Velar consonants

velum

back of tongue

k curl g girl ŋ rang

Some manners of articulation: plosives (think explosion) or stops

Bilabial: p b Alveolar: t d Velar: k g

Fricatives (think friction)

Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ

Oral Nasal

(Velum is lowered, allowing air to enter the nasal cavity)

Nasals

Bilabial: m Velar: ŋ Alveolar: n

Other consonants

• Affricates (a combination of stop + fricative):

ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricate

ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate • Approximant (articulators approach each other

but do not touch): w r j • Lateral (also called lateral approximant; air

flows over sides of tongue): l

Summary of Places of Articulation• Bilabial (lips) p b m w • Labiodental (lips and teeth) f fine v vine • Dental (tongue and teeth) θ thin ð then • Alveolar (tongue and alveolar ridge) t d s z n l • Palato-alveolar (tongue and front part of hard palate) ʃ shoe ʒ measure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r • Palatal (tongue and hard palate) j yes • Velar (tongue and velum) k g ŋ running • Glottal (glottis) h

Summary of manners of articulation

• Plosive / Stop p b t d k g • Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h • Affricate (stop + fricative) ʧ ʤ • Nasal m n ŋ • Approximants w r j (central) l (lateral)

Classifying consonants

• Voiced or voiceless • Place of articulation • (Central or lateral) • (Oral or nasal) • Manner of articulation Example 1 : s (sing): - A voiceless, alveolar, (central), (oral) fricative - A voiceless, alveolar plosive/stop = ? /t/ What is /k/? - A voiceless, velar plosive/stop

The IPA: The English consonants

w, r, j (y) – central approximants; l – lateral approximant